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15M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethanedioic acid, \({\text{HOOC–COOH}}\).
15M.2.hl.TZ1.2b.ii: Predict whether phosphorus(V) oxide and sodium oxide conduct electricity in their solid and...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3a: Define the term rate of reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.i: The Contact process involves this homogeneous...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5b.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.iv: Outline how the student can reduce the random error in her results.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iii: Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.i: Describe the covalent bond between carbon and hydrogen in the molecule above and how it is formed.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.4: Which solution contains the biggest amount, in mol, of chloride ions? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.9: What describes the structure of silicon and silicon dioxide?
15M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the total number of protons and electrons in one mole of hydrogen gas? A. 2 B. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which combination is correct for the standard enthalpy change of neutralization?
15M.1.sl.TZ2.15: When four moles of aluminium and four moles of iron combine with oxygen to form their oxides, the...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Explain, using equations, the complete free-radical mechanism for the reaction of methane with...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2d: Bromine reacts with aqueous sodium...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Define the term rate of reaction.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: (i) Calculate the number of neutrons and electrons in one atom of...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Explain why the atomic radius of elements decreases across the period.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Suggest the pH of the solutions formed in part (c) (i).
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.iv: Outline an experiment and its results which could be used to distinguish between a strong base...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloromethane.
14M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Which statements explain why a catalyst is used in the Contact process (shown...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.10: What is the difference between the strength and the length of the carbon-oxygen bond in butanal...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.24: Which combination of properties is correct?
14M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: (i) Predict any changes that may be observed in each...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6a: Alcohols with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\)...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1b: The concentration of ethanoic acid can be calculated as...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.iv: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1g: Propanone is used as the solvent because one compound involved in the equilibrium is insoluble in...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8e: Magnesium hydroxide, \({\text{Mg(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\), is only sparingly soluble in...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.18a: State what is meant by the term acid deposition.
14M.3.hl.TZ2.18b: Describe, using equations, the mechanism of acid deposition caused by the oxides of nitrogen,...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.5: The diagram represents the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Groups of arrows are labelled W, X and...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which combination of length and strength of the carbon‒to‒carbon bonds in...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A student carries out a titration three times and obtains the following volumes:...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which properties decrease down group 1? I. Melting point II. Atomic radius III. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which diagram represents the bonding in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)?
14M.1.sl.TZ2.16: What is the temperature rise when 2100 J of energy is supplied to 100 g of water? (Specific heat...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which process occurs when a molten salt is electrolysed? A. The metal ion is oxidized and...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.30: Which statement about errors is correct? A. A random error is always expressed as a...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: (i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: (i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1e: Referring back to your answer for part (a), calculate the percentage of ethanoic acid converted...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1j: Propanone is used as the solvent because one compound involved in the equilibrium is insoluble in...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.v: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.vi: Predict the H–O–Cl bond angle in this molecule and explain this in terms of the valence shell...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5e: (i) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6g.i: State the conditions required for this reaction to occur.
14M.3.sl.TZ1.2a: The mass spectrum of iodoethane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{I}}\),...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.3: At which temperature, in K, assuming constant pressure, is the volume of a fixed mass of gas at...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.10: Which sequence has the molecules in order of increasing nitrogen-nitrogen bond length? A. ...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.13: Which group of ions and molecules has delocalized electrons in all the species? A. ...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measured pH of the rain water sample.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: The acidity of non-polluted rain water is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. State an equation...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Sketch another curve on the axes above to show how the vapour pressure of a liquid that has...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: A student added 5.00 g of \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) to 1.50 g of...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: (i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Consider the following reaction between hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen ions and iodide...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which structural formula represents a secondary halogenoalkane? A. ...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Graphite is used as a lubricant. Discuss two other uses of graphite with reference to its layered...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: State the names of two functional groups in D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.
14N.3.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the information about this particular compound that can be derived from the mass...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.4: What are the numbers of neutrons and electrons in the iodine ion,...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.5: What is the abbreviated electron configuration of the telluride ion,...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy? A. Sodium chloride B. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.20: The diagram below shows the energy changes for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Which...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.35: What is the name of...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1g: In another experiment, 0.100 g of a black powder was also added while all other concentrations...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3c.ii: State one product formed from their reaction with water.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3c.iii: State one environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: State the electron configuration of the manganese ion in EUK-134.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.i: Compare the properties of the three oxides by completing the table below.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: State the element that you would expect to have chemical properties most similar to those of...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.i: The strength of the hydrogen–halogen bond.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8f.i: Outline why there are molecules with different molar masses.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.2: Which represents an empirical formula? A. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.6: What are the numbers of neutrons and electrons in the iodine ion,...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which statements are correct for the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide,...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Which organic product forms in the following...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student measured the mass and volume of a piece of silver and recorded the following...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Calculate the amount, in mol, of KI in the reaction mixture.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1e: Explain why the solution suddenly changes colour.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3b.i: Outline the source of these oxides.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.i: Define a Brønsted–Lowry acid.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: Explain whether you would expect 2-methylbutan-2-ol to react with acidified potassium...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2a.ii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 45.
13M.1.hl.TZ1.15: Which process is endothermic? A. ...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Determine the molecular formula of HA.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.v: Compare the melting points of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.
13M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which statements about the isotopes of an element are correct? I. They have the same...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which statement concerning electronegativity is correct? A. Electronegativity increases from...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.9: Which statements are correct? I. Fluorine will react with potassium chloride solution to...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What are the correct formulas of the following ions?
13M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which statements are correct about hydrogen bonding? I. It is an electrostatic attraction...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: Calculate the mass of the acid and determine its absolute and percentage uncertainty.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: Calculate the change in oxidation numbers of carbon and manganese. Carbon: Manganese:
13M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents. Oxidizing agent: Reducing agent:
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.ii: Suggest why warm sodium hydroxide solution is used.
13M.1.hl.TZ2.15: Enthalpy changes of reaction are provided for the following...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3e: Iron is in the same group in the periodic table as ruthenium. Construct the orbital diagram...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iii: Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \).
13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iv: Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce the oxidizing and reducing agents in this reaction. Oxidizing agent: Reducing agent:
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.vi: Draw a fully labelled diagram of the electrolytic cell, showing the positive electrode (anode)...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: Clomifene, a fertility drug, whose three-dimensional structure is represented below, also has...
13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3b.i: Because it contains several –OH groups and an amine group, doxycycline is slightly polar....
13M.1.sl.TZ2.4: What mass of carbon dioxide, CO2(g), in g, is produced when 5.0 g of calcium carbonate,...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Element X is in group 5 and period 4 of the periodic table. Which statement is correct? A. X...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which is the best description of a metallic bond? A. Electrostatic attraction between...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which statements about the structure and bonding of silicon dioxide are correct?
13M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which series shows increasing boiling points? A. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.17: The reaction between methane and oxygen is...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which products would be formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium oxide? A. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What are possible products of the incomplete combustion of propane? A. carbon monoxide,...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: When the \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) solution was made up in the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Sketch two Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for a fixed amount of gas at two...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: Sodium chloride has a lattice structure. Describe the lattice structure of sodium chloride...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, explain the trends in electronegativity values of the Group 7...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.iv: Draw the structure of poly(chloroethene) showing two repeating units.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iii:
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A2c: Describe how the wavelength, the frequency, and the energy, change in moving from the infrared...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A3b: Explain which of the three compounds has an infrared spectrum with a broad absorption between...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.i: State the full electron configuration of iodine \((Z = 53)\).
12N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.iii: One important use of chlorine is in the synthesis of poly(chloroethene), PVC. Identify the...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Diamond, C60 fullerene and graphite are allotropes of carbon. Which statements are correct about...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which statement about the physical properties of substances is correct? A. The only solids...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.30: \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of copper(II) sulfate solution is measured into a...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.15: Consider the equations...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which properties of the alkali metals decrease going down group 1? A. First ionization...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which substance is made up of a lattice of positive ions and free moving electrons? A. ...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which order is correct when the following compounds are arranged in order of increasing melting...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Which equation best represents the bond enthalpy of HCl? A. ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.3c: Calculate the number of electrons in the ion \(^{{\text{56}}}{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\).
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: (i) Define the term electronegativity. (ii) Compare the relative polarities of the C–H...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Hydrazine is a valuable rocket fuel. The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: The nitrite ion is present in nitrous acid, HNO2, which is a weak acid. The nitrate ion is...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6d: A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and nitrous acid of the same...
10N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c: (i) Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks A, B and C in the IR spectrum of...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.1: Which coefficients would balance this equation? __ \({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_2} + \) __...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.25: If \({\text{20 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) samples of...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.iii: On the cell diagram below, label the negative electrode (anode), the positive electrode (cathode)...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.iv: Using bond enthalpy values, calculate \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\) for the following...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.v: Suggest with a reason, why the values obtained in parts (b) (i) and (b) (iv) are different.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.8b: Describe qualitatively the action of an acid-base indicator.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.i: Draw the structural formulas of the two geometrical isomers of 1-chloro-but-2-ene.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.ii: Explain why 1-chloro-but-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism.
09N.1.sl.TZ0.5: The volume of an ideal gas at 27.0 °C is increased from...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which species have the same number of electrons? I. \({{\text{S}}^{2 - }}\) II. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.26: How many structural isomers exist with the formula...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1e: Determine the percentage by mass of Fe present in the \(3.682 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g}}\)...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.iii: If the volume of the container is changed to \({\text{1.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), predict,...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.iv: Suggest, stating a reason, how the addition of a catalyst at constant pressure and temperature...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Graphing is an important method in the study of the rates of chemical reaction. Sketch a graph to...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.i: The concentration of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is increased at constant...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: In reactions A and B, identify the stronger acid, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) or...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass of X from the mass spectrum and deduce the formula of the...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c.i: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X shows three peaks. State the...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c.ii: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X includes peaks at 2.0 and 4.1 ppm. Use...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.i: Draw the Lewis structure for chloroethene and predict the H–C–Cl bond angle.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: The relative atomic mass of naturally occurring copper is 63.55. Calculate the abundances of...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.2: What is the mass, in g, of one molecule of ethane,...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.15: The standard enthalpy changes for the combustion of carbon and carbon monoxide are shown...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which processes are exothermic? I. Ice melting II. Neutralization III. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which species behave as Brønsted-Lowry acids in the following reversible...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which changes could take place at the positive electrode (cathode) in a voltaic cell? I. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What happens when a few drops of bromine water are added to excess hex-1-ene and the mixture is...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.2: Draw and label an energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. In your diagram show how the series...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Explain why sulfur, \({{\text{S}}_{\text{8}}}\), has a higher melting point than phosphorus,...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: (i) Define the term first ionization energy of an atom. (ii) Explain the general...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: (i) Determine the oxidation number of lead in Pb, \({\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and...
10M.3.sl.TZ2.G2: Hydrolysis of aliphatic and aromatic halides occurs under different conditions. State an...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.iii: Determine the percentage by mass of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions present in the vitamin...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: \({{\text{[Co(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\)
09M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iv: Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies of...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.4: What is the maximum mass, in g, of magnesium oxide that can be obtained from the reaction of...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.9: An element is in group 4 and period 3 of the periodic table. How many electrons are in the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What are the correct formulas of the following ions?
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.i: State what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Marit arranged the values she found in Table 12 into an energy cycle. Calculate the value for...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: Suggest one reason why John’s answer is slightly less accurate than Marit’s answer.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.ii: List, with an explanation, the three compounds in order of increasing carbon to oxygen bond...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6b.ii: \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\)
09M.1.hl.TZ2.9: Which equation best represents the first ionization energy of magnesium? A. ...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.ii: State the electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\).
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iv: State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.6a.ii: State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of sulfur trioxide.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.i: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: State the names of the three organic functional groups in aspirin.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.ii: Calculate the theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iv: Ethanol can be oxidized using acidified potassium dichromate,...
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A3c.i: Explain why the structural formula of X cannot be:
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9e.iii: \({\text{30.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of ammonia reacts with...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.4: Which sample has the greatest mass? A. 1 mol of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Consider the reaction between gaseous iodine and gaseous...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What happens to the manganese in the following...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1b.iii: Determine the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.i: Part (a)
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4a.i: Calculate the mass, in g, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: If the fuel blend was vaporized before combustion, predict whether the amount of energy released...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.ii: sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.i: Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory and state one example of a...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: State and explain the trend of the boiling points of the first five members of the alkene...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.i: Calculate the percentage of each isotope in pure antimony. State your answers to three...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.i: Explain what the square brackets around argon, [Ar], represent.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.ii: State the values of \(x\) and \(y\).
11M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide,...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Deduce the equation for the chemical reaction occurring when the cell in part (c) (i) is...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\).
11M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which molecule has a non-bonding (lone) pair of electrons on the central atom? A. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.22: The pH of a solution changes from \({\text{pH}} = 2\) to \({\text{pH}} = 5\). What happens to the...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which organic molecule is not a structural isomer of pentan-1-ol? A. pentan-2-ol B. ...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.4: Methoxymethane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), and...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \). Draw the Lewis...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iv: The value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) at 500 K is 160 and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) at 700 K is...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A1d: Explain why the absorptions in infrared (IR) spectroscopy occur at much higher frequency than...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.v: Deduce the structure of X.
12M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: (i) State what information about a molecule can be obtained from its IR spectrum. (ii) ...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a: (i) Calculate the heat required, in kJ, to raise the temperature of the water, using data in...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.9: Which species contain dative covalent bonds? I. CO II. ...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.32: What is the name of...
12M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Aluminium chloride, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{6}}}\), does...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which statements are correct for silicon? I. Its electron arrangement is 2,8,4. II. It...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.21: What is the Brønsted–Lowry conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{PO}}_4^ - \)? A. ...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: Use the graph to calculate the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at 120 s.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: (i) Draw a curve on the graph opposite to show how the height of the bubble layer changes...
12M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b: Describe how an oil can be converted into a fat.
11N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\).
11N.2.hl.TZ0.6b.i: State and explain the difference in the electrical conductivity in the liquid state of the two...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Distinguish between the terms oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers.
11N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which physical property of elements is represented by y on the graph below? A. First...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student heated a solid in a crucible. The student measured the mass of the solid and crucible...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Sodium azide involves ionic bonding, and metallic bonding is present in sodium. Describe ionic...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1b.ii: Calculate the amount, in mol, of sodium azide present.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.ii: The students also discovered that a small increase in temperature (e.g. 10 °C) causes a large...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.i: Define the term endothermic reaction.
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Draw a 1s atomic orbital and a 2p atomic orbital.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which periodic trend is described correctly?
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3g: Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.1: Which change of state is exothermic? A. CO2(s) → CO2(g)B. H2O(l) → H2O(g) C. NH3(g) → NH3(l) D....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.22: A voltaic cell is constructed from zinc and copper half-cells. Zinc is more reactive than copper....
16M.1.hl.TZ0.30: Applying IUPAC rules,...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1c: 2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation: (i) Calculate...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.18: What happens when the temperature of the following equilibrium system is increased? CO(g) +...
16N.1.hl.TZ0.7: Which property increases down group 17, the halogens? A. Electron affinity B. Boiling point C....
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4g: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which is a conjugate...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.28: What is the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) for this molecule? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
16N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which solution forms when phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, reacts with water?
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4e: In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Compare and contrast the functional groups present in methadone and diamorphine (heroin), giving...
16N.3.hl.TZ0.22c: (i) Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) Outline whether you expect the...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.9: A substance has the following properties: What is the most probable structure of this...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which expression gives the mass, in g, of ethanol required to produce 683.5 kJ of heat...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.22: What is the oxidation half-equation in the redox reaction? 2S2O32–(aq) + I2(aq) → S4O62–(aq) +...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What is the order of increasing boiling point? A. C4H10 < CH3COOH < CH3CH2CHO <...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which combination describes the bonding and structure in benzoic acid, C6H5COOH?
17M.1.hl.TZ1.25: What is the pH of 1.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq)? Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 A. 3 B....
17M.1.hl.TZ1.29: A reaction takes place when a rechargeable battery is used: Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) +...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Describe the bonding in metals.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2f.ii: Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4g: The standard enthalpy of formation of N2H4(l) is +50.6 kJ\(\,\)mol−1. Calculate the enthalpy of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: State the typical reactions that benzene and cyclohexene undergo with bromine.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: Formulate an equation for the oxidation of nickel(II) sulfide to nickel(II) oxide.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5c: Suggest how heat loss could be reduced.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: Determine the type of bond present in SbBr3, showing your method. Use sections 8 and 29 of the...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.i: Describe the difference in their structures.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.20b: Explain the effect of a large amount of aspirin on the pH of blood.
17M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: Deduce the repeating unit of the polymer and the other product of the reaction.
17M.3.hl.TZ1.15d: The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines hereditary characteristics. Calculate the...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which property increases down Group 1, the alkali metals? A. Atomic radius B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.11: What are the approximate bond angles and structure of crystalline SiO2?
17M.1.sl.TZ2.13: What can be deduced from this reaction profile? A. The reactants are less stable than the...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.15: What can be deduced from the facts that ozone absorbs UV radiation in the region of 340 nm...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.18: What is the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the following reaction? 2NH3(g) + 2O2(g)...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which describes the reaction between a halogen and ethane?
17M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which information can be gained from an infrared (IR) spectrum? A. Ionization energy of the...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.5: X, Y and Z represent the successive elements, Ne, Na and Mg, but not necessarily in that...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Calculate the percentage uncertainty for the mass of K2Cr2O7(s) from the given data.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Identify one conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8c: Identify the highest m/z value in the mass spectrum of quinone.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Deduce what information can be obtained from the 1H NMR spectrum.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.21c.i: Predict the number of different hydrogen environments in the molecule ignoring the benzene rings.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.30: Consider the following half-equations: I2 (s) + 2e– \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2I– (aq) ...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.19: The enthalpy change for the dissolution of NH4NO3 is +26 kJ mol–1 at 25 °C. Which statement...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF5 and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1b.ii: State the equation of the straight line obtained using the data.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5c: A student working in the laboratory classified HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 and HClO4 as acids based on...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which statement is correct for this reaction? Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g) ΔH...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.2: What is the value of x when 32.2 g of Na2SO4•xH2O are heated leaving 14.2 g of anhydrous Na2SO4?...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2e.i: Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.28: How many structural isomers of C6H14 exist? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1e.ii: Suggest one possible reason for the differences between curves X and Y.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iii: State the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH–.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: State the observation expected for each reaction giving your reasons.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Estimate the percentage by mass of NaCl dissolved in a saturated sodium chloride solution at +10 ºC.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.i: Describe how the structures of LDPE and HDPE affect one mechanical property of the plastics.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3a.i: Ethyne, like ethene, undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. State the conditions required.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1d.ii: Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, Kc, when the temperature is...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.2: What is the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon containing 84.6% carbon by mass with a molar mass...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which statements are correct? I. The activation energy of a reaction is not affected by...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which classification is correct for the reaction? H2PO4−(aq) + H2O(l) → HPO42−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1e.i: Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3c: One possible Lewis structure for benzene is shown. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.9: What is the formula of magnesium nitride? A. MgN B. Mg2N3 C. Mg3N D. Mg3N2
18M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.i: Natural uranium needs to be enriched to increase the proportion of 235U. Suggest a technique that...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which statement is correct? A. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a strong...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.26: What is the mechanism for the reaction of propene with iodine in the dark? A. electrophilic...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.30: The rate of a reaction is studied at different temperatures. Which is the best way to plot the...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: Formulate the equation for the reaction of H2SO4 with Mg(OH)2.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: State and explain the effect on the rate of reaction if ethanoic acid of the same concentration...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: Formulate the ionic equation for the oxidation of propan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde by...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.iii: Determine the molar mass of hydrated ethanedioic acid.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Identify the strongest intermolecular force in solid ethanedioic acid.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Outline two characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.iii: Describe the colour change observed when excess but-2-ene reacts with bromine to form compound A.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10f: Explain why but-2-ene is more volatile than compound C.
15M.3.hl.TZ1.2a.i: The mass spectrum of A is shown below. Deduce the formula of the molecular ion from the mass...
15M.3.hl.TZ2.28b.iii: Deduce, giving a reason, whether carotenoids are water-soluble or fat-soluble.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Combustion of ethanol takes place according to the following unbalanced equation. ___...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.2: Which sample contains the largest amount, in mol, of oxygen atoms? A. 0.20 mol...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which equation corresponds to the bond enthalpy of the H–I bond? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which change will favour the reverse reaction in the...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.24: Which species can oxidize ethanol to ethanoic acid? A. \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) B. Fe C. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which species contain a dative covalent (coordination or coordinate) bond? I. Carbon...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which combination of temperature and pressure will give the greatest yield of sulfur...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.i: Determine the change in temperature, \(\Delta T\).
15M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: The sample contained the three isotopes \(^{{\text{24}}}{\text{Mg}}\),...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: Outline two characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5d.i: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5d.iii: Sketch the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction, labelling both axes and...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7e: Compound C can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form compound F. (i) ...
15M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: Deduce two features you would expect to observe in its mass spectrum.
14M.1.hl.TZ2.31: Which species are the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: (i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8a: Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5c: (i) Deduce a balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur...
14M.3.hl.TZ1.2a: Show that the empirical formula of compound X is...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3b: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum recorded showed four peaks with the...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which statement about the periodic table is correct? A. The elements with atomic numbers 8,...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.9: The electronegativities of four elements are given in the table. Which statement is...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Consider this reaction at equilibrium. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.23: At which side of the equation are electrons, \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What are the correct names for \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.4: Some sodium chloride is dissolved in water. Which term describes the role of sodium chloride in...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for this...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What are the correct oxidation numbers of chromium in...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5e.i: \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) does not conduct electricity in the solid state...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: (i) Draw a labelled electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide, KBr....
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7f: Bromoethene, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHBr}}\), can undergo polymerization. Draw...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4d: (i) Deduce the coefficients required to balance the half-equations given below. ___...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5d: (i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: State the reagent required to convert A into B.
14M.3.sl.TZ1.2b: Bromine contains two isotopes, \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) and \(^{{\text{81}}}{\text{Br}}\),...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.16b: (i) \(1.50 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\) of \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) was formed...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.24d: State the formula and deduce the shape of the positive ion (cation) formed when triethylamine,...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Graphite is used as a lubricant. Discuss two other uses of graphite with reference to its layered...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8a: (i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to two decimal...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11a.i: Outline how the initial rate of reaction can be found from the graph.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11b: A Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve is drawn below. Label both axes and explain, by...
14N.3.hl.TZ0.1b: (i) Use the IR spectrum in the region 1600 – 1800 \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}\) to deduce...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which molecule is non-polar? A. \({\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}\) B. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which equation represents a propagation step in the reaction of methane with bromine? A. ...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Use the data in the table to identify the most acidic water sample.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: The acidity of non-polluted rain water is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. State an equation...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6e: (i) Deduce the Lewis structure of \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \). (ii) Predict, giving a...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8e: (i) The experiment is repeated with the same amount of a more effective catalyst,...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Deduce an equation for the discharge of the ions at each electrode. Positive electrode...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.15: Which processes are exothermic? I. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.25: What are the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which functional groups are present in...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.39: What is the organic product of the reaction between butan-1-ol and ethanoic acid on heating using...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.7: Which oxides form acidic solutions when added to water? A. ...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: For this mixture the concentration of hydrogen peroxide,...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.i: State the labels for each axis. x-axis: y-axis:
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3c.i: Outline the source of these oxides.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5c: Calculate the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), when one mole...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5g: Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which compounds have an ionic lattice structure in the solid state? I. Silicon dioxide II. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the following...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Consider the following...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1f: Apart from the precision uncertainties given, state one source of error that could affect this...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4e: Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iii: Deduce which of the six species is the strongest oxidizing agent.
13N.3.sl.TZ0.17b: Explain, including an equation, the effect of the acid rain produced in (a) on certain stone...
13M.1.hl.TZ1.5: What is the correct electron configuration of the \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ion? A. ...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Describe and explain the trend in atomic radius across period 3.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.4e.i: The standard electrode potential for the half-equation involving ethanedioic acid...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.i: Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.v: Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for an iron atom using the arrow-in-box notation to...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iii: 2-bromobutane can be produced from but-2-ene. State the equation of this reaction using...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.5: What is the pressure, in Pa, in a \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)container containing...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What is the correct increasing order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: This known mass of acid, HA, was then dissolved in distilled water to form a...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Compare how electric current passes through sodium and sodium chloride by completing the table...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: Deduce the structural formula of two isomers of the molecule above with the same functional group.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.i: Increase in temperature.
13M.1.hl.TZ2.5: Which species has the electron configuration of...
13M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy change of combustion? A. ...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: State the type of bonding between platinum and nitrogen in carboplatin.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: State and explain the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl3.
13M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What volume of carbon dioxide, CO2(g), in dm3, is produced when 1 dm3 of octane, C8H18(g),...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1d.ii: Deduce the oxidation number of manganese in the \({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) ion.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.ii: Calculate the amount, in mol, of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions in...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.iii: Determine the total mass of iron, in g, in the \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions are given...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Deduce the change in hydrogen ion concentration, \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\).
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iii: Ammonium phosphate is also an ionic compound, used in the manufacture of fertilizers. State the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7b: Describe what is meant by the term structural isomers.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.vii: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of this product, S.
12N.1.sl.TZ0.3: The equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which compound is not an isomer of hexane? A. ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Some methane gas is burned in a limited supply of oxygen. Which products could form? I. ...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: (i) Calculate the percentage of iodine by mass in...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: (i) Define the terms atomic number, mass number and isotopes of an element. Atomic...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: (i) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity and why they are malleable. (ii) ...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: (i) Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron loss or...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Define an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. Brønsted–Lowry...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: State the meaning of the term structural isomers.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6b.ii: Determine the empirical formula of the ester, showing your working.
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c: Using the information above, deduce the identity of the organic compound.
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A3a: State one advantage of MRI over X-ray medical imaging with reference to the electromagnetic...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which statement about the species \(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) and...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which statements about the periodic table are correct? I. The elements Mg, Ca and Sr have...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.10: The electronegativities of four different elements are given below (the letters are not their...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which statement is correct given the enthalpy level diagram below? A. The reaction is...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Metal A is more reactive than metal B. A standard voltaic cell is made as shown. Which...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which monomer could be used to form a polymer with the following repeating unit? A. ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Bromine water, Br2(aq), can be used to distinguish between the alkanes and the alkenes. (i) ...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Outline two differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iii: If the temperature of the reaction is changed to 300 °C, predict, stating a reason in each case,...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which molecule contains a bond angle of approximately 120°? A. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which compound does not form hydrogen bonds between its molecules? A. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which statement is true about using sulfuric acid as a catalyst in the following...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Deduce the balanced redox equation for this reaction in acidic solution.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: For each of the reactions A and B, deduce whether water is acting as an acid or a base and...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iii: A third isomer is oxidized in one step. Draw the structural formula of the organic product formed.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iv: State the colour change that takes place in these oxidation reactions.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.v: Identify the isomer which resists oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a.ii: Identify a fragment which gives rise to the peak at m/z = 29.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: State the reagents and conditions necessary to prepare ethanoic acid from ethanol in the laboratory.
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G3b: Explain how the reaction of benzene with bromine provides chemical evidence that benzene does not...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the coefficient of \({\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}_3}{{\rm{O}}_4}\) when the following equation is...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.10: What is the formula of magnesium fluoride? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What is the reducing agent in the reaction...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: The reaction of alkenes with bromine water provides a test for unsaturation in the laboratory....
09M.1.hl.TZ1.24: Consider the following reversible...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is the IUPAC name for...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: Suggest one reason why John’s answer is slightly less accurate than Marit’s answer and calculate...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iii: Deduce which species acts as the oxidizing agent when the cell is operating.
09M.1.sl.TZ1.7: How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in each atom of \(^{{\text{31}}}{\text{P}}\)?
09M.1.sl.TZ1.22: For equal volumes of \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solutions of...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.28: When bromine water is shaken with a liquid organic compound, it is rapidly decolourized. What can...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.ii: Using the abbreviations [vegetable oil], [methanol], [glycerol] and [biodiesel] deduce the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: The reactants had to be stirred vigorously because they formed two distinct layers in the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene obtained using the average bond...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.ii: Deduce which species has been oxidized in this reaction and state the change in oxidation number...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.iii: A graph of atomic radius plotted against atomic number shows that the atomic radius decreases...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.iii: When propan-1-ol is oxidized using a warm acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI) two...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.6: What is the order of increasing energy of the orbitals within a single energy level? A. ...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.24: Which statement is correct for the equilibrium...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.33: What structural feature must a molecule have in order to undergo addition polymerization? A. ...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.38: What is the IUPAC name of the compound...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.i: Distinguish in terms of electronic structure, between the terms group and period.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: State an equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: Construct the enthalpy level diagram and label the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), the...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.23: An example of a strong acid solution is perchloric acid, \({\text{HCl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\),...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which is a tertiary halogenoalkane? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.30: Which would be the best method to decrease the random uncertainty of a measurement in an...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iv: State the number of significant figures associated with the mass of pure aspirin obtained, and...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.vi: The following is a three-dimensional computer-generated representation of aspirin. A third...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.vii: The other product of the reaction is ethanoic acid,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: Explain, using diagrams, why CO and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are polar molecules but...
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A2a: Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A2c: Identify a compound that could produce this spectrum.
09M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a: Outline how the pollutant gases nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, nitrogen(IV) oxide,...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.2: 1.7 g of \({\rm{NaN}}{{\rm{O}}_3}({M_r} = 85)\) is dissolved in water to prepare...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.5: The relative molecular mass of a gas is 56 and its empirical formula is...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which property increases down group 1? A. First ionization energy B. Melting point C. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which particles are responsible for electrical conductivity in metals? A. Anions B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Consider the following...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which statements describe the action of a catalyst? I. It does not alter the \(\Delta H\)...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.24: Consider the overall reaction taking place in a voltaic...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: Using the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet, determine the theoretical enthalpy of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: increasing the pressure of the reaction at constant temperature.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3d: A catalyst of copper mixed with zinc oxide and alumina is used in industry for this production of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: Samples of sodium oxide and sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the...
11M.1.hl.TZ2.4: Consider the relative abundance of the isotopes of element X. What is the relative atomic mass...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: State the species which is the strongest oxidizing agent.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.vi: Identify the organic product formed if excess potassium dichromate is used and the reaction is...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Lewis structures are represented in different ways in different parts of the world. Two ways of...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.15: Which processes have a negative enthalpy change? I. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution would have the highest...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What happens to iodine when iodate ions, \({\text{IO}}_3^ - \), are converted to iodine...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the conditions necessary for the hydrogenation reaction to occur.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Enthalpy changes can be determined using average bond enthalpies. Define the term average bond...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.i: Describe a chemical test that could be used to distinguish between propane and propene. In each...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.ii: Under certain conditions propene can polymerize to form poly(propene). State the type of...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.iii: Identify the peak at 11.5 ppm in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum.
12M.3.sl.TZ1.A1c: (i) Deduce what information can be obtained from these data. (ii) Deduce the structure...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: Almost all iron is used in the form of an alloy. State the name of the most common type of iron...
12M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.i: State the names of two organic compounds required to produce ethyl methanoate and state suitable...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.4: What volume, in \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), is occupied by 2.00 mol of gas at 27 °C and 2.00 atm...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.5: Which statements about solutions are correct? I. A solute dissolves in a solvent to form a...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom? A. Protons and...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.12: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is: What are the approximate...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.15: A simple calorimeter was set up to determine the enthalpy change occurring when one mole of...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which are appropriate units for the rate of a reaction? A. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What occurs during the operation of a voltaic cell based on the following overall...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which compound has the lowest boiling point? A. ...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: (i) Identify a suitable catalyst for this reaction. (ii) But-2-ene can be converted to...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which compound is produced in the reaction between but-2-ene and steam? A. ...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.i: Identify the type of bond present between \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.11: What is the correct order of increasing boiling points? A. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.14: A student measured the temperature of a reaction mixture over time using a temperature probe. By...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.29: What is the organic product of the reaction between 2-chlorobutane and sodium hydroxide...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7d.iii: The molar mass was determined to be \({\text{131.38 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Deduce...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which element is a metalloid? A. Co B. As C. Cs D. Es
16M.2.sl.TZ0.3a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) State the effect of...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.14: What is the enthalpy of formation of ethyne, in kJmol−1,...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.4: Why do gases deviate from the ideal gas law at high pressures? A. Molecules have finite...
16M.3.hl.TZ0.26b: Predict the number of signals and relative integration you would expect to see in the nuclear...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.3b: The enthalpy change for the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is −664 kJ and its...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.18: What is the effect of...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Outline how you could use the IR spectra of compounds A and B and section 26 of the data booklet...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: State the IUPAC name for leucine.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction. 2CO (g) +...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Hydrazine reacts with oxygen. N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHθ = -623 kJ What is the...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Which alcohols are oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution when heated? A. I...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.18b: Suggest why isolation of the crude product involved the addition of ice-cold water.
16N.2.hl.TZ0.2d: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, –OOCCOO–.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3c: The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the reaction mixture...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.5: Which is correct for the line emission spectrum for hydrogen? A. Line M has a higher energy...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2d: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below. Outline why all the...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.3: 5.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol\(\,\)dm–3 sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3(aq), was added to a volumetric...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which is an acid-base conjugate pair? A. H3O+ / OH– B. H2SO4 / SO42– C. CH3COOH /...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.26: What is the name of the compound with this molecular structure applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.29: What is the density, in g\(\,\)cm−3, of a 34.79 g sample with a volume of 12.5 cm3? A. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.i: Suggest how the change of iodine concentration could be followed.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.ii: The mass and 1H\(\,\)NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: The student then carried out the experiment at other acid concentrations with all...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.i: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that can reduce VO2+(aq) to V3+(aq) but no further.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: The mass and 1H NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.2a: Deduce why more heat was produced in mixture B than in mixture A.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.3: Suggest how the end point of the titration might be estimated from the graph.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5a: Explain how the concentration may be calculated in this way.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.18a: Dose response curves are determined for each drug. Outline the significance of range “a”.
17M.3.hl.TZ1.16a: Explain the shape of the curve at low oxygen partial pressure up to about 5 kPa.
17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.ii: Outline the effect of decreasing pH on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.2: How many moles of oxygen atoms are there in 0.500 mol of hydrated iron(II) ammonium...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which metal has the strongest metallic bond? A. Li B. Na C. K D. Rb
17M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which methods can be used to monitor the progress of this...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which of the following is not a redox reaction? A. CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g) B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.30: What is the graphical relationship between n and T in the ideal gas equation, pV = nRT, all other...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.36: Which compounds can be reduced? I. C2H4II. CH3COOHIII. CH3CHO A. I and II...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.iii: Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in the two reactants.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structures of ozone.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation: NO2(g) + CO(g)...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: State the equation for the reaction of NO2 in the atmosphere to produce acid deposition.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.iii: Calculate [H+] in the NaOH solution.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.8a: Explain which one of these fatty acids has the highest boiling point.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.ii: Deduce the wavenumber of one absorbance seen in the IR spectrum of only one of the compounds,...
17M.3.hl.TZ2.20a.iii: Suggest two absorbances, other than the absorbances due to the ring structure and C–H bonds, that...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.17: The combustion of glucose is exothermic and occurs according to the following equation: C6H12O6...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Predict whether the molecules PF3 and PF5 are polar or non-polar.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.18: What will happen if the pressure is increased in the following reaction mixture at...
17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.ii: Deduce which spectrum belongs to paracetamol, giving two reasons for your choice. Use section 26...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which type of reaction occurs between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid? A. Addition B....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.24: What is the major product of the reaction between HCl and but-2-ene? A. 1,2-dichlorobutane B....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict with a reason, whether the molecule PF3 is polar or non-polar.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.8b.i: State the type of reaction occurring during the titration.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.22: What is the effect of increasing the temperature in this reaction? CO2(g) + H2O(l)...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.34: Which is a secondary alcohol?
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1g: Calculate the maximum volume of CO2, in cm3, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which would be the most effective method to distinguish between liquid propan-1-ol and...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1j: The mass spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the species responsible for the peaks at...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1l.i: Predict the number of signals in the 1H NMR spectrum of urea.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing component of the cell and its function.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.2e.i: Formulate the equation for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, with water to form two acids.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1f: The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Formulate a balanced...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.18: The equilibrium constant for N2(g) + 3H2(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2NH3(g) is K. What is the...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What is the product of the reaction between hex-3-ene and steam? A. Hexan-1-ol B. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing component of the cell and its function.
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2b: Neither method actually gives the initial rate. Outline a method that would allow the initial...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: If doubling the concentration doubles the reaction rate, suggest the mean time you would expect...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Activity series of selected...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which feature of a molecule does infrared spectrometry detect? A. molecular mass B. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: The excess sulfuric acid required 20.80 cm3 of 0.1133 mol dm−3 NaOH for...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.i: Outline why no value is listed for H2(g).
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1a.i: Graphene is two-dimensional, rather than three-dimensional, material. Justify this by using the...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Show that graphene is over 1600 times stronger than graphite.
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1a.iii: Identify a value from the table which can be used to support the information about graphene given...
15M.1.hl.TZ1.14: The same amount of heat energy is added to 1.00 g of each substance. Which statement is...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.10: Which diagrams can be used to represent the Lewis (electron dot) structure of boron...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.ii: Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid present in...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5g: Identify three allotropes of carbon and describe their structures.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.i: Explain, using equations, the complete free-radical mechanism for the reaction of methane with...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iv: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction of ethanol to ethanal with acidified potassium...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.i: State the formula of the conjugate base of chloroethanoic acid,...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.2a: Define the term rate of reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst. Explain the...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Ultraviolet radiation has a shorter wavelength than infrared radiation. How does the frequency...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which molecules react to form a dative covalent (coordinate) bond? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas according to the following...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.9: The formula of gallium phosphate is \({\text{GaP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\). What is the correct...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which is a correct unit for expressing the rate of a reaction? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.18: \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: Calculate the average volume of NaOH added, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), in...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: Describe the bonding in solid copper.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: (i) State an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene and the necessary reaction...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Define the term electronegativity.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.i: State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.ii: Determine the oxidation number of carbon in ethanol and ethanal. Ethanol: Ethanal:
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.iii: State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.ii: Calculate the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: Molten magnesium chloride can be electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes at 800 °C. Deduce...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.iii: Deduce the formulas of conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iv: Methanol has a lower molar mass than chloromethane. Explain why the boiling point of methanol is...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic...
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2a.ii: Deduce the formulas of the fragments which give rise to peaks at \(m/z = 27\) and...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.26: What is the conjugate base of phenol,...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: State the conditions necessary for this reaction.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium in aqueous chlorine, why it is dangerous to use an acidic...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14M.3.hl.TZ2.18c: All shellfish have a calcium carbonate shell. Discuss, including a balanced equation, the...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which properties are features of a homologous series? I. Same general formula II. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which compound is an isomer of octane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{18}}}}\)? A....
14M.1.sl.TZ2.29: In which pair are both compounds secondary?
14M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Explain the effect on the position of the equilibrium and on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\)...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Deduce the order of increasing solubility in water of the three compounds.
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: (i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7c: (i) Determine the amount, in mol, of X in the gas syringe. (ii) ...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1k: Suggest one other reason why using water as a solvent would make the experiment less successful.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: The relative atomic mass of boron is 10.8, to three significant figures. Calculate the percentage...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.15a: State what is meant by the term acid deposition.
14N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Which statements are correct for the oxides of period 3 going from Na to Cl? I. The oxides...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9a: Apply IUPAC rules to state the names of the four compounds.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9c: (i) Determine the organic product formed when each of the compounds is heated under reflux...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9f: (i) Pentanoic acid reacts with ethanol. State the structural formula of the organic product...
14N.3.hl.TZ0.24a: In an acidic soil, nitrate ions may undergo reduction to form ammonium ions. Deduce a...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.1: 0.040 mol of...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.2: When sodium bromate(V), \({\text{NaBr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), is heated, it reacts according...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Consider the following equations. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.22: A student adds 0.3 g of magnesium metal to equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Deduce the relationship between the pressure and volume of the sample of carbon dioxide gas.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: The Contact process operates at a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 2 atm as optimum...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to two decimal places.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8b: The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.2: What are the coefficients of...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.3: 7.102 g of Na2SO4 (M = 142.04 g mol–1) is dissolved in water to prepare...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.10: Which compounds have an ionic lattice structure in the solid state? I. Silicon dioxide II....
13N.1.hl.TZ0.32: Consider the following...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1d.iii: Determine the percentage uncertainty in the concentration of potassium iodide in the final...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.ii: Use the graph to determine the activation energy of the reaction, in...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6b.ii: Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.ii: Sulfur dioxide is a significant contributor to acid deposition. Identify a major, man-made source...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.ii: The interaction between an undissociated hydrogen halide molecule and a water molecule.
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass, to the nearest integer, of the compound from the mass...
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2b.ii: Suggest a possible structure for X.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.5: 7.102 g of...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which processes are exothermic? I. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.20: What happens to the position of equilibrium and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) in the following...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What are the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: The concentration of iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), is assumed to be constant. Outline why...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1i: In a second experiment, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide was decreased to...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Calculate the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), when one mole...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4g.ii: Explain how the results of this experiment could be used to calculate the molar enthalpy change...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: Deduce the balanced equation for this reaction.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.iv: Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6a: Draw the structure of 2-methylbut-2-ene.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: State the other substances required to convert 2-methylbut-2-ene to 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13M.1.hl.TZ1.3: Which graph represents the relationship between volume and pressure for a fixed mass of gas at...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: A student formulates the following hypothesis: “If phosphorus were to form a positive ion,...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Use the graph on page 8 to determine the value of the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), in...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: On the graph on page 8, sketch the line you would expect if a catalyst is added to the reactants.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Describe the two ways in which current is conducted in an electrolytic cell.
13M.1.sl.TZ1.15: Which statement is correct for the enthalpy level diagram shown? A. The reaction is...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What is the name of the following molecule applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Which steps are involved in the free-radical mechanism of the bromination of ethane in the...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.30: Which would be the best method to decrease the random uncertainty of a measurement in an...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: A solution of HA is a weak acid. Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Describe and explain the trend in atomic radius across period 3.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.i: Deduce the Lewis structures of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.i: Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: Using the theoretical value in Table 12 of the Data Booklet, discuss the experimental results,...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.i: Deduce the effect of the concentration of...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.1h.i: Following the experiment, the students proposed the following hypothesis: “Since sulfuric acid...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.1h.ii: The students also explored the role of sulfuric acid in everyday processes and found that...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.6d.i: Describe qualitatively the action of an acid–base indicator.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7a: Define oxidation in terms of oxidation number.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.i: Draw any two other isomers of P.
13M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which statements are correct for the halogens F to I? I. Melting point increases II. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Which statement is correct when the system is at equilibrium at 350 °C? A. The...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which statement describes and explains the conditions that favour the formation of hydrogen...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: State what is meant by the term precision.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.i: Deduce the full structural formula for both compounds, showing all the bonds...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.iii: Draw a diagram showing the resulting hydrogen bonds between water and the compound chosen in (ii).
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: State the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of potassium bromide, KBr(aq), with...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iv: Describe the colour change likely to be observed in this reaction.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.ii: Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\),...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.iii: State whether the reaction given in stage 1 is exothermic or endothermic.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.vi: State the structural formula of the organic product formed, S, when Q is heated under reflux with...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a.i: State what is meant by the term acid deposition.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: (i) Define the term rate of reaction. (ii) Temperature and the addition of a catalyst...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\). (ii) Sketch the two...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.i: Apply IUPAC rules to name the ester, CH3COOCH2CH3(aq).
12N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which statements about atomic structure and the periodic table are correct? I. An element in...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Which piece of equipment could not be used in an experiment to measure the rate of this...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.24: A voltaic cell is made by connecting zinc and lead half-cells. The overall equation for the...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which statement about a homologous series is correct? A. Members of the series differ by...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\). (ii) Predict how...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iii: Deduce the approximate value of the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen bond angle in nitrous acid and...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.v: Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of NH3. State the name of...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.vi: When lime was added to a sample of soil, the pH changed from 5 to 7. Calculate the factor by...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iv: State the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of X with HBr to form Y.
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b: The mass spectrum of the same compound contains strong peaks of \({({M_{\text{r}}} - 15)^ + }\)...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.12: Which molecule has an octahedral shape? A. SF6 B. PCl5 C. XeF4 D. BF3
10N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Explain how molten magnesium chloride conducts an electric current. (ii) Identify...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
10N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c: (i) Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks A, B and C in the IR spectrum of...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.5: 8.5 g of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) are dissolved in...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Identical pieces of magnesium are added to two beakers, A and B, containing hydrochloric acid....
10N.1.sl.TZ0.20: The formation of nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), from nitrogen...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.22: A solution of acid A has a pH of 1 and a solution of acid B has a pH of 2. Which statement must...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.30: Density can be calculated by dividing mass by volume. \(0.20 \pm 0.02{\text{ g}}\) of a metal has...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5f: (i) Deduce the structural formula of each isomer. (ii) Identify the isomer from part (f)...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: (i) Define oxidation in terms of oxidation numbers. (ii) Deduce the oxidation states of...
10N.3.sl.TZ0.G1: (a) Describe the structure of benzene, C6H6. (b) State two pieces of evidence that...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.2: What volume of carbon dioxide, in dm\(^3\) under standard conditions, is formed when 7.00 g of...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.24: According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how does each species act in the equilibrium...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.ii: Predict the effect on the rate of the forward reaction and on the rate constant if the...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.v: Suggest, stating a reason, how the addition of a catalyst at constant pressure and temperature...
09N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c.i: Deduce a possible structure for X that is consistent with the mass, IR and...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Hydrochloric acid is reacted with large pieces of calcium carbonate, the reaction is then...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.2: PF3, SF2 and SiF4 have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory to...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6c.i: Calculate the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions and identify the stronger acid.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: On reaction with acidified potassium dichromate(VII), two of the isomers are oxidised in two...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A1a.ii: Identify which of these two techniques involves higher energy radiation.
10M.2.hl.TZ1.1c.i: State the full electronic configuration of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\).
10M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Explain why they added water to the mixtures.
10M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: Below are four structural isomers with molecular formula...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.ii: Draw a section of poly(chloroethene) containing six carbon atoms.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4g: Describe and explain what you will see if chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of (i) ...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: (i) A state of equilibrium can exist when a piece of copper metal is placed in a solution of...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.A1a: (i) Identify which alcohol gives spectrum 1 and explain your answer by stating which hydrogen...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.6c: (i) Outline two reasons why a sodium ion has a smaller radius than a sodium atom. (ii) ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.4: Which of the following is consistent with Avogadro’s law? A. \(\frac{P}{T} = \) constant...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.6: How many electrons does the ion \(_{{\text{15}}}^{{\text{31}}}{{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\) contain? A....
10M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which compound has a covalent macromolecular (giant covalent) structure? A. MgO(s) B. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.23: Which of the following are weak acids in aqueous solution? I. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Identify the property used to arrange the elements in the periodic table. (ii) ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: (i) State the equilibrium constant expression for the dissociation of water. (ii) ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: (i) Deduce the structural formulas of the two alcohol isomers of molecular formula...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4a.i: State the half-equation for the oxidation of the iron(II) ions.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Deduce which two of the enthalpy changes a to e have negative signs.
09M.1.sl.TZ1.3: What is the coefficient for \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) when the equation for the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.18: What is the best definition of rate of reaction? A. The time it takes to use up all the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.23: When equal volumes of four \({\text{0.1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solutions are...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: For part of her extended essay investigation into the efficiency of the process, a student...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.i: Use the average bond enthalpies to deduce a value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Explain why solid sodium oxide is a non-conductor of electricity.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3c.i: State the acid-base nature of sodium oxide.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3c.ii: State the equation for the reaction of sodium oxide with water.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.i: Define the term first ionization energy and state what is meant by the term periodicity.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.i: Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.v: Identify the class of alcohols that propan-2-ol belongs to and state the name of the organic...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.A1d: Consider the IR spectra of the following three...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.D3b.ii: State with a reason whether chromium in potassium dichromate(VI) is oxidised or reduced by ethanol.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.ii: Based on its \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value, state and explain whether benzoic acid is a strong or weak...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5d: Explain, using diagrams, why \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a polar molecule but...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.6: What is the relative atomic mass of an element with the following mass spectrum? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which statement describes the trends of electronegativity values in the periodic table? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Metal M has only one oxidation number and forms a compound with the formula...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.14: What is the energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 mol of carbon monoxide is burned according to the...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which species is oxidized in the following...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iii: State the effect of a catalyst on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\).
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.vi: Ethene can be converted into ethanol by direct hydration in the presence of a catalyst according...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.6: Which quantities are the same for all atoms of chlorine? I. Number of protons II. ...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.36: What is the correct order of reaction types in the following sequence?
11M.2.hl.TZ1.3a: Explain why the relative atomic mass of cobalt is greater than the relative atomic mass of...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.1: What is the sum of all coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the smallest...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.3: How many molecules are present in a drop of ethanol,...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.9: What is the correct Lewis structure for hypochlorous acid, a compound containing chlorine,...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.11: How do the bond angles in \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\),...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.19: The equilibrium between nitrogen dioxide, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), and dinitrogen...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which of the following are isomers of pentane? I. 2-methylpentane II. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.29: Which of the following pairs are members of the same homologous series? A. ...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: State the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the production of methanol.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Describe two features of a homologous series.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: Describe a chemical test that could be used to distinguish between pent-1-ene and pentane.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: State the period numbers of both carbon and silicon.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.ii: Describe the structure and bonding in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).
11M.1.hl.TZ2.20: Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid react according to the equation...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.i: Outline why the value for the standard enthalpy change of formation of hydrogen is zero.
11M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What is the concentration of NaCl, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), when...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which statements about the isotopes of chlorine, \(_{{\text{17}}}^{{\text{35}}}{\text{Cl}}\) and...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which change explains why the boiling points of the halogens increase as their molecular masses...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Consider the following reactions of three unknown metals X, Y and...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.v: The reaction can be catalysed by adding platinum metal. State and explain what effect the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iv: Explain why the enthalpy of hydrogenation of propene is an exothermic process.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: List the three characteristic properties of reactant particles which affect the rate of reaction...
12M.3.hl.TZ2.A3b: Another structural isomer of \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{Br}}\) is...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which series is correctly arranged in order of decreasing radius? A. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Consider the...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the following...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Consider the compound...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: Determine the limiting reactant.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: State and explain one difference between the reactions of sodium and potassium with water.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Explain why ammonia can act as a Brønsted–Lowry base.
12M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other metallic and non-metallic elements. Stainless steel...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.i: Compare the formation of sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds between the carbon atoms in...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.9b.i: State the IUPAC names of each of the compounds, D, E, F and G. D: E: F: G:
11N.1.sl.TZ0.5: A sample of zinc has the following composition: What is the relative atomic mass of the zinc...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.9: What are the correct formulas of the following ions?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Consider the following enthalpy of combustion...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.i: It takes just 0.0400 seconds to produce nitrogen gas in the simulation. Calculate the average...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.i: Draw the essential components of this electrolytic cell and identify the products that form at...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.ii: State the half-equations for the oxidation and reduction processes and deduce the overall cell...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.i: For each of the species \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and HCHO: • deduce the Lewis...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.ii: Sketch the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction with and without a...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6e.i: Define the term rate of reaction.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7d.i: Determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in J, using the combustion data.
11N.3.sl.TZ0.A3a: Deduce two similarities and one difference in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra...
11N.3.sl.TZ0.F1c.i: Deduce the number of C=C bonds present in one molecule of each fatty...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which molecule is non-polar? A. OF2 B. NH3 C. BF3 D. SO2
16M.1.sl.TZ0.29: Which feature of a molecule can be determined from its 1H NMR...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: State the nuclear symbol notation, \({}_Z^AX\), for magnesium-26.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.20: Which of the following gases does not result in acid deposition? A. CO2B. NO2C. NOD. SO2
16M.1.sl.TZ0.5: Which is correct for the chromium isotope...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.2a: (i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine....
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2c: Suggest why, despite preparing the solution and performing the titrations very carefully, widely...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum. (ii) State what can be...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) At exactly 600°C the...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.38: ...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.5a: (i) State the term that is used to describe molecules that are related to each other in the same...
16N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which representation would be correct for a species, Z, which has 31 protons, 40 neutrons and 28...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3f: An additional experiment was carried out at a higher temperature, T2. (i) On the same axes,...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.2: Which statements about mixtures are...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which oxide, when added to water, produces the solution with the highest pH? A. Na2O B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Copper catalyses the reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid. Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) →...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.i: State the full electron configuration of the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\)2+ ion.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2e.ii: A chloride of titanium, TiCl4, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Determine the oxidation state of vanadium in each of the following species.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Discuss the physical evidence for the structure of benzene.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.ii: Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.ii: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that could convert...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.4b: The nickel obtained from another ore, nickeliferous limonite, is contaminated with iron. Both...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5d: State one other assumption that is usually made in the calculation of the heat produced.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19a: Suggest why aspirin is slightly soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.
17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.i: Sketch a graph on the axes above to show the effect of decreasing pH on the binding of oxygen to...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Why is the value of the enthalpy change of this reaction calculated from bond enthalpy data less...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which functional group is present in paracetamol? A. Carboxyl B. Amino C. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which compound contains a secondary carbon atom? A. CH3CH(Cl)CH(CH3)2 B. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.i: Some oxides of period 3, such as Na2O and P4O10, react with water. A spatula measure of each...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: The sample of K2Cr2O7(s) in (i) was dissolved in distilled water to form 0.100 dm3 solution....
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.iii: 10.0 cm3 of the waste sample required 13.24 cm3 of the K2Cr2O7 solution. Calculate the molar...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8b: Identify the species responsible for the peak at m/z = 110 in the mass spectrum of hydroquinone.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.v: Identify one organic functional group that can react with acidified K2Cr2O7(aq).
17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.ii: Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: Identify the functional group that shows stretching at 1710 cm–1 in the infrared spectrum of this...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: Suggest one improvement to the investigation.
17N.1.hl.TZ0.2: Which solution neutralizes 50.0 cm3 of 0.120 mol dm–3 NaOH (aq)? A. 12.5 cm3 of 0.080 mol dm–3...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: A sample of magnesium has the following isotopic composition. Calculate the relative atomic...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: Identify the best reducing agent in the table above.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: Deduce the number of signals and the ratio of areas under the signals in the 1H NMR spectra of...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.29: What information is provided by 1H NMR, MS and IR for an organic compound? I. 1H NMR: chemical...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.5: What is the number of protons and the number of neutrons in 131I?
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.i: Determine the heat change, q, in kJ, for the neutralization reaction between ethanoic acid and...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which compound has the shortest C–N bond? A. CH3NH2 B. (CH3)3CNH2 C. CH3CN D. CH3CHNH
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K. H2 (g) + I2 (g)...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2e.iii: The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below. Draw and label the connections...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.3a: Estimate the lowest freezing point of water that can be reached by adding sodium chloride.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.33: Which monomer could create this polymer? A. But-2-ene B. But-1-ene C. ...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.13: The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is determined by heating a known mass of tap water in a...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which change increases the rate of formation of hydrogen when zinc reacts with excess...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.22: What are the products of electrolysis when molten calcium bromide is electrolysed using graphite...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which of these reactions proceeds by a free radical mechanism in the presence of UV light? A. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Which compound could be formed when CH3CH2CH2OH is heated with acidified potassium...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which value of q, in J, has the correct number of significant figures? q = mcΔT where m = 2.500...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Describe the nature of ionic bonding.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.i: Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Outline two ways in which the progress of the reaction can be monitored. No practical details are...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1a.i: Part of this molecule is hydrophilic (bonds readily to water) and part hydrophobic (does not bond...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.14: What is the enthalpy change of combustion of urea, (NH2)2CO, in kJ mol−1? 2(NH2)2CO(s) + 3O2(g)...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which electron transition emits energy of the longest wavelength?
18M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which factors can affect the rate of reaction? I. Particle size of solid reactant ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which element has the same oxidation number in both species? A. C in C2H4 and CO2 B. H...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which are structural isomers? I. CH3CH2OH and CH3OCH3 II. HOCH2CH3 and...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: Calculate the amount of H2SO4 that reacted with Mg(OH)2.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Sketch a curve on the graph to show the volume of gas produced over time if the same mass of...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: Hydrogen gas can be formed industrially by the reaction of natural gas with steam. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7a: The Kekulé structure of benzene suggests it should readily undergo addition reactions. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.ii: Identify the bonds causing peaks A and B in the IR spectrum of the unknown compound using section...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1b: Diamond, graphene, and graphite are all network solids. Suggest, giving a reason, the electron...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2a: Describe two differences, other than the number of atoms, between the models of ethane and ethene...
15M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which substance has the following properties? • Low melting point • Very soluble in...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_f^\Theta \), of...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Which is a redox reaction? A. ...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: State an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene and the necessary reaction...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.ii: Determine the oxidation number of carbon in ethanol and ethanal. Ethanol: Ethanal:
15M.2.hl.TZ1.8a: (i) Outline the difference in dissociation between strong and weak acids of the same...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: Explain why increasing the particle size of a solid reactant decreases the rate of reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7c: Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: Define the term weak base according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.i: State and explain the electrical conductivities of these two chloride compounds in their liquid...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10g: Deduce the equation for the complete combustion of compound C.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which forces are present between molecules of carbon dioxide in the solid state? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which variable is best to use when determining the rate of decomposition of hydrogen...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Carbon monoxide and water react together in the industrial production of hydrogen...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.22: Which compound is a strong acid? A. \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) B. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which compound could be X in the two-stage reaction...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.29: Which statement is correct about the polymerization of ethene to poly(ethene)? A. The...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which statement is correct for the halogens \({\text{(F}} \to {\text{I)}}\)? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which combination of properties best describes sodium oxide,...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.22: \({\text{10.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a solution of a strong acid with a pH of 3 is added...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.24: What is the coefficient for I– when the following equation is balanced using the smallest...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethanedioic acid, HOOC−COOH.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: Bromine can be produced by the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide. Deduce the half-equation...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6f.i: Describe the bonding and structure of sodium chloride.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6g: Covalent bonds form when phosphorus reacts with chlorine to form...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) exists as three isomers. Identify the...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.i: Describe two characteristics of a reaction at equilibrium.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Determine the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, including units.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: Ethane, a member of the homologous series of alkanes, can react with bromine. Explain the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5e: Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.ii: Define the term weak base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iv: Describe the ionic bonding present in potassium chloride and how the ions are formed.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.v: Potassium also reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. Determine the volume, in...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7d: Compound C, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\), can also be formed...
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass of the compound from the mass spectrum and deduce the...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Calculate, showing your working, the relative atomic mass, \({A_{\text{r}}}\), of magnesium,...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: (i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1f: Outline how adding some ethyl ethanoate to the initial mixture would affect the amount of...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1h: Suggest one other reason why using water as a solvent would make the experiment less successful.
14M.3.hl.TZ1.16d: Explain, with the aid of Lewis (electron-dot) structures, the difference between oxygen and ozone...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3c: Deduce the fragments in the mass spectrum which correspond to the following \(m{\text{/}}z\)...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3d: Deduce the structural formula of X.
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3e: Y is an isomer of X, which contains the same functional groups. Deduce the structural formula of Y.
14M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which species have the same electron arrangements? I. \({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\),...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.12: What is the correct order of increasing boiling point? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which statement is correct for a reversible reaction when \({K_{\text{c}}} \gg 1\)? A. The...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.25: At which electrodes does oxidation occur in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?
14M.1.sl.TZ1.29: For the reaction pathway below, what are the names for the first and second...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What does \(_{{\text{24}}}^{{\text{52}}}{\text{X}}\) represent? A. An isotope of Te with 24...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1h: Outline why changing the temperature has only a very small effect on the value of the equilibrium...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: Applying IUPAC rules, state the name of A.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6g.ii: State the homologous series to which D belongs.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation. (ii) Determine...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.3c: (i) A sample of liquid bromine was left in a closed conical (Erlenmeyer) flask at 298 K and...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8c: (i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium oxide. Describe how the...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11a.ii: Explain how and why the rate of reaction changes with time.
14N.1.sl.TZ0.4: At which temperature, in K, assuming constant pressure, is the volume of a fixed mass of gas at...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which properties decrease down both group 1 and group 7? I. Melting point II. First...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Which quantity can be changed by the use of a catalyst? A. I and II only B. I and III...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.20: Which statement correctly describes the effect of a catalyst on the equilibrium...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: Explain why the distance between adjacent carbon atoms within a layer is shorter than the...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Calculate the percentage composition by mass of D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: State a balanced equation for the complete combustion of D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: Deduce the extent of the reaction at 200 °C and 1 atm.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8c: (i) Given that magnesium is more reactive than silver, deduce the half-equations for the...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.9: What is the formula of calcium nitride? A. ...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3a.ii: State which atoms are covalently bonded.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the...
13N.3.hl.TZ0.9b.iv: The reducing agent in the cytochrome oxidase reaction is a species that can be denoted as...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.10: What is the formula of calcium nitride? A. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the name of...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Calculate the amount, in mol, of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) in the...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1j: In a third experiment, 0.100 g of a black powder was also added while all other concentrations...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3b.ii: State one product formed from their reaction with water.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: Distinguish between the terms strong acid and weak acid.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.vii: Suggest a method, other than those mentioned above, that could be used to solve the problem and...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: The decrease in the pH of rainwater is mainly caused by oxides of non-metals, principally...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: Describe the bonding in metals and explain their malleability.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iv: Deduce the oxidation number of iron in...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.vi: Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for the iron ion in [Fe(CN)6]3– using the arrow-in-box...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.2: What is the molar mass, in \({\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), of a substance if 0.30...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which graph best represents the relationship between the average kinetic energy of molecules of a...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Which statement best describes and explains the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a chemical...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which substance can be polymerized to produce the polymer below? A. But-1-ene B. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.ii: Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope, given that the relative atomic mass of B is...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8a.i: Outline three features of a homologous series.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1c: Explain how the mass spectra of the structures in (a) can be used to distinguish between them.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Determine the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), correct to three significant figures and...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.ii: Ethanoic acid is an example of a weak acid. Distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid in...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.v: State the structural formula of the organic product formed, U, when R is heated under reflux with...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.1: Which contains the largest number of ions? A. 1 mol...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1d.i: Define the term reduction in terms of electrons.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.ii: State and explain which compound can form hydrogen bonds with water.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: State and explain the F–S–F bond angle in SF2.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.viii: P can undergo a polymerization reaction. Draw two repeating units of the resulting polymer.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.i: Deduce the overall equation for the reaction.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: The molar mass of the ester is \({\text{116.18 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Determine...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.2: What is the molar mass, in \({\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), of washing soda...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.5: What is the correct number of each particle in an oxygen ion,...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which combination is correct for the exothermic reaction that occurs between zinc and copper...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Consider the following reaction: \({\text{2A}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}\) ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which row correctly describes...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of nitrous acid is given below. Identify which...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.vii: One common nitrogen-containing fertilizer is ammonium sulfate. State its chemical formula.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: X is an isomer of C4H8 and has the structural formula shown below. Apply IUPAC rules to name...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6b.i: Draw the ester functional group.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6b.iii: The molar mass of the ester is \({\text{116.18 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Determine...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.E1b: State equations which represent chemical transformations of elemental sulfur into sulfurous acid,...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.2: \({\text{300 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water is added to a solution of...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and hydrocyanic acid of the...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: A 1.00 g gaseous sample of the alkane has a volume of 385 cm3 at standard temperature and...
10N.3.hl.TZ0.E4: (a) (i) Explain the dependence of the dissociation of diatomic oxygen, O2, and ozone, O3,...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.1: What is the total number of nitrogen atoms in two mol of...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which statement about the isotopes of an element is correct? A. They have the same mass...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which order is correct when the following substances are arranged in order of increasing boiling...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.3d: Describe the bonding in iron and explain the electrical conductivity and malleability of the metal.
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4e: State the name of the product and identify the type of reaction which occurs between ethene and...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which reaction occurs via a free-radical mechanism? A. ...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.i: The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.3: 4.00 mol of a hydrocarbon with an empirical formula of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) has...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What will be the concentration of sulfate ions in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.10: What compound is formed when lithium reacts with selenium? A. LiSe B. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.11: How many non-bonding pairs of electrons are there in a nitrogen molecule? A. 0 B. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What will happen when at a constant temperature, more iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), are...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which substance is not produced during the combustion of alkanes? A. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.30: Which are likely to be reduced when an experiment is repeated a number of times? A. Random...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4e: State a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium with water. Include state symbols.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Ethanol is part of the homologous series of alcohols. Describe two features of a homologous series.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: (i) Below are four structural isomers of alcohols with molecular formula...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.6f.iii: Outline the economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process which is an...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.11: What is the shape of the ammonia molecule, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which is correct about energy changes during bond breaking and bond formation?
10M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which unit could be used for the rate of a chemical reaction? A. mol B. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.20: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the following...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.24: In which species does sulfur have an oxidation number of 0? A. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Deduce the Lewis structure of chloroethene and identify the formula of the repeating unit of the...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.27: What is the correct expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\)? A. ...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.2a.i: State the equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with water.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.iv: Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is larger than the...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Give the formulas of all the ions present in the solution.
09M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which is the best definition of electronegativity? A. Electronegativity is the energy...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.25: Consider how current is conducted in an electrolytic cell. Which statement is correct? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.29: Which conditions are required to obtain a good yield of a carboxylic acid when ethanol is...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A student recorded the volume of a gas as \({\text{0.01450 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\). How many...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.i: State the oxidation number of manganese in \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and in...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.iv: Explain why a sulfide ion, \({{\text{S}}^{2 - }}\), is larger than a chloride ion,...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.i: Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide,...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Deduce the two acids and their conjugate bases in the following...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6d.ii: Vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, can be used to clean deposits of calcium carbonate from...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c.iii: Determine whether cholesterol or lecithin is more soluble in water.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c.i: Identify the amine functional group in the morphine molecule below by drawing a ring around it.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c.iii: 0.0002 moles of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) were formed in step 3. Calculate the amount, in moles, of...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The table below shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in five...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.i: Draw the shape of the \({{\text{p}}_{\text{z}}}\) orbital using the coordinates shown.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: \({\text{NO}}_2^ + \)
09M.2.hl.TZ2.6a.iv: State the effects of a catalyst on the forward and reverse reactions, on the position of...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Define the term rate of reaction.
09M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What is the atomic number of a neutral atom which has 51 neutrons and 40 electrons? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which statement best describes the intramolecular bonding in HCN(l)? A. Electrostatic...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.15: The specific heat of iron is \({\text{0.450 J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\). What...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which statement is always correct for a chemical reaction at equilibrium? A. The rate of the...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.26: What is the product of the oxidation of butan-2-ol? A. But-2-ene B. Butanoic acid C. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: State one example of an acidic gas, produced by an industrial process or the internal combustion...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.4c: Sketch an enthalpy level diagram to describe the effect of a catalyst on an exothermic reaction.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iv: Molten sodium chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic cell. For each electrode deduce...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: The graph below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 5. Discuss the variation in the...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.i: Explain the electrical conductivity of molten sodium oxide and liquid sulfur trioxide.
11M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: Deduce an equation for the reaction between propanoic acid and methanol. Identify the catalyst...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.15: Which statement about bonding is correct? A. Bond breaking is endothermic and requires...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4a.iii: Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture is...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: Below is a schematic diagram representing some reactions of ethene. The letters A–D represent the...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7c: Describe and compare three features of the structure and bonding in the three allotropes of...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2c.i: Apart from absorptions due to C–C and C–H bonds, suggest one absorption, in wavenumbers, that...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b.ii: Acid rain has caused damage to limestone buildings and marble statues. State an equation to...
11M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which equation represents the bond enthalpy for the H–Br bond in hydrogen bromide? A. ...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.i: Describe the colour change that will be observed in the reaction.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.v: Explain why it is necessary to carry out the reaction under acidic conditions.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.i: Explain why it is very difficult to obtain sodium from sodium chloride by any other method.
11M.1.sl.TZ2.3: Chloroethene, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Cl}}\), reacts with oxygen...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.18: For the following reaction \({K_{\text{c}}} = 1.0 \times {10^{ - 5}}\) at 30...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which of the structures below is an aldehyde? A. ...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond angles.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iv: Explain why coal dust burns much faster than a large piece of coal with the same mass.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.iii: State the name(s) and structure(s) of the organic product(s) that can be formed when each of the...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.ii: In the mass spectrum, deduce which fragments the m/z values at 102, 57 and 45 correspond to. m/z...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: One common type of rechargeable cell is the nickel–cadmium (NiCad) battery. For each terminal of...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.E2a: Explain, writing an appropriate equation, why, even in an unpolluted environment, rainwater is...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.E2b: (i) Outline the major source of this gas, including an equation. (ii) Describe,...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.5: In the electromagnetic spectrum, which will have the shortest wavelength and the greatest energy?
12M.2.hl.TZ2.10b.iii: State and explain how the rate of step II would differ if 2-chlorobutane was used instead of...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.10: What is the formula of magnesium nitride? A. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which single covalent bond is the most polar, given the following electronegativity...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: State the equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: The actual volume of hydrogen measured was lower than the calculated theoretical volume. Suggest...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.i: Define the term isotope.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.7a: (i) State the meaning of the term isomers. (ii) Deduce the structural formulas of...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: State the names of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.ii: \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}\) and...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.iv: Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.9b.iv: Discuss the volatility of E compared to F.
11N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which is the correct Lewis structure for ethene?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which descriptions are correct for both a Brønsted–Lowry acid and a Lewis acid?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which molecule contains an ester group? A. ...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1b.i: State the number of significant figures for the temperature, mass and pressure data. T: m: p:
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and sulfur. State the...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: Explain why \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) is a polar molecule.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5d.i: State the name of A.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iv: Discuss the volatility of Y compared to Z.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.28: What is the relationship between the two variables sketched on the...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.27: A student carried out a titration to determine the concentration of an acid and found that his...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which equation represents the average bond enthalpy...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Compound B is related to compound A. (i) State the term that is used to describe molecules...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water. (ii) Predict how...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.18b: Determine the mass of HCl, in g, that can be neutralized by the standard adult dose of 1.00g...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.3c: One of the intermediates in the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is dinitrogen...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3e: A student decided to carry out another experiment using 0.075 mol dm-3 solution of sodium...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Explain why the boiling point of ethane-1,2-diol is significantly greater than that of ethene.
16N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: 5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2•2H2O, was dissolved in water to...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Both propane and propene react with bromine. (i) State an equation and the condition required...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Outline, giving the full electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which pair of molecules has the same bond angles? A. PCl3 and BCl3 B. SO2 and CO2 C. H2O...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: (i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.8b: (i) State the name of the functional group circled in the DHEA molecule shown below. (ii)...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.14: In which reaction do the reactants have a lower potential energy than the products? A. CH4(g) +...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: Draw the full structural formulas of propane and propene.
16M.3.sl.TZ0.17b: The reaction can be monitored by infrared spectroscopy. Using section 26 of the data booklet,...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which substance has a giant covalent structure?
16N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which is a correct statement for the reaction below? 2MnO4-(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 5NO2-(aq) →...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.23: The structure of a drug used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease is shown below. Which...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: Identify the formula and state symbol of X.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4f: Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.1a: Using the graph, state, giving your reasons, whether or not oxygen and ozone are greenhouse gases.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.17: Graph 1 shows a plot of volume of...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which correctly states the strongest intermolecular forces in the compounds below?
17M.1.sl.TZ1.28: What can be determined about a molecule from the number of signals in its 1H\(\,\)NMR...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.6: What is the order of decreasing ionic radius? A. S2− > Cl− > Al3+ > Mg2+ B. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.23: The graph shows values of ΔG for a reaction at different temperatures. Which statement is...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.ii: A student produced these results with [H+] = 0.15 mol\(\,\)dm−3. Propanone and acid were in...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2f.i: Formulate an equation for this reaction.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4h.ii: Calculate the volume, in dm3, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: Ethane, C2H6, reacts with chlorine in sunlight. State the type of this reaction and the name of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: Formulate equations for the two propagation steps and one termination step in the formation of...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.7c: State the reagents used to convert benzene to nitrobenzene and the formula of the electrophile...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.2b: Deduce why the temperature is higher in mixture C than in mixture D.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: Below are the IR spectra of two plastics (A and B); one is PETE, the other is low density...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.15c: Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which electron transition emits radiation of the longest wavelength?
17M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Which of the following does not react with dilute HCl(aq)? A. Na2CO3 B. Cu C. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which conditions are used to convert ethanol to ethanal? A. Excess oxidizing agent and...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.ii: Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na2O and P4O10.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.i: State the oxidation half-equation.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of PCl3.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.ii: State why hydrazine has a higher boiling point than dinitrogen tetraoxide.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer with the following structure. State the structural...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: Suggest the structural formula of this compound.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.4a: Identify the other product formed.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2d.i: Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.4: A compound with Mr = 102 contains 58.8 % carbon, 9.80 % hydrogen and 31 % oxygen by mass.What is...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Determine the maximum temperature reached in each experiment by analysing the graph.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.1: How many atoms of nitrogen are there in 0.50 mol of (NH4)2CO3? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3.01 × 1023 D....
17N.3.sl.TZ0.9c: Explain how the inclusion of carbohydrates in plastics makes them biodegradable.
17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.i: Both spectra show a peak at wavenumber 1700 cm–1. Identify the bond responsible for this peak.
17N.3.hl.TZ0.7c: Identify the type of intermolecular bonding that is responsible for Kevlar®’s strength.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the name of this compound, using IUPAC rules? A. 3-methylbutan-3-ol B....
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Using the graph, estimate the initial temperature of the solution.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.15: What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, of the following reaction? 3H2 (g) + N2 (g)...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.ii: Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements,...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.8a.i: Determine the empirical formula of linoleic acid.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: 0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm3 at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa....
17N.3.sl.TZ0.2b: Suggest two variables, besides the time of reaction, which the student should have controlled in...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which metal has the strongest metallic bonding? A. Na B. Mg C. Al D. Ca
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Describe the nature of ionic bonding.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1a.i: Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: The structural formula of urea is shown. Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.iii: Explain, giving two reasons, the difference in the values for (c)(i) and (ii). If you did not...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.i: Suggest why point D is so far out of line assuming human error is not the cause.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.ii: Draw the best fit line for the reaction excluding point D.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: State the organic product of the reaction between 1-chlorobutane, CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl, and aqueous...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.7e: Carbon and silicon are elements in group 14. Explain why CO2 is a gas but SiO2 is a solid at...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.3: Which graph shows the relationship between the volume and pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.iii: Outline, using an equation, why sodium ethanoate is basic.
18M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which form of carbon is the poorest electrical conductor? A. Graphite B. Graphene C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which describes the oxide of sodium, Na2O?
18M.1.sl.TZ1.30: What is the ratio of the areas of the signals in the 1H NMR spectrum of pentan-3-ol? A. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.i: Under certain conditions, ethyne can be converted to benzene. Determine the standard enthalpy...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode when current flows.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.i: Suggest why point D is so far out of line assuming human error is not the cause.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.ii: Suggest the relationship that points A, B and C show between the concentration of the acid and...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: Annotate the diagram with the location and direction of electron movement when current flows.
18M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which element is in the p-block? A. Pb B. Pm C. Pt D. Pu
18M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the sum of the coefficients when the equation is balanced with the lowest whole number...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which compounds belong to the same homologous series? A. CHCCH2CH3, CHCCH2CH2CH3 B. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3b.i: Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.iii: Outline why the value of enthalpy of reaction calculated from bond enthalpies is less accurate.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: Distinguish between the terms reaction quotient, Q, and equilibrium constant, Kc.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: The equilibrium constant, Kc, is 0.282 at temperature T. Deduce, showing your work, the...
15M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which equation represents the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid methanol? A. ...
15M.1.hl.TZ1.30: Which represents a redox reaction? A. ...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.11: Which correctly lists butane \({\text{(}}{M_{\text{r}}} = {\text{58)}}\), propanone...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.i: The equation for the reaction taking place in the titration...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Describe the collision theory.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.8e: Describe how chlorine’s position in the periodic table is related to its electron arrangement.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8a.ii: Outline the nature of the metallic bonding present in chromium.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.i: State the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\).
15M.1.sl.TZ1.8: What is the definition of the term first ionization energy? A. The energy released when one...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.2: A hydrocarbon contains 85.7 % carbon by mass. What is the empirical formula of the...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.4: A gas with a molar mass (\(M\)) of \({\text{44 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) occupies a...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which statements are correct for the reaction of ethene with bromine in the absence of...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.30: What is the best way to minimize the random uncertainty when titrating an acid of unknown...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: State the uncertainty of the volume of NaOH added in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: (i) The equation for the reaction taking place in the titration...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: Identify the strongest intermolecular force in solid ethanedioic acid.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: State the equation for the reaction between methane and bromine to form bromomethane.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.iv: Explain why the reaction is exothermic in terms of the bonds involved.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iii: The accepted theoretical value from the literature of this enthalpy change is...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Outline why solid magnesium chloride does not conduct electricity.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Predict the shape of the chloromethane molecule and the H–C–H bond angle. Shape: Bond...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the equation for the reaction between potassium and chlorine.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7g.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
14M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which electron configurations do not follow the Hund's rule? A. I and II only B. I...
14M.1.hl.TZ1.7: Which statements about reactivity are correct? I. Potassium reacts more vigorously than...
14M.1.hl.TZ1.34: What is the IUPAC name for...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.39: What is the structural formula of the ester formed by reacting propanoic acid with...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction. (ii) Explain the...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1a: The density of ethanoic acid is \({\text{1.05 g}}\,{\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\). Determine the...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1d: Outline how you could establish that the system had reached equilibrium at the end of one week.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: State the shape of the ozone molecule and estimate the bond angle. Shape: Bond angle:
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6e.i: Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that the...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8f: (i) Describe the bonding present in magnesium metal. (ii) Suggest why magnesium...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.4: Which volumes of gases at standard temperature and pressure have the same mass as...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which statement is correct for the reaction with this enthalpy level diagram? A. Heat...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.15: The specific heat capacities of two substances are given in the table below. Which statement...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which are acid-base pairs according to the Brønsted‒Lowry theory? I. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.22: A solution of \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) hydrochloric acid has a pH of 4. What is...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which statement is correct for members of the same homologous series? A. They have the same...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which species would be deflected most in a mass spectrometer? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.9: What is the formula of calcium phosphide? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which properties do typical ionic compounds have?
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: (i) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen produced against time under these experimental...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: (i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5e.iii: State equations for the reactions of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: The hydrochloric acid does not appear in the balanced equation for the reaction. State its function.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Isotopes of boron containing 7 and 8 neutrons also exist. Suggest why releasing isotopes...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: (i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed. (ii) State why it is...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: (i) State the conditions required for this reaction to occur. (ii) Outline why it...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.1a: Describe the essential difference between the emission spectrum of sodium and the absorption...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3d: Deduce the structural formula of X.
14M.3.sl.TZ2.20b: State one piece of chemical evidence proving benzene does not contain alternate single and double...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which of these repeating units is present in the polymer poly(propene)?
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9b: (i) Define the term structural isomers. (ii) Identify the two compounds in the...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9g: Describe what is meant by a weak Brønsted-Lowry base, including an equation for the reaction of...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which period 3 oxide, when added to water, forms an acidic solution? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Which statement is correct for the following...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measured pH of the rain water sample.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Determine the ratio of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in bottled water to that in rain...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: Use the data point labelled X to determine the amount, in mol, of carbon dioxide gas in the sample.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.5c: An engineer at a Contact process plant hypothesized that using pure oxygen, instead of air, would...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.iii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of aqueous...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.iv: State the formula of the conjugate base of...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7c: Determine the organic product formed when each of the compounds is heated under reflux with...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which group of three compounds contains only weak acids and bases?
13N.1.hl.TZ0.28: The table below shows data for the \({{K_{\text{a}}}}\) and \({{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}}\) values...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.31: What is the name of \({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)? A. Manganese(II) oxide B. ...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1c: Explain why the solution suddenly changes colour.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1d.i: Calculate the total uncertainty, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), of the volume of the...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5h: Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iii: As well as the oxide above, sodium forms a peroxide that contains the peroxide ion,...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: Explain why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.3: What are the coefficients of...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.12: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of aspirin is represented below. What are the approximate...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which compound has the highest boiling point? A. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Consider the following two...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.27: What is the function of the ultraviolet light used in the reaction between ethane and...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.i: State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.ii: Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.v: State a suitable choice for both the strong acid and the weak acid. Strong acid: Weak acid:
13M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Each of the following oxides is added to separate equal volumes of distilled water. Which of the...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.3a: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.i: Calculate the standard enthalpy change of this reaction, using the values of enthalpy of...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.19: The value of the equilibrium constant, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for a reaction is...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which statement is correct about a reducing agent? A. It is reduced by gaining...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of this molecule.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.i: Define the term isotopes of an element.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: Methanol can be produced according to the following...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.ii: Increase in pressure.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8a.iii: Bromoethane can be produced either from ethene or from ethane. State an equation for each reaction.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8b.i: State the equation for the reaction of...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.iii: Deduce whether C4H9Br is a primary or tertiary halogenoalkane.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.iv: Determine the structural formula of C4H9Br.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1a: Draw the two possible structures of compound P.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: Explain why the infrared spectra of the structures in (a) are very similar.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.E3a: Discuss the damage to the environment caused by acid deposition.
13M.1.hl.TZ2.7: Which statements are correct for the alkali metals Li to Cs? I. Melting point...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.i: Draw the shape of an s orbital and a px orbital. Label the x, y and z axes on each diagram.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 4\) energy level.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: A number of ruthenium-based anti-cancer drugs have also been developed. State the full electron...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.i: When a \(6.234 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ g}}\) of the compound was combusted,...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.23: Which statement describes a reducing agent? A. It is reduced and gains electrons. B. It...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which three compounds can be considered to be a homologous series? A. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: When the students recorded the burette readings, following the titration with KMnO4 (aq),the top...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.i: Determine the amount, in mol, of \({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - {\text{(aq)}}\), used in each...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: Using the mass numbers of the two isotopes and the relative atomic mass of chlorine from Table 5...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: Define the term electronegativity.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Draw a circle around each of these two functional groups in the structure above and label them 1...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.i: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of P.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iv: Identify a suitable catalyst used in the reaction to form R.
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A3c: Explain which of the three compounds has a \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum...
12N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Which salts will dissolve in water to give solutions with a pH above 7? I. ...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.ii: Deduce the rate expression for each step. Step 1: Step 2:
12N.1.sl.TZ0.1: What is the number of ions in 0.20 mol of...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Using the equations...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.v: Y reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), to form an alcohol, Z. Identify whether Z is a...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A3b: Outline how MRI is used to scan the human body.
10N.1.hl.TZ0.16: Given the enthalpy change for the reaction...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) State whether aqueous solutions of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride are acidic,...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7c: (i) The enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of liquid hydrazine is...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.5c: State the reagent and conditions needed for reaction 1.
10N.1.sl.TZ0.2: On analysis, a compound with molar mass \({\text{60 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) was...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.17: A piece of zinc was added to aqueous nitric acid and the volume of hydrogen gas produced was...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What is the conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which of the following substances are structural isomers of each other? I. ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: State the name of the alkene shown.
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4f: (i) Identify the type of reaction that occurs. (ii) Predict the value of the H–N–H bond...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Equal volumes of carbon dioxide and the unknown alkane are found to have the same mass, measured...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5d: Reaction 1 involves a free-radical mechanism. Describe the stepwise mechanism, by giving...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6e: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6g: Nitric acid reacts with silver in a redox reaction. __ \({\text{Ag(s)}} + \) __...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Which species has the largest radius? A. Cl– B. K C. Na+ D. K+
09N.1.hl.TZ0.10: What is the correct order if the compounds are arranged in order of increasing boiling point? A....
09N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which compound contains nitrogen with an oxidation number of +3? A. NH4Cl B. HNO3 C. ...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.iii: 1.0 mol of \({\rm{C}}{{\rm{l}}_2}\) and 1.0 mol of NO are mixed in a closed container at constant...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: Consider the following graph of \(\ln k\) against \(\frac{1}{T}\) for the first order...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.v: The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that between the ions in MgO....
09N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c.ii: Complete the table above by suggesting the chemical shift of the third peak, and state its...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.8: What happens when sodium is added to water? I. A gas is evolved II. The temperature of...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Which are redox reactions? I. ...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.3: The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.ii: If the temperature of the reaction is changed to 300 °C, predict, stating a reason in each case,...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5d: Explain why the rate of a reaction increases when the temperature of the system increases.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: In reaction B, identify the stronger base, \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \) or...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b.i: Use Table 17 of the Data Booklet to identify the bonds which correspond to the absorptions A and...
10M.2.hl.TZ1.2d: (i) This reaction uses a catalyst. Sketch and annotate the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.iii: State an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water....
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of the four metals, cadmium, nickel, silver and zinc and...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.5: A sample of element X contains 69% of 63X and 31% of 65X. What is the relative atomic mass of X...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.7: What is the electron arrangement of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion? A. 2,2 B. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which property decreases down group 7 in the periodic table? A. Melting point B. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which substance can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the liquid state? A. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: Explain why silicon has the highest melting point and argon has the lowest melting point.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4a.iii: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: concentrated sodium chloride
09M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which process represents the C–Cl bond enthalpy in tetrachloromethane? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which factors can affect reaction rate? I. The state of the reactants II. The frequency...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What happens at the negative electrode in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?
09M.1.sl.TZ1.27: What is the IUPAC name for...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: Identify the organic functional group present in both vegetable oil and biodiesel.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.iii: Suggest a reason why excess methanol is used in this process.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: Calculate the percentage yield of biodiesel obtained in this process.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.iv: Propan-2-ol is an isomer of propan-1-ol. Draw the structure of propan-2-ol.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c.ii: State the change in oxidation number for manganese in step 2.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.iii: Determine the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.ii: State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 2\) energy level.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iii: Describe qualitatively the relationship between the rate constant, \(k\), and the temperature,...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which statement best describes metallic bonding? A. Electrostatic attractions between...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which molecule has the shortest bond between carbon atoms? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which of the following reactions are exothermic? I. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What effect will an increase in temperature have on the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) value and the position...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which equations represent the incomplete combustion of methane? I. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.v: Another student repeated the experiment and obtained an experimental yield of 150%. The teacher...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Suggest one method, other than measuring pH, which could be used to distinguish between solutions...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.3: Smog is common in cities throughout the world. One component of smog is PAN (peroxyacylnitrate)...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: State two conditions necessary for a reaction to take place between two reactant particles.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
11M.1.hl.TZ1.14: The Lewis structure of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is given below. What is the shape...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Consider the two reactions involving iron and...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.14: When \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Which statement about chemical equilibria implies they are dynamic? A. The position of...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which species could be reduced to form \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)? A. ...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.i: calcium has a higher melting point than potassium.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.i: Draw the Lewis structure of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and predict its shape and bond...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii: Annotate the diagram below showing the 4s and 3d orbitals for a chromium atom using an arrow,...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3b.i: Explain precisely what the square brackets around nitrogen(II) oxide, [NO(g)], represent in this...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.ii: Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrogenation of propene.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iii: State the balanced half-equation for the reduction of dichromate ions to chromium(III) ions.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iv: Explain whether the boiling point of 1-bromopentane will be higher, lower or the same as that of...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which is not a conjugate acid-base pair? A. \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Determine what the temperature rise would have been, in °C, if no heat had been lost to the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.iii: Calculate the heat change, in kJ, when 3.99 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is dissolved in the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.ii: The student recorded in her qualitative data that the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate she used was...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iv: Describe two different properties that could be used to distinguish between a...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Outline the characteristics of a homogeneous chemical system that is in a state of equilibrium.
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A1a: Identify region A.
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.iv: State what information can be obtained from the integration traces in the...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b.i: State the name of the functional group circled on the structure of caffeine.
12M.3.sl.TZ1.A1a: Identify the analytical technique that would most readily provide the additional data required to...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.G1: The structure of benzene originally described by August Kekulé is shown below. Explain, giving...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.13: \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{60}}}}\) fullerene consists of a simple molecular structure. Silicon...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: Explain why the curve reaches a maximum.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: (i) in mol. (ii) in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), under the stated conditions...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: State the equation for the reaction between sodium and water.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular formula. Empirical...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: (i) State and explain which of propan-1-ol,...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6d: (i) Sketch and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction. (ii) Deduce whether...
12M.3.sl.TZ2.A3a: Deduce the number of peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra of...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.3: Four identical containers under the same conditions are filled with gases as shown below. Which...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.40: A student heated a solid in a crucible. The student measured the mass of the solid and crucible...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: State why the Co-60 radioisotope is used in radiotherapy.
11N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What is the amount, in moles, of sulfate ions in \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which statement about the electromagnetic spectrum is not correct? A. The wavelength of...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which are characteristics of a dynamic equilibrium? I. Amounts of products and reactants are...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.20: The following are \({K_{\text{c}}}\) values for a reaction, with the same starting conditions...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which equation represents the initiation reaction when methane reacts with chlorine in the...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1c.ii: The metal oxides from the second reaction then react with silicon dioxide to form a silicate in...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl. For the...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7d.ii: Determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in J, using the precipitation data.
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2a: Outline, giving your reasons, how you would carefully prepare the 1.00dm3 aqueous solution from...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.27: A measuring cylinder was used to obtain a known volume of a liquid. The volume...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.3b: (i) Sketch the potential energy profile for the synthesis of phosgene, using the axes given,...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.1c: Despite widespread improvements in the provision of safe drinking water, the sale of bottled...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.17b: Oseltamivir does not possess the carboxyl group needed for activity until it is chemically...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results: Calculate the...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.2c: List two assumptions made in this experiment.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.24: ...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.2a: State and explain the further work students need to carry out in trial 2 before they can process...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.27: Aqueous solutions of a weak acid and a...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.13: When 25.0cm3 0.100moldm−3 NaOH(aq) is mixed with 25.0cm3 0.100moldm−3 HCl(aq) at the same...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.18c: Justify the conclusion that recrystallization increased the purity of the product, by reference...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student measured the change in mass on heating a sample of calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s). What is...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: The structures of two molecules, X and Y, are shown below. (i) Justify why both these...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.3: The complete combustion of 15.0cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon X produces 60.0 cm3 of carbon dioxide...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: 5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2•2H2O, was dissolved in water to...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.8b: The table below shows average figures for the percentage fatty acid composition of some common...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Between which pair of molecules can hydrogen bonding occur? A. CH4 and H2OB. CH3OCH3 and CF4 C....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.15: 5.35g of solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl(s), was added to water to form 25.0g of solution. The...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3d: Draw the best fit line of \(\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}\) against concentration of sodium thiosulfate on...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.
16M.3.hl.TZ0.26a: Identify the functional group circled in the structure of oseltamivir.
17M.1.sl.TZ1.5: In which set do all the species contain more electrons than neutrons? A. 14N, 16O, 11C B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which two atoms form the most polar bond? A. C and F B. C and Cl C. Si and F D. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.11: Which combination describes the sulfate(IV) ion, SO32– (also known as sulfite ion)?
17M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which expression gives the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the thermal decomposition of calcium...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.26: Which species acts as a Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry base? A. [Al(H2O)6]3+ B. BF3 C. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2e.i: State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Formulate an equation for the reaction between VO2+(aq) and V2+(aq) in acidic solution to form...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4e: Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4f: Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.i: One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Suggest why experiments involving tetracarbonylnickel are very hazardous.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5f: Outline why the thermochemical method would not be appropriate for 0.001...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.13d: The solubility of a vitamin depends on its structure. Identify the vitamin given in section 35...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.15b: Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the sum of the coefficients when the equation is balanced with whole numbers? —C8H18(g)...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What is the maximum volume, in dm3, of CO2(g) produced when 1.00 g of CaCO3(s) reacts with 20.0...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.9: How many bonding electrons are there in the urea molecule? A. 8 B. 16 C. 20 D....
17M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which bonds cause the boiling point of water to be significantly greater than that of...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.i: State and explain the difference in bond strength between the nitrogen atoms in a hydrazine and...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Identify the amphiprotic species.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8a.i: Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the spray reaction, using the data...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: State the reagents and the name of the mechanism for the nitration of benzene.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1a: The following graph represents world energy consumption by type for the...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.11: Suggest, in terms of its structure, why vitamin D is fat-soluble using section 35 of the data...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.i: Oceans can act as a carbon sink, removing some CO2(g) from the atmosphere. CO2(g)...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which functional group is responsible for the pKb of 4.1 in this compound? A. Amido B....
17N.1.hl.TZ0.3: What is the pressure, in Pa, inside a 1.0 m3 cylinder containing 10 kg of H2 (g) at 25 ºC? R =...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: Suggest why the enthalpy change of neutralization of CH3COOH is less negative than that of HCl.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Deduce a balanced equation for the overall reaction when the standard nickel and iodine...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which of the following series shows increasing hydrogen bonding with water? A. Propane <...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which of the following is a redox reaction? A. 3Mg (s) + 2AlCl3 (aq) → 2Al (s) + 3MgCl2 (aq) B....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which compound can be oxidized when heated with an acidified solution of...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which is the electron configuration of a chromium atom in the ground state? A....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which trends are correct across period 3 (from Na to Cl)? I. Atomic radius decreasesII. ...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, in mol dm–3.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1b.i: Suggest what the correlation coefficient of −0.9999 indicates.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Explain, with the help of equations, the mechanism of the free-radical substitution reaction of...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: State what is meant by the term conjugate base.
18M.1.hl.TZ2.23: What occurs when the pressure on the given equilibrium is increased at constant...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.4a: In acidic solution, bromate ions, BrO3−(aq), oxidize iodide ions, I−(aq). BrO3−(aq) + 6H+(aq) +...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1e.i: Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1f: The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Formulate a balanced...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2f: Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide. CaC2(s) + H2O(l) →...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.ii: Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔHΘ, for the following similar reaction, using ΔHf values...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: Annotate the diagram with the location and direction of electron movement when current flows.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iv: Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Which is a homogeneous mixture? A. Oil and water B. Sand and water C. Ethanol and...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which are correct statements about the emission spectrum of hydrogen in the visible region? I. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.i: Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2e: Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide. CaC2(s) + H2O(l) →...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.15: Which statement is correct? A. In an exothermic reaction, the products have more energy than...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1a.ii: When a small amount of palmitic acid is placed in water it disperses to form a layer on the...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2c.i: Deduce, giving a reason, which of the two methods would be least affected by the chips not having...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2c.ii: State a factor, that has a significant effect on reaction rate, which could vary between marble...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2d.i: Justify why it is inappropriate to record the uncertainty of the mean as ±0.01 s.
18M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What is the volume, in cm3, of the final solution if 100 cm3 of a solution containing 1.42 g of...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which describes the reaction shown in the potential energy profile? A. The reaction is...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.11: What are the predicted electron domain geometries around the carbon and both nitrogen atoms in...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.15: Two 100 cm3 aqueous solutions, one containing 0.010 mol NaOH and the other 0.010 mol HCl, are at...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Explain why the hydrides of group 16 elements (H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te) are polar molecules.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Outline why pH is more widely used than [H+] for measuring relative acidity.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: The aldehyde can be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Outline how the experimental...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iii: Deduce full structural formulas of two possible isomers of the unknown compound, both of which...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.iii: Pyridine, like benzene, is an aromatic compound. Outline what is meant by an aromatic compound.
15M.1.hl.TZ1.1: 4.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide is added to \({\text{0.10 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.2: Which expression gives the sum of all the coefficients for the general equation for the...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6a: State the equation for the reaction between methane and bromine to form bromomethane.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Bromomethane reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide. State the organic product of this reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.i: Ethanol is a primary alcohol that can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI)....
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction on page 10.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8a.iii: Explain why chromium metal is malleable.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iii: Suggest why solid \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) does not conduct...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.ii: Suggest, giving your reasons, the approximate pH values of the solutions formed by adding each...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.i: Deduce the full structural formula of compound A.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What describes the relationship between diamond, graphite and \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{60}}}}\)...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which gas in the atmosphere causes the pH of unpolluted rain to be approximately 6? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which represents a redox reaction? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.25: Two half-cells are connected via a salt bridge to make a voltaic cell. Which statement about this...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A student weighs a standard 70.00 g mass five times using the same balance. Each time she obtains...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What are the oxidation states of each element in...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: Identify the homologous series to which ethanol belongs and state two features of a homologous...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: Describe three tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6e: Explain whether BF3 can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6f.ii: State the formula of the compounds formed between the elements below. Sodium and...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.iv: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction of ethanol to ethanal with acidified potassium...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.i: By drawing appropriate lines, determine the volume of hydrochloric acid required to completely...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: State two features of a homologous series.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: Explain why chloromethane is a polar molecule.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Deduce the full structural formula of compound A.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iii: Describe the colour change observed when excess but-2-ene reacts with bromine to form compound A.
15M.3.sl.TZ1.1a: State the relationship between the energy of a wave and its wavelength.
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2b.iii: Deduce a structural formula consistent with the data.
15M.3.sl.TZ2.2: NMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical tools for determining molecular...
15M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: Predict two features you would expect to observe in its infrared (IR) spectrum.
14M.1.hl.TZ1.2: Under which conditions does \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\) have the same number of...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.5: Which statement correctly describes the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen? A. It is a...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: (i) State the changes in the acid-base nature of the oxides across period 3 (from...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: (i) Determine the mass of copper produced at one of the electrodes in cell 2 if the tin...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8b: (i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8c: (i) Determine the amount, in mol, of X in the gas syringe. (ii) ...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.i: Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.i: Calculate the absolute uncertainty of the titre for Titration 1...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6d: (i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.2: The structural formula of a dioxin is shown below. What is its empirical formula? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.8: The horizontal axis of the bar chart represents the elements of period 3 from sodium to chlorine...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which particles are present in the lattice of a metal? A. Negative ions B. Positive and...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.15: The enthalpy changes of three reactions are given below. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which pair of elements shows the greatest difference in electronegativity? A. Mg and O B. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.14: The table shows information about temperature increases when an acid and an alkali are...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which change increases the rate of a chemical reaction? A. Increasing the size of solid...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which is always correct for a reaction at equilibrium?
14M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: Explain your reasoning.
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: (i) Calculate the absolute uncertainty of the titre for Titration 1...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: (i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: The colour change in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and aqueous sodium iodide is very...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: (i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6e: A can also be converted into C without going via B. State the reagent and conditions required.
14M.3.sl.TZ1.1b: Identify the five missing components in the following table.
14M.3.sl.TZ1.4: Two students were provided with three different isomers of...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: Its infrared (IR) spectrum is represented below. Deduce the bonds responsible for the...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3e: (i) Deduce the structural formula of Y. (ii) Predict one difference between the...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1c: Determine the ratio of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in bottled water to that in rain...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Calculate the mass of phosphoric(V) acid,...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8e: (i) Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph. (ii) Use the data point labelled X...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.5: Which ion will show the least deflection in a mass spectrometer? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which species contains a bond angle of approximately 107°? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.14: The enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulfate solution is...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the name of the alkane shown in the diagram below, applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Describe the bonding in magnesium.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.i: A student added 5.00 g of \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) to 1.50 g of...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.ii: Calculate the mass of phosphoric(V) acid,...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7b: (i) Define the term structural isomers. (ii) Identify the two compounds in the...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8d: (i) State the property that determines the order in which elements are arranged in the...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.40: A student measured the mass and volume of a piece of silver and recorded the following...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: State the name given to species that bond to a central metal ion, and identify the type of bond...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6b.i: State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.i: Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.iii: Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those...
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2b.i: Identify the group responsible for the peak at D.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.18: The diagram below shows the energy changes for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Which...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the name of...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: For this mixture the concentration of hydrogen peroxide,...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1k: Explain why increasing the temperature also decreases the time required for the colour to change.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Complete the overall equation for this reaction by stating the...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.ii: State which atoms are covalently bonded.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3b.iii: State one environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4f: Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Deduce which of the species would react with titanium metal.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6d: Explain why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6f.i: Outline why there are molecules with different molar masses.
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass, to the nearest integer, of the compound from the mass...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2a.iii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 29.
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2b.ii: Suggest a possible structure for X.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Deduce the half-equation involving ethanedioic acid.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: Apply the Aufbau principle to state the full electron configuration for an atom of phosphorus.
13M.1.sl.TZ1.3: What is the whole number ratio of the coefficients of ammonia to oxygen when the following...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which statement best describes ionic bonding? A. It is the electrostatic attraction between...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.22: A solution of acid HX has a pH = 1 and a solution of acid HY has a pH = 3. Which statement must...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: A student formulates the following hypothesis: “If phosphorus were to form a positive ion,...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1d.i: Deduce the formulas of the species with the m/z values at 86, 71 and...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1d.ii: Suggest a reason for the peak at m/z = 43 having an exceptionally high relative abundance.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.i: State the chemical formula for potassium dichromate(VI).
13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.iii: State the oxidation number of chromium in the product.
13M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which of the following is an example of a Lewis acid–base reaction, but not a Brønsted–Lowry...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3a: Identify the name of the functional group circled in the structure of carboplatin.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.i: Define an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory and the Lewis theory. Brønsted–Lowry...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.iii: Deduce a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for the overall reaction which will...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: State why dilute sulfuric acid needs to be added in order for the current to flow in the...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.ii: Apply IUPAC rules to state the names of all the straight-chain isomers of compounds of molecular...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.vi: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of this product, U.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1f.i: One titration was abandoned because a brown precipitate, manganese(IV) oxide, formed. State the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Sulfuric acid present in acid rain can damage buildings made of limestone. Predict the balanced...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: Identify the intermolecular forces present in hydrogen iodide in the liquid state, HI(l).
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and predict the shape of each molecule, using the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: Using electronegativity values from Table 7 of the Data Booklet, state and explain which of the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.v: Suggest why monomers are often gases or volatile liquids whereas polymers are solids.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7d.i: Determine its empirical formula.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7d.ii: Determine its molecular formula given that its molar mass is...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.i: Determine the empirical formula of the ester, showing your working.
12N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which combination is correct for the properties of the alkali metals from Li to Cs?
12N.1.sl.TZ0.10: What is the formula of the ionic compound formed when calcium and nitrogen react together? A. ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which bond is the least polar? A. C–H B. F–H C. O–H D. N–H
12N.1.sl.TZ0.18: In which flask will the reaction between 2.0 g of magnesium carbonate and 25 cm3 1.0 mol...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the number of significant figures for the masses of...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.E1a: State one natural origin of acid deposition.
12N.3.sl.TZ0.E1c: Discuss the possible ways of decreasing acid deposition and its adverse effects on the environment.
10N.1.hl.TZ0.22: What is the effect of an increase of temperature on the yield and the equilibrium constant for...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which compound is an amide? A. CH3COOCH3 B. CH3CONH2 C. CH3NH2 D. CH2(NH2)COOH
10N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: Identify the structural formula of an isomer of but-2-ene which does not decolourize bromine...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: (i) Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for N2H4 showing all valence electrons. (ii) ...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.5d: Reaction 1 involves a free-radical mechanism. Describe the stepwise mechanism, by giving...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which statement is correct for the electrolysis of molten lead iodide,...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: (i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: The boiling point of hydrazine is much higher than that of ethene. Explain this difference in...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.13: How many atoms is each carbon directly bonded to in its allotropes?
09N.2.hl.TZ0.3a: Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: State two situations when the rate of a chemical reaction is equal to the rate constant.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.ii: Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.i: State whether this reaction is SN1 or SN2.
09N.3.hl.TZ0.E3a: Outline the cause of the increase in NO levels between 5 and 8 am.
09N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which is true for a chemical reaction in which the products have a higher enthalpy than the...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Use the average bond enthalpies below to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the following...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.20: An increase in temperature increases the amount of chlorine present in the following...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Calculate the amount, in moles, of \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) used in the titration.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: Calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe present in the \(3.682 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g}}\)...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: In many cities around the world, public transport vehicles use diesel, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel,...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: The solution of NaI is prepared from a fine powder instead of large crystals.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.C4a: State the change in oxidation number of the cadmium and deduce if it is acting as the positive or...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: (i) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride does....
10M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: (i) Deduce which two of the alcohols could produce this spectrum and identify the species...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G2b: (i) bromine. (ii) hydrogen bromide.
10M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Consider the endothermic reaction...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.30: How many significant figures are there in 0.00370? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 6
10M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: (i) Explain the shape of the curve. (ii) Copy the above graph on your answer sheet and...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.14: 1.0 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, was added to 99.0 g of water. The temperature of the solution...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Determine the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene using the values for the...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4a.ii: State the half-equation for the reduction of the \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) ions in acidic solution.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.i: Calculate the amount, in moles, of \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) ions present in...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.ii: Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main energy levels...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.1: The molar mass of a compound is approximately \({\text{56 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)....
09M.1.sl.TZ1.15: When some solid barium hydroxide and solid ammonium thiosulfate were reacted together, the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Some water is heated using the heat produced by the combustion of magnesium metal. Which values...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Equal masses of powdered calcium carbonate were added to separate solutions of hydrochloric acid....
09M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Consider the following equilibrium...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which three compounds can be considered to be a homologous series? A. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.iv: State and explain the effect that the addition of the sodium hydroxide catalyst will have on the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: The percentage difference between these two methods (average bond enthalpies and enthalpies of...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5a.iii: Strontium exists as four naturally-occurring isotopes. Calculate the relative atomic mass of...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6b.i: \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)
09M.3.sl.TZ1.D3b.i: Describe the colour change of potassium dichromate(VI) when it reacts with ethanol.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.4a: The standard enthalpy change of formation for \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH(g)}}\)...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.i: Outline two differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: The rate of this reaction in (a) (ii), can be studied by measuring the volume of gas collected...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iv: The experiment is repeated using a sample of hydrochloric acid with double the volume, but half...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.i: Ethanol to ethyl ethanoate.
09M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What volume of sulfur trioxide, in cm3, can be prepared using...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which statement is correct for all elements in the same period? A. They have the same number...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which list represents the halogens in increasing order of oxidizing strength (weakest oxidizing...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? A. 2-methylbutane B. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the yield of sulfur trioxide.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iii: Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride does.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the standard enthalpy change...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Define the term isotopes.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: A sample of silicon contains three isotopes. Calculate the relative atomic mass of silicon...
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A3c.ii: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X consists of three peaks. Deduce the...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.2: What mass, in g, of hydrogen is formed when 3 mol of aluminium react with excess hydrochloric...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.20: Curve X on the graph below shows the volume of oxygen formed during the catalytic decomposition...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.ii: Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.i: Draw an electrolytic cell illustrating the electrolysis of molten nickel(II) bromide,...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9e.ii: Deduce the oxidation and reduction half-equations and identify the oxidizing agent for the reaction.
11M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which property generally decreases across period 3? A. Atomic number B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.22: Consider the equilibrium...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Explain why the relative atomic mass of argon is greater than the relative atomic mass of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.iii: Black coffee has a pH of 5 and toothpaste has a pH of 8. Identify which is more acidic and deduce...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6e: State and explain whether the following molecules are primary, secondary or tertiary...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7e: Describe the bonding within the carbon monoxide molecule.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7f: Silicon has three stable isotopes, \(^{{\text{28}}}{\text{Si}}\), \(^{{\text{29}}}{\text{Si}}\)...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b.i: Outline the process responsible for the production of each acid and state an equation to show its...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.v: The product \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{11}}}}{\text{OH}}\) formed from the...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.4: A fixed mass of gas has a certain volume at a temperature of 50 °C. What temperature is required...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.12: The number of electrons in the valence shell of elements A and B, are 6 and 7 respectively. What...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which particles are responsible for the conduction of electricity in molten aluminium? A. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Consider the following...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.19: The reaction below represents the Haber process for the industrial production of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.ii: Determine the value of \(\Delta {H_2}\) in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.ii: Deduce one other common oxidation number exhibited by antimony in some of its compounds.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: State the number of electrons and the number of neutrons present in an atom of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.iii: Other than polymerization, state one reaction of alkenes which is of economic importance.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iii: On the axes below sketch two Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the same sample of...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.i: In the IR spectrum, identify the bond responsible for each of the absorptions labelled I, II and...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.vi: ...
12M.3.hl.TZ1.E1a: Oxygen absorbs much of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, but ozone is important...
12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3d: (i) Identify the \(\beta \)-lactam ring by drawing a circle around it. (ii) Explain why...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the total number of atoms in 0.100 mol of...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.3: The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at 273 K and \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\)...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.20: What happens to the position of equilibrium and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) when the...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.ii: Determine the number of neutrons in one atom of iodine-131.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: Distinguish between the terms strong base and weak base, and state one example of each.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6e: When 5.35 g ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(s)}}\), is added to...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.9: Which metals are considered to be transition elements? I. Ti II. Zn III. Fe A. ...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which compound is the major product of the reaction when 1-bromobutane is heated with...
11N.3.hl.TZ0.E1c: Both of these air pollutants also contribute to acid deposition. Outline mechanisms for the...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which bonds are arranged in order of increasing polarity? A. H–F \( < \) H–Cl \( < \)...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.22: What is the pH of the solution formed when \({\text{10 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of HCl(aq)...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1c.i: Suggest why it is necessary for sodium to be removed by this reaction.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Based on the types of intermolecular force present, explain why butan-1-ol has a higher boiling...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7a: One example of a homologous series is the alcohols. Describe two features of a homologous series.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert X to Y and X to Z. X to Y: X to Z:
11N.3.sl.TZ0.A3b: The mass spectrum of one of the two isomers above has significant peaks at mass to charge ratios...
11N.3.sl.TZ0.E1c: Both of these air pollutants also contribute to acid deposition. State one chemical equation for...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4c: A sample of compound A was prepared in which the 12C in the CH2 group was replaced by 13C. (i)...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the colour change of the indicator that the student would see during his titration...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.10b: Calculate the energy, in kJ, produced from 15.0g of glucose if its enthalpy of combustion is...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which equation represents the first electron affinity of chlorine? A. Cl(g)+e-→ Cl-(g)B....
16M.1.sl.TZ0.21: Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of MnO2? A. Magnesium(II) oxide B. Manganese(II)...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) State the hybridization of the...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.20: What occurs when solid sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid? A. Bubbles...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which of the following are van der Waals’ forces? I. Dipole-dipole forcesII. Hydrogen...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1c: 2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation: P4(s)...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the mechanism of the reaction between ethane and chlorine in sunlight? A....
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2c: The other monomer used in the production of polyurethane is compound Z shown below. (i) State...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which electron configuration is correct for the selenide ion, Se2−? A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Which experimental methods could be used to observe the progress of the following...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2, and then to carbon dioxide...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: (i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to strontium...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.2e: Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.18a: Determine the percentage experimental yield of the product after recrystallization. The molar...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1d: Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.2: Which volume, in cm3, of 0.20 mol dm-3 NaOH (aq) is needed to neutralize 0.050 mol of...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict the predominant type of bonding for a binary compound AB in which the electronegativity...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.3a: State the overall redox equation when carbon monoxide reduces Fe2O3 to Fe.
17M.1.sl.TZ1.15: In which order does the oxygen–oxygen bond enthalpy increase? A. H2O2 < O2 < O3 B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which statements are correct for a voltaic...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.30: What is the Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD) for 1,3,5-hexatriene (C6H8)? A. 1 B. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.28: Which change represents oxidation? A. HClO4 to HClO3 B. N2 to NH3 C. N2O to NO D....
17M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which technique is used to determine the bond lengths and bond angles of a molecule? A. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: The student then carried out the experiment at other acid concentrations with all...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: Ammonia reacts reversibly with water. NH3(g) + H2O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) NH4+(aq) +...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4h.i: Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: Chloroethene, C2H3Cl, can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of the polymer with three...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.i: Formulate an equation for the reaction between VO2+(aq) and V2+(aq) in acidic solution to form...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.1a: Calculate the percentage uncertainty of the volume of the aqueous sodium hydroxide.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.4: State and explain how the graph would differ if 1 mol\(\,\)dm−3 sulfuric acid had been used...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5b: Heat losses would make this method less accurate than the pH probe method. Outline why the...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.6b: Lanthanum has a similar electronegativity to group 2 metals. Explain, in terms of bonding and...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.ii: Explain why the difference in their structures affects their melting points.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19d: Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Compare and contrast...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.4: Which factors affect the molar volume of an ideal...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which element is a lanthanide? A. Hf B. Tb C. U D. Y
17M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which change does not increase the initial rate of reaction when CaCO3(s) is added to excess...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What occurs at the anode (positive electrode) during the electrolysis of molten strontium...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.29: What can be deduced from the following 1H\(\,\)NMR spectrum? A. There is only one hydrogen...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Which variable affects the equilibrium constant, Kc? A. Atmospheric pressure B. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.ii: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction between acidic Sn2+(aq) and Cr2O72–(aq), using...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, the factor responsible for establishing the new equilibrium after 14...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: Using relevant equations, show the initiation and the propagation steps for this reaction.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.6b: The overall equation for monochlorination of methane is: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) +...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.v: State a technique other than a pH titration that can be used to detect the equivalence point.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: Hydrogenation of propene produces propane. Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS θ, for the...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1b: O2 is consumed in producing CO2 for electricity generation. The graph shows the relationship...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1c.i: The equilibrium expression for O2 exchange between the atmosphere and ocean is O2(g)...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.15a.i: Calculate the amounts, in mol, of each reactant.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: Suggest, giving one reason, whether this is an addition or condensation reaction.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c.iii: Subsequent steps proceed under differing conditions, forming the dendrimer polymer with the...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Ammonia reacts reversibly with...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.1a: Using the graph, estimate the initial temperature of the solutions.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2d.iii: Determine the molecular formula of menthol using your answers from parts (d)(i) and (ii).
17N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.i: State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc , for this reaction.
17N.1.hl.TZ0.7: Which electron configuration is that of a transition metal atom in the ground state? A....
17N.3.sl.TZ0.2a: State an equation for the reaction of magnesium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1b.iii: Outline how current flows in the sodium chloride solution.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.14: The enthalpy changes for two reactions are given. Br2 (l) + F2 (g) → 2BrF (g) ΔH = x...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.16: The diagram shows the energy profile for a catalysed and uncatalysed reaction.Which represents...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Determine the maximum temperature reached in the experiment by analysing the graph.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2e.ii: A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn2+/Mn half-cell and a Ni2+/Ni half-cell. Deduce the equation...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.2c: Calculate the uncertainty in the change in pH.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.1g: Outline why repeating quantitative measurements is important.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.ii: Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3a.ii: Outline the formation of polyethene from ethene by drawing three repeating units of the polymer.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.i: Under certain conditions, ethyne can be converted to benzene. Determine the standard enthalpy...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.20: What are the products of the reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate? A. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.i: Ethyne, like ethene, undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. State the conditions required.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.iii: Explain, giving two reasons, the difference in the values for (b)(i) and (ii). If you did not...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.9: What is the formula of ammonium phosphate? A. (NH3)3PO4 B. (NH4)3PO4 C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What is the molecular geometry and bond angle in the molecular ion NO3−?
18M.1.sl.TZ1.4: What is the percentage yield when 7 g of ethene produces 6 g of ethanol? Mr(ethene) = 28 and...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.29: What is the index of hydrogen deficiency, IHD, of 3-methylcyclohexene? A. 0 B. 1 C. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: State the electron configuration of the Ca2+ ion.
18M.1.sl.TZ1.12: What are the strongest intermolecular forces between molecules of propanone, CH3COCH3, in the...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: The structural formula of urea is shown. Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1e.ii: Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1g: The mass spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the species responsible for the peaks at...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1i: Predict the number of signals in the 1H NMR spectrum of urea.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1b.ii: The solution of palmitic acid had a concentration of 0.0034 mol dm−3. Calculate the number of...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1b.iii: Assuming the sudden change in gradient occurs at 240 cm2, calculate the area, in cm2, that a...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2a: Annotate the balanced equation below with state symbols. CaCO3(__) + 2HCl(__) → CaCl2(__) +...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which species has the longest carbon to oxygen bond length? A. CO B. CH3OH C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which can describe oxidation? A. Loss of hydrogen B. Decrease in oxidation number C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What is the name of this compound, using IUPAC rules? A. 1,1-dimethylpropanoic acid B. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.29: How are the uncertainties of two quantities combined when the quantities are multiplied...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1f: Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium hydroxide in the 1.24 g antacid tablet to three...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: Outline why H3PO4/HPO42− is not a conjugate acid-base pair.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Draw the first four energy levels of a hydrogen atom on the axis, labelling n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3c.i: Copper is widely used as an electrical conductor. Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.ii: Determine the value of ΔHΘ, in kJ, for the reaction using the values in the table.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 16 elements. Explain the increase...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.i: The above ball and stick model is a substituted pyridine molecule (made of carbon, hydrogen,...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.16c: Explain why aspirin is not stored in a hot, humid location.
18M.3.sl.TZ2.7b: Deduce the number of 1H NMR signals produced by the zwitterion form of alanine.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.ii: Outline the formation of polyethene from ethene by drawing three repeating units of the polymer.
15M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is the product of the addition of chlorine, \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\), to...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1a: Calculate the average volume of NaOH added, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), in...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1e: Predict and explain the difference in carbon-oxygen bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and its...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.2b.i: Explain why the melting point of phosphorus(V) oxide is lower than that of sodium oxide in terms...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.iii: The Contact process involves this homogeneous...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3d: Outline the economic importance of using a catalyst in the Contact process.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.4c: Describe the bonding in solid copper.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5d: State the equation for the acid-catalysed reaction of ethanol with propanoic acid and state the...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.i: Bromine can be produced by the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide. Deduce the half-equation...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.3a: Calculate the standard enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe the ionic bonding present in...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.i: Chromium forms the complex ion...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: Identify the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the elements from sodium to chlorine in...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.ii: State the equations for the separate reactions of sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.ii: Apply IUPAC rules to name compound A.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10b: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.3: Which compound has the highest percentage of carbon by mass? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.13: The following compounds have similar molar...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of the compound? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which statements about the chlorine free radical are correct? I. It has 18 electrons. II. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which ion will be deflected most in a mass spectrometer? A. \(^{16}{{\text{O}}^ + }\) B. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which combination of shape and bond angle best describes a molecule of sulfur dioxide,...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which enthalpy changes can be calculated using only bond enthalpy data? I. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the formation of hydrogen...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Describe the collision theory.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: State the relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles of an atom.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7a: A hydrocarbon has the empirical formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{7}}}\). When...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.i: Ethanol is a primary alcohol that can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI)....
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.ii: Describe how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Outline the nature of the metallic bonding present in potassium.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.ii: State the equations for the separate reactions of sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Apply IUPAC rules to name compound A.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7b: State the names of the reagents D and E.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7f: Explain why but-2-ene is more volatile than compound C,...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7g.ii: Deduce the equation for the complete combustion of compound C.
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2b.ii: Identify the bond responsible for the IR absorption at B.
14M.1.hl.TZ1.11: A solid has a melting point of 1582 °C and does not dissolve in water. It does not conduct...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone....
14M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: (i) Compare the two liquids in terms of their boiling points, enthalpies of vaporization and...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1e: Outline why changing the temperature has only a very small effect on the value of the equilibrium...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6a: (i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed. (ii) State why it is...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8a: Define the term first ionization energy.
14M.1.sl.TZ1.3: \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Why does the rate of a reaction increase when the temperature is increased? I. The...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which compounds contain both ionic and covalent bonding? I. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.15: What is the value of \(\Delta H\) for the exothermic reaction represented by the diagram...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Zinc is more reactive than copper. In this voltaic cell, which species is reduced and in which...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: (i) Predict any changes that may be observed in each...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: Explain why the ionic radius of a chloride ion is greater than the atomic radius of a chlorine atom.
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7d: (i) Identify the reagent necessary for this reaction to occur. (ii) Deduce the...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: Identify the liquid whose volume has the greatest percentage uncertainty.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1g: Outline how you could establish that the system had reached equilibrium at the end of one week.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: (i) State the type of polymerization that occurs. (ii) Draw the structure of a...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: The teacher made up \({\text{2.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the sodium thiosulfate solution...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6g.iv: The standard enthalpy change of combustion of A is...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum recorded showed four peaks with the...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3c: Deduce the fragments in the mass spectrum which correspond to the following m/z values. m/z =...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3f: (i) Like X, 3-methylbutanoic acid is also a source of body odour. Deduce the m/z value for...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.15b: Industrial processes, such as the burning of coal, generate non-metallic oxides of carbon and...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which product is formed when bromine water is added to propene,...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1a: Use the data in the table to identify the most acidic water sample.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.3a: A liquid boils when its vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure. Determine the boiling point...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Identify the type of attraction represented by the dotted lines shown between the layers.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.10c: State the relationship between the electron arrangement of an element and its group and period in...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which equilibrium reaction shifts to the product side when the temperature is increased at...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.23: Which species of vanadium has a different oxidation number from the rest? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which statement about an electrolytic cell is correct? A. Chemical energy is converted to...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Deduce the empirical formula of D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8a: (i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.1b: (i) Use the IR spectrum in the region 1600 – 1800 \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}\) to deduce...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.1c: \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectroscopy is often very useful in distinguishing...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.26a.ii: State and explain how the presence of a halogen substituent might affect the acidity of...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Which series is arranged in order of increasing radius? A. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.23: Which of the following will shift the position of equilibrium to the right in the Haber...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1a: The concentration of iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), is assumed to be constant. Outline why...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1d.ii: Calculate the percentage uncertainty of the concentration of potassium iodide solution added to...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5i: Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.i: Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.iv: Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that...
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2a.ii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 45.
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2a.iii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 29.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What is the pressure, in Pa, if 3 mol of gas occupies \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.7: In the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom, which electronic transition would produce a line...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which series is arranged in order of increasing radius? A. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Which factors can increase the rate of a chemical reaction? I. Increasing the pressure in...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which group of three compounds contains only weak acids and bases?
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1h: The colour change occurs when \(1.00 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\) of iodine has been formed....
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4g.i: Methanol can also be burnt as a fuel. Describe an experiment that would allow the molar enthalpy...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iv: A voltaic cell can be constructed using cadmium and europium half-cells. State how the two...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.vi: Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that...
13M.1.hl.TZ1.32: Which are correct statements about a voltaic cell? I. A spontaneous redox reaction occurs...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.1f.ii: With reference to the graph on page 4, describe the effect of increasing temperature on the...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.ii: Deduce, using equations where appropriate, if bromine reacts with sodium chloride solution and...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.4: When \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a hydrocarbon,...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which diagram shows a pattern similar to the emission spectrum of...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which combination is correct about the energy changes during bond breaking and bond formation?
13M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which is a characteristic property of sodium oxide? A. It turns moist blue litmus paper...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Describe how covalent bonds are formed.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.iv: Predict and explain whether the molecules \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.i: Outline the characteristics of a chemical equilibrium.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.iii: Addition of a catalyst.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8a.ii: Describe a test to distinguish ethene from ethane, including what is observed in each case.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A3c: Identify the wavenumbers of two peaks in the infrared spectrum of compound Q, using Table 17 of...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.2a: A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for a reaction, lowering the activation energy,...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.v: Deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.
13M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which statements about graphite are correct? I. Carbon atoms are held in layers with weak...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which statements are correct for the bonds between two carbon atoms? I. Single bonds are...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.15: Which statements are correct for an exothermic reaction? I. The products are more stable...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.16: The specific heat capacity of aluminium is...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which statements explain the increase in the rate of a reaction when the temperature is...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which is the oxidizing agent in the following...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which equation represents a propagation step in the mechanism for the reaction between ethane,...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: State the name of the compound formed that is responsible for this decreased pH value.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Ionic bonding occurs in sodium chloride. Describe what is meant by the term ionic bonding.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Define the term isotopes of an element.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Identify the names of two functional groups present in cortisone. 1. 2.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.v: P, CH3CH=CHCH3, reacts with HBr to form CH3CHBrCH2CH3. Suggest one suitable mechanism for the...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a.iii: One effect of acid deposition is to decrease the pH of lake water. Suggest how this effect could...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (ii) Cobalt is a transition metal. One common ion of cobalt is...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.4: \({\text{3.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of ethyne,...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which statement about the electromagnetic spectrum is correct? A. Infrared light has a...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.15: A 5.00 g sample of a substance was heated from 25.0 °C to 35.0 °C using...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.20: Iron(III) ions, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\), react with thiocyanate ions,...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the correct systematic name of MnO2? A. Manganese(II) oxide B. Manganese(IV)...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which compound would decolourize bromine water in the dark? A. ...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Although the molar masses of ICl and \({\rm{B}}{{\rm{r}}_2}\) are very similar, the boiling point...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) Determine \(\Delta H\), the enthalpy change of the reaction, in...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.3c: (i) Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\). (ii) Sketch the two...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: (i) Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum. (ii) Draw a diagram...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iv: Distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A2d: Predict the number of peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of this...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.31: The following equations indicate reactions that occur...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Distinguish between the terms strong and weak acid and state the equations used to show...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: Hydrazine and ethene, C2H4, are hydrides of adjacent elements in the periodic table. The boiling...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Which changes increase the rate of the reaction...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.23: Consider the following...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance. (ii) ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: A sample of iron has the following isotopic composition by mass. Calculate the relative atomic...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5c: (i) State the reagent and conditions needed for reaction 1. (ii) State the reagent(s)...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6f: The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with...
10N.3.sl.TZ0.B2c: The formula of stearic acid is also given in Table 22 of the Data Booklet. Explain why linoleic...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.11: What is the bond angle in the \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\) ion? A. 104° B. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.1: Which non-metal forms an oxide XO2 with a relative molecular mass of 60? A. C B. N C. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.22: What is the formula of the conjugate base of the hydrogenphosphate ion, \({\rm{HPO}}_4^{2 -...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Identify the reducing agent in the reaction.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6c.ii: Determine the ratio of the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions X and Y.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A1a.i: Identify the region of the electromagnetic spectrum used in...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a.iii: Comment on the absence of a peak at m/z = 59.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b.ii: Deduce the name of the functional group present in X.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c.iii: Deduce a possible structure for X that is consistent with the mass, IR and...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.E2a: State what is meant by the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
10M.2.sl.TZ1.2: (a) Discuss whether either Alex’s or Hannah’s hypothesis is correct. (b) Explain why the...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: (i) Draw an annotated diagram of a voltaic cell composed of a magnesium electrode in...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: (i) Use the data to calculate the heat evolved when the ethanol was combusted. (ii) ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which oxides produce an acidic solution when added to water? I. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which molecule is polar? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Which of the following can increase the rate of a chemical reaction? I. Increasing the...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.1: (a) A student added \({\text{27.20 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which species possesses only two unpaired electrons? A. Zn B. Mg C. ...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which molecule contains a dative covalent (coordinate) bond? A. HCN B. ...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.34: Identify the functional group present in...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.ii: Calculate the amount, in moles, of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions present in the vitamin...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: \({{\text{[CoC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\)
09M.1.sl.TZ1.2: Which compound has the empirical formula with the largest mass? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.5: \({\text{5 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of carbon monoxide, CO(g), and...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which is the best description of ionic bonding? A. The electrostatic attraction between...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which is the best description of the bonding present in silicon dioxide,...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Molten sodium oxide is a good conductor of electricity. State the half-equation for the reaction...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6b.iii: \({\text{BF}}_4^ - \)
09M.3.sl.TZ1.A2a: Distinguish between the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra of 1-bromopropane and...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c.i: State what happened to the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) in step 1 in terms of electrons.
09M.1.hl.TZ2.7: What is the electron configuration of the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{2 + }}\) ion? A. ...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.i: Calculate the \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value of benzoic acid,...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which list contains only strong acids? A. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.i: Determine the amount, in mol, of salicylic acid,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: Describe using a labelled diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.v: Electrolysis has made it possible to obtain reactive metals such as aluminium from their ores,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the name of one structural isomer of pentane.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iii: Describe the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide.
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b: Identify the fragments responsible for the peaks at m/z = 15 m/z = 45
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.i: Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory. Distinguish between a weak...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.ii: Weak acids in the environment may cause damage. Identify a weak acid in the environment and...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which statement about the numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom is always...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which combination of the characteristics of element X, a metal, and element Y, a non metal, is...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1b.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of methanol burned.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.ii: Part (b)
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.iii: Explain why silicon dioxide is a solid and carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature.
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2a: Deduce which of the following compounds is X and explain your...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an Fe (s) /...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iv: Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal and hence the overall redox...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be used to obtain sodium metal by...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.iii: State the number of neutrons present in an atom of \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\).
11M.1.sl.TZ2.7: In the emission spectrum of hydrogen, which electronic transition would produce a line in the...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which pair of elements has the greatest difference in electronegativity? A. Cs and F B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.17: At 25 °C, \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which statement about the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride is correct? A. A...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What product is formed when...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate dissolved in the 50.0 g of water.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: Calculate the percentage of each isotope in pure rubidium. State your answers to...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: Deduce the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive electrode (cathode) and...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: Predict what would happen to the position of equilibrium and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) if...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: Determine a value for the hydrogenation of propene using information from Table 10 of the Data...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Define the term rate of a chemical reaction.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: State the equation for the complete combustion of...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A1c: State which region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be used to identify the functional groups...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.C1d: An early alloy of aluminium was Duralumin which contained small quantities of copper and...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Zinc metal contains metallic bonding. Which is the best description of a metallic bond? A. ...
12M.3.hl.TZ2.E3a: Explain, in terms of their bonding, how the presence of oxygen and ozone in the ozone layer helps...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.7: What is the name of the type of spectrum consisting only of specific wavelengths? A. ...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: Graphite is used as a lubricant and is an electrical conductor. Diamond is hard and does not...
12M.3.sl.TZ2.A3b: Compare the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of 1-bromo-2-methylpropane with the...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Which shows the sub-levels in order of increasing energy in the fourth energy level of an...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.24: Four identical sealed containers are prepared each containing...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.2: What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using whole...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.3: \({\text{1.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of an ideal gas at 100 kPa and 25 °C is heated to 50 °C...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which of the following redox reactions take place? I. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which row correctly describes the bonding type and melting point of carbon and carbon dioxide?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the correct decreasing order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.24: What is produced at the positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode (cathode) during the...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.28: From which monomer is this polymer made?
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5d.ii: Describe the redox behaviour of chromium with reference to oxidation numbers in the conversion of...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will shift when the following changes occur. The...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iii: Z is an example of a weak acid. State what is meant by the term weak acid.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.30: Which molecule has an index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) =...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.2: For which compound is the empirical formula the same as the molecular...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which species behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases in the following reaction? H2SO4 + HNO3 H2NO3+ +...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.16: The equation for the formation of ethyne is: 2C(s)...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.31: Which statement...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.1: Which equation represents sublimation? A. 2Al(s)+3I2(g)→2AlI3(s)B. HgCl2(s)→HgCl2(g)C....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.29: What is always correct about the molecular ion, M+, in a mass spectrum of a compound? A. The M+...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid. Weak acid: Strong acid:
16M.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which statement is correct for a voltaic but not for an electrolytic cell? A. An electrolyte is...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: (i) Calculate ΔHθ, in kJ, for this similar reaction below using \(\Delta H_{\rm{f}}^\theta \)...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Magnesium ions produce no emission or absorption lines in the visible region of the...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4i: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. (i) Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.6: What is the condensed electron configuration of the Fe2+ ion? A. [Ar]3d6B. [Ar]3d44s2C....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which type of reaction occurs when methanol and propanoic acid react together in the presence of...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which monomer is used to form the polymer with the following repeating unit? A....
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Which compound has the greatest percentage by mass of nitrogen atoms? A. N2H4 B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.7: The full electron configuration of an element is: 1s22s22p63s23p2 To which group and period...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.17: 100 cm3 of 10% hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes at 298 K to form water and oxygen. H2O2(aq)...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.21: What is the order of decreasing reactivity of the metals (most reactive first)? Zn(s) + Sn2+(aq)...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What are the functional groups in the aspirin...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Which molecule has a tertiary nitrogen? A. (CH3)2NH B. (C2H5)4N+I− C. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4d: Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.1b: Suggest how the precision of this measurement could be improved.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.11b.i: The drain pipe of a kitchen sink can become clogged by fatty acids, such as linoleic acid,...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.37: In which order should the reagents be used to convert benzene into phenylamine (aniline)?
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.i: After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of AgxOy may be greater than...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag. The relative...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the decomposition of PCl5(g).
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8a.ii: The energy released by the reaction of one mole of hydrogen peroxide with hydroquinone is used to...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Explain why this experiment might give a low result for the molar mass of butane.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.4: Infrared (IR) spectra can be used to distinguish between various types of plastics. Some...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Nickel is also used as a catalyst. It is processed from an ore until nickel(II) chloride solution...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: Deduce the redox equation for the reaction of nickel(II) chloride solution with the metal...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: Identify the functional groups which are present in only one structure of glucose.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.ii: Describe how large amounts of CO2 could reduce the pH of the ocean using an equation to support...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.16a: Explain why diamorphine passes more readily than morphine through the blood-brain barrier.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.3: How many grams of sodium azide, NaN3, are needed to produce 68.1 dm3 of N2 (g) at STP? Molar...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Identify two different amphiprotic species in the above reactions.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Excess magnesium powder was added to a beaker containing hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq). The mass...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.19: 10.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide of pH = 10 is mixed with 990.0 cm3 of...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What are the oxidation states of chromium in (NH4)2Cr2O7 (s) and Cr2O3 (s)?
17N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student performs an acid-base titration using a pH meter, but forgets to calibrate it. Which...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.9: The electronegativity values of four elements are given. What is the order of increasing...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1e.i: Explain the shape of curve X in terms of the collision theory.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.3c: Calculate the percentage of water by mass in the NaCl•2H2O crystals. Use the data from section 6...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF4+ and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: Deduce the type of chemical reaction and the reagents used to distinguish between these compounds.
18M.1.hl.TZ2.35: Which is the correct combination of substitution reaction mechanisms?
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. KNCO(aq) +...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: Outline two ways in which the progress of the reaction can be monitored. No practical details are...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.i: Nitrogen oxide is in equilibrium with dinitrogen dioxide. 2NO(g) \( \rightleftharpoons...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Deduce the name of the class of compound formed when the product of (c)(i) reacts with butanoic...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.2e.ii: Formulate the equation for the reaction of one of the acids produced in (e)(i) with calcium...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.5: Which shows the number of subatomic particles in 31P3−?
18M.1.sl.TZ1.14: What is the enthalpy of combustion of butane in kJ mol−1? 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) +...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which coefficients correctly balance this redox equation? aFe2+(aq) + MnO4−(aq) + bH+(aq) →...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔHΘ, for the following similar reaction, using ΔHf values...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which statement is correct? A. Atomic radius decreases down group 17. B. First...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which equation shows oxygen undergoing reduction? A. 2F2 + O2 → 2F2O B. Na2O + H2O →...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1b.i: Suggest why there is a small increase in the surface pressure as the area is reduced to about 240...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.4: What is the percentage yield when 2.0 g of ethene, C2H4, is formed from 5.0 g of ethanol, C2H5OH?...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.2: What is the number of atoms of oxygen in 2.0 mol of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3•10H2O?...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which increase across a period from left to right?
18M.1.sl.TZ2.12: The compounds shown below have similar relative molecular masses. What is the correct order of...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.16: The potential energy profile for the reversible reaction, X + Y \( \rightleftharpoons \) Z is...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which factor does not affect the position of equilibrium in this reaction? 2NO2(g)...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What are the products of the electrolysis of molten zinc bromide?
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.i: Deduce the molecular formula of the compound.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iv: Deduce the formula of the unknown compound based on its 1H NMR spectrum using section 27 of the...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1c: The melting point of diamond at 1 × 106 kPa is 4200 K (in the absence of oxygen). Suggest, based...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: Outline why no value is listed for H2(g).
18M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: Determine the value of ΔHΘ, in kJ, for the reaction using the values in the table.
15M.1.hl.TZ2.7: What is the definition of electronegativity? A. The relative measure of the tendency of an...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.iv: Determine the value of x in the formula...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: Predict and explain the pH of the following aqueous solutions, using equations to support your...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.4b: State one difference in the physical properties of the isotopes \(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Students can also measure the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol in the laboratory using...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Bromine reacts with aqueous sodium...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.iii: A student measures a voltage of 2.65 V in the voltaic cell formed between magnesium and copper...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.i: The dichromate ion,...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.ii: Explain in terms of oxidation numbers whether iodine is oxidized or reduced in part (d) (i).
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10e: Compound C, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\), can be oxidized by...
15M.3.hl.TZ1.17b.i: Phosphate ions can be removed from a solution by adding calcium ions. State the ionic equation...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.5: Which statement about the isotopes of nitrogen is correct?
15M.1.sl.TZ1.7: What is the total number of valence electrons in...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which processes are exothermic? I. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.15: The heat change in a neutralization reaction can be determined by mixing equal volumes of HCl(aq)...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What is the sum of all coefficients for the combustion of one mole of propane? ___...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.5: Which statement is correct for the ion \(_4^9{\text{B}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\)? A. The ion...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which statement is correct about carbon-oxygen bond lengths? A. The C–O bond lengths are...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.25: A voltaic cell is made by connecting a copper half-cell,...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4d: Suggest two properties of copper that make it useful and economically important.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.iii: Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Describe, using a labelled diagram, the essential components of this electrolytic cell.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5d.ii: Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst. Explain the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: Describe the covalent bond present in the chlorine molecule and how it is formed.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.i: Identify the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the elements from sodium to chlorine in...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Which pair of graphs shows a decomposition reaction of \(X\) that obeys first-order kinetics?
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1a: (i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. (ii) Calculate...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Deduce, with a reason, the order of reaction with respect to each reactant.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.ii: Suggest the average volume of alkali, required to neutralize the...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.2a: The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.55. Calculate the percentage of...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5a: (i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6c: (i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8g: (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a suitable apparatus for the electrolysis. (ii) State...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3a: Its infrared (IR) spectrum is represented below. Deduce the bonds responsible for the...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What is the shape and the bond angle of the molecule \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\)?
14M.1.sl.TZ1.18: The diagram represents the Maxwell‒Boltzmann energy distribution curve of the reactants for a...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the mass, in g, of one mole of hydrated copper(II) sulfate,...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.3: For which compounds is the empirical formula the same as the molecular formula? I. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which pair has the same bond angles? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which is not affected by an increase in temperature? A. Rate of reaction B. Collision...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which compound reacts with calcium oxide, CaO? A. \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) B....
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: (i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. (ii) Calculate the...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: (i) Define the term relative atomic mass. (ii) Calculate, showing your working,...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: (i) State the equation for the reaction of sodium metal with water. (ii) Describe two...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5e.ii: State the acid-base natures of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7a: Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1f: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1i: Outline how adding some ethyl ethanoate to the initial mixture would affect the amount of...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: (i) State the formula of the compound that boron forms with fluorine. (ii) Explain...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: State a balanced equation for the complete combustion of nonane.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Combustion also often forms carbon and carbon monoxide. Outline what reaction conditions result...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6f: (i) State why C is not readily oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI). (ii) ...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.5a: When 1.13 g of a granola bar was combusted in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.18c: Explain why the triglyceride formed from linoleic acid and glycerol is a liquid and not a solid...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.1b: Two types of spectroscopy are absorption and emission. Distinguish between each type of spectra,...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.15c: All shellfish have a calcium carbonate shell. Discuss, including a balanced equation, the...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.20a: Describe the structure of benzene.
14N.1.hl.TZ0.7: The elements argon, potassium, and calcium are consecutive in the periodic table. Which gives the...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.31: Which species are produced at each electrode during the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide,...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: Comment on which of the values obtained in (a) and (b)(ii) is more accurate, giving a reason.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.10a: (i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.10b: The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11e: Hydrochloric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide, forming sodium chloride and...
14N.3.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the information about this particular compound that can be derived from the mass...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.3: Aluminium carbide reacts with water according to the equation below. What is the sum of all the...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Some possible electron transitions in a hydrogen atom are shown below. Which letter represents...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which species contains a dative covalent (coordinate) bond? A. HCN B. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which diatomic molecule has the strongest bonding between its atoms? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which process involves the breaking of hydrogen bonds? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.30: In an experiment to determine a specific quantity, a student calculated that her experimental...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: State an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7a: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of compound 1.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7e: (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of reaction, \(\Delta {H^\Theta...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.26d: Propanone could also be formed from propene by reaction with steam over an acidic catalyst,...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.16: Consider the following two equations. ...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: The colour change occurs when \(1.00 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\) of iodine has been formed....
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3a.i: State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: Explain the behaviour of HF in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8a: State the other substances required to convert 2-methylbut-2-ene to 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8b: Explain whether you would expect 2-methylbutan-2-ol to react with acidified potassium...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1g: Calculate the total uncertainty, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), of the volume of the...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: State the type of mechanism by which this reaction occurs.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: Traces of butane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{10}}}}\), are also found amongst...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4g.iii: Predict, with an explanation, how the result obtained would compare with the value in Table 12 of...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.i: State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.iii: Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2b.i: Identify the group responsible for the peak at D.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.i: Outline three features of a homologous series.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.ii: Describe a test to distinguish but-2-ene from butane, including what is observed in each case.
13M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Which statements are correct about Avogadro’s constant? I. It is the number of ions in 12 g...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which statements concerning the sodium chloride ionic lattice are correct? I. Sodium ions...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which combination best describes the type of bonding present and the melting point of silicon and...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Which changes occur when the temperature is decreased in the following...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.26: How many non-cyclic structural isomers exist with the molecular formula...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: The percentage composition of HA is 70.56% carbon, 23.50% oxygen and 5.94% hydrogen. Determine...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Sodium can be obtained by electrolysis from molten sodium chloride. Describe, using a diagram,...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: Describe, using an equation, the oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) of the substance...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.iii: Compare the shapes of the two molecules and explain the difference using valence shell electron...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.ii: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for this reaction.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.v: Describe, using an equation, how \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{Br}}\)...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: Describe an experiment, other than measuring the pH, to distinguish HA from a strong acid of the...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A3a: Identify what information from the spectrum allows the determination of the relative numbers of...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A3b: Deduce which of the following compounds is...
13M.1.hl.TZ2.33: What are possible products of the incomplete combustion of propan-2-ol? A. carbon monoxide,...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.4a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the formation of HI(g).
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction of copper, Cu(s), with nitrate ions,...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.iii: State the structural formula of the organic products, Q, R, S and T, formed in the following...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.ii: Menthol occurs naturally and has several isomers. State the structural feature of menthol which...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.3: Which is the best description of relative atomic mass, Ar? A. The number of neutrons and...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which is an isotope of 24Mg? A. \(_{{\text{11}}}^{{\text{24}}}{\text{Na}}\) B. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which list contains only strong bases? A. ammonia, sodium hydroxide, ethylamine B. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.27: What is the name of the following compound applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.iv: Determine the percentage by mass of iron in the tablets.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for a reaction, lowering the activation energy,...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iii: Deduce whether each of the three molecules is polar or non-polar, giving your reason in each...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.ii: X is a straight-chain structural isomer of P. Draw the structure of X.
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A3a: Explain which of the three compounds has a mass spectrum which contains peaks at...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.ii: Describe qualitatively the relationship between the rate constant, k, and temperature, T.
12N.3.hl.TZ0.A3a: Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms for peaks with chemical shifts of 2.15 and 2.4–2.5 ppm. An...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which oxides are acidic? I. \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) II. ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which process occurs during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride? A. Oxidation occurs...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: A glass container is half-filled with liquid bromine and then sealed. The system eventually...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.vii: Deduce the structural formula of the organic product formed when Z is oxidized by heating under...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.7: The x-axis of the graph below represents the atomic number of the elements in period 3. Which...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Which solutions have a pH less than 7? I. ...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.30: Consider the following...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.2d: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance. (ii) ...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq)...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.3: Equal masses of the metals Na, Mg, Ca and Ag are added to separate samples of excess HCl (aq)....
10N.1.sl.TZ0.4: The graph below represents the relationship between two variables in a fixed amount of...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which species contain a dative covalent bond? I. HCHO II. CO III. ...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: The alkane contains 81.7% by mass of carbon. Determine its empirical formula, showing your working.
10N.3.sl.TZ0.B1a: Glucose, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}}\), is a...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.30: In the electrolytic cell shown, at which electrode will chlorine form, and what is the process...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.38: What is the name of the ester formed when...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iv: If the volume of the container is changed to \({\text{1.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), predict,...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.iii: Draw the structural formula of one isomer of...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which substance does not conduct electricity? A. Solid zinc B. Molten zinc C. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.16: In a reaction that occurs in 50 g of aqueous solution, the temperature of the reaction mixture...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.23: Which pH value is that of an aqueous solution of carbon dioxide? A. 2.1 B. 5.6 C. ...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4a.i: Identify the boiling points for each of the isomers A, B and C and state a reason for your answer.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Describe two different experimental methods to distinguish between aqueous solutions of a strong...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7a.i: State an equation for the reaction of...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.i: Draw four structural isomers of molecular formula...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.1: (a) (i) Deduce the change in the oxidation numbers of copper and nitrogen in step...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4f: With reference to electronic arrangements, suggest why the reaction between rubidium and water is...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.A1c: Explain why the infrared spectra of all four alcohols are very similar.
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G2a: Explain how a bromine molecule is able to act as an electrophile.
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G3a: Describe two different types of physical evidence which show that benzene does not contain three...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.4e: Comment on the environmental safety of the products of the reaction of...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.7a: (i) State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\). (ii) ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.3: Which molecular formula is also an empirical formula? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.27: What is the structural formula of 2,3-dibromo-3-methylhexane? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.29: What is the product of the following...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: Explain the increase in the melting point from sodium to aluminium.
10M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: In carbonated drinks containing dissolved carbon dioxide under high pressure, the following...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iii: Deduce all the bond angles present in propene.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.ii: \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{(S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}\)
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.ii: molten sodium bromide
09M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.i: State the full electronic configurations of copper, Cu, and the copper(I) ion,...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which is correct for the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum?
09M.1.sl.TZ1.12: What happens when magnesium metal reacts with chlorine gas? A. Each magnesium atom loses two...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.ii: State the electron arrangement of argon and explain why the noble gases, helium, neon and argon...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.v: Explain why the melting points of the Group 1 metals \({\text{(Li}} \to {\text{Cs)}}\) decrease...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6d.i: Define the term weak acid and state the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.i: List the three compounds in order of increasing boiling point (lowest first) and explain the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: Predict, with an explanation, which of the three compounds is least soluble or miscible in water.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2a: Outline the meaning of the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.v: The element selenium \({\text{(}}Z = 34{\text{)}}\) has electrons in the 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals....
09M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Consider the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Which factors will affect the...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which are definitions of an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories?
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iii: Determine the percentage yield of pure aspirin.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iv: State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Define oxidation in terms of oxidation numbers.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.vi: Outline two differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: The standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of octane,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.v: Deduce and explain whether ethanol or A has the higher boiling point.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: Draw the Lewis structure of NH3, state its shape and deduce and explain the H–N–H bond angle in...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.5: What is the electron configuration of vanadium? A. ...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which statement about the elements in group 7 is correct? A. ...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: State how the rate constant, \(k\) varies with temperature,\(T\).
11M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: Deduce the electron configuration for the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).
11M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.ii: Samples of sodium oxide and solid sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.i: Describe how an indicator works.
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8d: Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9e.i: Deduce the oxidation number of the nitrogen in the reactants and product.
11M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which compound forms hydrogen bonds in the liquid state? A. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which of the following statements about alkenes is not correct? A. They have reactive double...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A burette reading is recorded as \(27.70 \pm 0.05{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\). Which of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1b.ii: Calculate the heat absorbed, in kJ, by the water.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the \({{\text{K}}^ + }\) ion.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.i: increasing the temperature of the reaction at constant pressure.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3c: The conditions used in industry during the production of methanol are a temperature of 450 °C and...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4a.ii: Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5a.i: Define the term first ionization energy.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5a.ii: Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.ii: Describe two different methods, one chemical and one physical, other than measuring the pH, that...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6f: Explain, using equations, the following steps in the free-radical mechanism of the reaction of...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2b: Deduce which one of the peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X would...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2c.ii: Apart from absorptions due to C–C and C–H bonds, suggest one absorption, in wavenumbers, absent...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2d: Suggest the formulas and m/z values of two species that would be detected in the mass...
11M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which reactants could be used to form the compound below? A. Butanoic acid and...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.i: Calculate the percentage by mass of antimony in a sample of pure stibnite. State your answer to...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.i: Explain what the square brackets around the copper containing species represent.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.iii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Sn(s) under...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.2: What is the sum of the coefficients for the equation when balanced using the smallest possible...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.11: When \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\),...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.30: A piece of metallic aluminium with a mass of 10.044 g was found to have a volume of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.iv: Determine the value of \(\Delta {H_1}{\text{ in kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of water in 6.24 g of pentahydrated copper(II) sulfate.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iii: Using the values obtained for \(\Delta {H_1}\) in (a) (iv) and \(\Delta {H_2}\) in (b) (ii),...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.i: Calculate the percentage error obtained in this experiment. (If you did not obtain an answer for...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.i: Deduce the oxidation number of antimony in stibnite.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Deduce the chemical equations for these two reactions.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.v: Explain, using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In each...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iii: Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place in the voltaic cell and determine which...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, \({K_{\text{c}}}\).
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: Both propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol can be oxidized in aqueous solution by potassium dichromate(VI)....
12M.1.sl.TZ2.2: Nitroglycerine, \({{\text{C}}_3}{{\text{H}}_5}{{\text{N}}_3}{{\text{O}}_{\text{9}}}\), can be...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.18: The following enthalpy level diagram shows the effect of the addition of a catalyst on a chemical...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Three aqueous solutions of nitric acid are listed below. W. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What is the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}\)? A. Copper(I)...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Consider the following...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.30: The relationship between the pressure, \(P\), and the volume, \(V\), of a fixed amount of gas at...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: (i) Deduce the oxidation numbers of oxygen present in each of the species below. (ii) ...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: (i) When ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\), is added to...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.7b: (i) Explain why alkanes have low reactivity. (ii) Outline the meaning of the term...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.i: Suggest why the \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \) values for...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.ii: Determine the standard enthalpy change at 298 K for the reaction.
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.i: Define the term oxidizing agent.
11N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which process is endothermic? A. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.17: A student added 0.20 g of calcium carbonate powder to \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Which statement about the kinetic theory is not correct? A. The particles in ice vibrate...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1b.iii: Determine the volume of nitrogen gas, in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), produced under...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Deduce the missing information and complete the following table.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Determine the standard enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.i: The IUPAC name of X is 4-methylpentan-1-ol. State the IUPAC names of Y and Z. Y: Z:
16M.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds? A. SIH4 B. NaNO3 C. H2CO D. Na2S
16M.1.sl.TZ0.3: In which mixture is NaOH the limiting reagent? A. 0.20mol NaOH + 0.10mol...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.16: Which conditions must be met for a reaction to take place? I. Reactants collide with...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which compound can both be esterified and turn acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.23: ...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4a: (i) State the name, applying IUPAC rules, of compound A. (ii) Draw a section, showing three...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.16: For the reaction R → P, which letter represents the activation energy for the catalysed reverse...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.1b: CT values are influenced by temperature and by pH. The table below shows the CT values for...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2b: One important industrial use of phosgene is the production of polyurethanes. Phosgene is reacted...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.4: 5.0mol of Fe2O3(s) and 6.0mol of CO(g) react according to the equation below. What is the...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Suggest why the experiment should be carried out in a fume hood or in a well-ventilated laboratory.
16M.2.hl.TZ0.3a: (i) State the equation for the overall reaction. (ii) Deduce the rate expression consistent with...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.10: The C=N bond has a bond length of 130 pm and an average bond enthalpy of 615kJmol-1. Which values...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which compound has resonance structures? A. C6H12 B. CH3CHO C. NaBr D. Na2CO3
16N.1.hl.TZ0.11: How many electrons form the carbon–oxygen bond in methanal, HCHO? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 12
16N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Which correctly describes the reaction between potassium and excess water? A. The reaction is...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.2b: In trial 3, the students noticed that after heating, the crucible had turned black on the...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.4: What is the expression for the volume of hydrogen gas, in dm3, produced at STP when 0.30 g of...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which electron transition in the hydrogen atom emission spectrum emits radiation with the longest...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Consider the equilibrium between N2O4(g) and NO2(g). N2O4(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2NO2(g) ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Which 1.0 mol\(\,\)dm–3 solution has the highest pH? A. Ammonium chloride B. Sulfuric...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.24: Which species produced by the successive dissociations of phosphoric acid, H3PO4,...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is the major product of the reaction between 2-methylbut-2-ene and hydrogen bromide? A. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.38: The molar mass of a gas, determined experimentally, is 32 g mol−1. Its literature molar mass is...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\) atom.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.17c: Outline, giving the appropriate equation(s), how increasing levels of carbon dioxide will affect...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What does \({}_{12}^{24}M{g^{2 + }}\) represent? A. An ion with 12 protons and 24...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which of the following is correct? A. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which element is reduced in the following decomposition? (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → N2(g) + Cr2O3(s) +...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.28: Which element is reduced in the following decomposition? (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → N2(g) + Cr2O3(s) +...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.iv: Deduce, giving a reason, which species is the reducing agent.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Outline why the rate of the reaction decreases with time.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: Sketch, on the same graph, the expected results if the experiment were repeated using powdered...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: Calculate the molar mass of the acid.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce the structural formula of the main organic product when hex-1-ene reacts with hydrogen...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1c.iii: The change in APO O2/N2 ratio, per meg, is measured relative to an O2/N2...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.15a.ii: Calculate, in g, the theoretical yield of aspirin.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction using the following data.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2d.ii: 0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm3 at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa....
17N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: Predict, giving a reason, the direction of movement of electrons when the standard nickel and...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which oxide dissolves in water to give a solution with a pH below 7? A. MgO B. Li2O C. CaO D....
17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: One of the two infrared (IR) spectra is that of polyethene and the other of polytetrafluoroethene...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.20: Which statement is incorrect for a 0.10 mol dm–3 HCOOH solution? A. pH = 1 B. [H+] <<...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the reaction type and major product at the anode (positive electrode) when molten...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P4O10 (s), with water.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2d: Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: Explain, at the molecular level, why vitamin D is soluble in fats. Use section 35 of the data...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1a: Sketch a graph that would support the student’s hypothesis.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.25: What is the pH of a solution in which the hydroxide ion concentration is 1 × 10−11 mol dm−3 at...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4c: Predict from your line of best fit the rate of reaction when the concentration of HCl is 1.00 mol...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1d.i: State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1k: The IR spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Ethyne reacts with chlorine in a similar way to ethene. Formulate equations for the following...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.24: What describes HPO42−? A. Amphiprotic but not amphoteric B. Amphoteric but not...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1e.ii: Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.i: Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3d: One possible Lewis structure for benzene is shown. State one piece of physical evidence that...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.iii: Suggest the relationship that points A, B and C show between the concentration of the acid and...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Write an equation to show ammonia, NH3, acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base and a different equation...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode when current flows.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.iv: Deduce any change in the colour of the electrolyte during electrolysis.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.i: Deduce the structural formulas of the two possible isomers.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1h: The IR spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What are possible names of a molecule with molecular formula C4H10O? I. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3d: State the characteristic reaction mechanism of benzene.
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2d.iii: Another student, working alone, always dropped the marble chips into the acid and then picked up...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What is the composition of the nucleus of 26Mg?
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: Calculate the amount, in mol, of H2SO4.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1e: Determine the mass of Mg(OH)2 in the antacid tablet.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: Draw the lines, on your diagram, that represent the electron transitions to n = 2 in the emission...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3b.ii: Outline why the ionic radius of K+ is smaller than that of Cl−.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: Lewis structures show electron domains and are used to predict molecular geometry. Deduce the...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: Sketch a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a chemical reaction showing the activation...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3c.iii: Outline where and in which direction the electrons flow during electrolysis.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3c.ii: Impure copper can be purified by electrolysis. In the electrolytic cell, impure copper is the...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.5a: Hydrogen gas can be formed industrially by the reaction of natural gas with steam. ...

Sub sections and their related questions

Topic 1: Stoichiometric relationships

15M.1.hl.TZ1.1: 4.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide is added to \({\text{0.10 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.2: Which expression gives the sum of all the coefficients for the general equation for the...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1a: Calculate the average volume of NaOH added, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), in...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.i: The equation for the reaction taking place in the titration...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.ii: Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid present in...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.iii: Determine the molar mass of hydrated ethanedioic acid.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1b.iv: Determine the value of x in the formula...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Combustion of ethanol takes place according to the following unbalanced equation. ___...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.2: Which sample contains the largest amount, in mol, of oxygen atoms? A. 0.20 mol...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.3: Which compound has the highest percentage of carbon by mass? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.4: Which solution contains the biggest amount, in mol, of chloride ions? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the total number of protons and electrons in one mole of hydrogen gas? A. 2 B. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.2: A hydrocarbon contains 85.7 % carbon by mass. What is the empirical formula of the...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What is the sum of all coefficients for the combustion of one mole of propane? ___...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.4: A gas with a molar mass (\(M\)) of \({\text{44 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) occupies a...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: Calculate the average volume of NaOH added, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), in...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: (i) The equation for the reaction taking place in the titration...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: (i) State an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene and the necessary reaction...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7a: A hydrocarbon has the empirical formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{7}}}\). When...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Determine the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, including units.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.v: Potassium also reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. Determine the volume, in...
14M.1.hl.TZ1.2: Under which conditions does \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\) have the same number of...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1a: (i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. (ii) Calculate...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Calculate, showing your working, the relative atomic mass, \({A_{\text{r}}}\), of magnesium,...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8b: (i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8c: (i) Determine the amount, in mol, of X in the gas syringe. (ii) ...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1a: The density of ethanoic acid is \({\text{1.05 g}}\,{\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\). Determine the...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.ii: Suggest the average volume of alkali, required to neutralize the...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6e.i: Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that the...
14M.3.hl.TZ1.2a: Show that the empirical formula of compound X is...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.2: The structural formula of a dioxin is shown below. What is its empirical formula? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.3: \({\text{100.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.4: Which volumes of gases at standard temperature and pressure have the same mass as...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the mass, in g, of one mole of hydrated copper(II) sulfate,...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.3: For which compounds is the empirical formula the same as the molecular formula? I. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.4: Some sodium chloride is dissolved in water. Which term describes the role of sodium chloride in...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: (i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. (ii) Calculate the...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: (i) Define the term relative atomic mass. (ii) Calculate, showing your working,...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: (i) State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with a solution of sodium...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7c: (i) Determine the amount, in mol, of X in the gas syringe. (ii) ...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: (i) Calculate the absolute uncertainty of the titre for Titration 1...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1e: Referring back to your answer for part (a), calculate the percentage of ethanoic acid converted...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: The teacher made up \({\text{2.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the sodium thiosulfate solution...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5e: (i) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.3: At which temperature, in K, assuming constant pressure, is the volume of a fixed mass of gas at...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: A student added 5.00 g of \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) to 1.50 g of...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Calculate the mass of phosphoric(V) acid,...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8e: (i) Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph. (ii) Use the data point labelled X...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.1: 0.040 mol of...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.2: When sodium bromate(V), \({\text{NaBr}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), is heated, it reacts according...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.3: Aluminium carbide reacts with water according to the equation below. What is the sum of all the...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.4: At which temperature, in K, assuming constant pressure, is the volume of a fixed mass of gas at...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Deduce the relationship between the pressure and volume of the sample of carbon dioxide gas.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: Use the data point labelled X to determine the amount, in mol, of carbon dioxide gas in the sample.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Deduce the empirical formula of D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Calculate the percentage composition by mass of D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.i: A student added 5.00 g of \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) to 1.50 g of...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.ii: Calculate the mass of phosphoric(V) acid,...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.iii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of aqueous...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.2: What are the coefficients of...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.3: 7.102 g of Na2SO4 (M = 142.04 g mol–1) is dissolved in water to prepare...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1c: Explain why the solution suddenly changes colour.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.2: Which represents an empirical formula? A. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.3: What are the coefficients of...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What is the pressure, in Pa, if 3 mol of gas occupies \({\text{500 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.5: 7.102 g of...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Calculate the amount, in mol, of KI in the reaction mixture.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Calculate the amount, in mol, of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) in the...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1e: Explain why the solution suddenly changes colour.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1g: Calculate the total uncertainty, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), of the volume of the...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: Methanol reacts with trinitramide to form nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. Deduce the...
13M.1.hl.TZ1.3: Which graph represents the relationship between volume and pressure for a fixed mass of gas at...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Determine the molecular formula of HA.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iii: 2-bromobutane can be produced from but-2-ene. State the equation of this reaction using...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Which statements are correct about Avogadro’s constant? I. It is the number of ions in 12 g...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.2: What is the molar mass, in \({\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), of a substance if 0.30...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.3: What is the whole number ratio of the coefficients of ammonia to oxygen when the following...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.4: When \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a hydrocarbon,...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.5: What is the pressure, in Pa, in a \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)container containing...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: Calculate the mass of the acid and determine its absolute and percentage uncertainty.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: This known mass of acid, HA, was then dissolved in distilled water to form a...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: The percentage composition of HA is 70.56% carbon, 23.50% oxygen and 5.94% hydrogen. Determine...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Compare how electric current passes through sodium and sodium chloride by completing the table...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8a.iii: Bromoethane can be produced either from ethene or from ethane. State an equation for each reaction.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8b.i: State the equation for the reaction of...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.iii: Deduce a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for the overall reaction which will...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.v: Deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.i: When a \(6.234 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ g}}\) of the compound was combusted,...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.ii: Menthol occurs naturally and has several isomers. State the structural feature of menthol which...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.1: Which contains the largest number of ions? A. 1 mol...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.3: Which is the best description of relative atomic mass, Ar? A. The number of neutrons and...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.4: What mass of carbon dioxide, CO2(g), in g, is produced when 5.0 g of calcium carbonate,...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What volume of carbon dioxide, CO2(g), in dm3, is produced when 1 dm3 of octane, C8H18(g),...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.i: Determine the amount, in mol, of \({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - {\text{(aq)}}\), used in each...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.ii: Calculate the amount, in mol, of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions in...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.iii: Determine the total mass of iron, in g, in the \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) solution.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1e.iv: Determine the percentage by mass of iron in the tablets.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1f.i: One titration was abandoned because a brown precipitate, manganese(IV) oxide, formed. State the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: State the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of potassium bromide, KBr(aq), with...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7d.i: Determine its empirical formula.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7d.ii: Determine its molecular formula given that its molar mass is...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.i: Deduce the overall equation for the reaction.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.i: Determine the empirical formula of the ester, showing your working.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: The molar mass of the ester is \({\text{116.18 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Determine...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.1: What is the number of ions in 0.20 mol of...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.2: What is the molar mass, in \({\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), of washing soda...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.3: The equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.4: \({\text{3.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of ethyne,...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the number of significant figures for the masses of...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: (i) Calculate the percentage of iodine by mass in...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6b.ii: Determine the empirical formula of the ester, showing your working.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6b.iii: The molar mass of the ester is \({\text{116.18 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Determine...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.2: \({\text{300 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water is added to a solution of...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: A 1.00 g gaseous sample of the alkane has a volume of 385 cm3 at standard temperature and...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.1: What is the total number of nitrogen atoms in two mol of...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.2: On analysis, a compound with molar mass \({\text{60 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) was...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.3: Equal masses of the metals Na, Mg, Ca and Ag are added to separate samples of excess HCl (aq)....
10N.1.sl.TZ0.5: 8.5 g of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) are dissolved in...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: The alkane contains 81.7% by mass of carbon. Determine its empirical formula, showing your working.
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Equal volumes of carbon dioxide and the unknown alkane are found to have the same mass, measured...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6e: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.1: Which coefficients would balance this equation? __ \({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_2} + \) __...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.2: What volume of carbon dioxide, in dm\(^3\) under standard conditions, is formed when 7.00 g of...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.1: Which non-metal forms an oxide XO2 with a relative molecular mass of 60? A. C B. N C. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.3: 4.00 mol of a hydrocarbon with an empirical formula of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) has...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What will be the concentration of sulfate ions in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.5: The volume of an ideal gas at 27.0 °C is increased from...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.16: In a reaction that occurs in 50 g of aqueous solution, the temperature of the reaction mixture...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: Calculate the amount, in moles, of Fe present in the \(3.682 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g}}\)...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1e: Determine the percentage by mass of Fe present in the \(3.682 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g}}\)...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.1: (a) (i) Deduce the change in the oxidation numbers of copper and nitrogen in step...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the coefficient of \({\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}_3}{{\rm{O}}_4}\) when the following equation is...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.2: What is the mass, in g, of one molecule of ethane,...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.3: Which molecular formula is also an empirical formula? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.4: Which of the following is consistent with Avogadro’s law? A. \(\frac{P}{T} = \) constant...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.5: A sample of element X contains 69% of 63X and 31% of 65X. What is the relative atomic mass of X...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.1: (a) A student added \({\text{27.20 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.i: Calculate the amount, in moles, of \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) ions present in...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.ii: Calculate the amount, in moles, of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions present in the vitamin...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.iii: Determine the percentage by mass of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) ions present in the vitamin...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Give the formulas of all the ions present in the solution.
09M.1.sl.TZ1.1: The molar mass of a compound is approximately \({\text{56 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)....
09M.1.sl.TZ1.2: Which compound has the empirical formula with the largest mass? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.3: What is the coefficient for \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) when the equation for the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.4: What is the maximum mass, in g, of magnesium oxide that can be obtained from the reaction of...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.5: \({\text{5 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of carbon monoxide, CO(g), and...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: For part of her extended essay investigation into the efficiency of the process, a student...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: Calculate the percentage yield of biodiesel obtained in this process.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c.iii: 0.0002 moles of \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) were formed in step 3. Calculate the amount, in moles, of...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What volume of sulfur trioxide, in cm3, can be prepared using...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.i: Determine the amount, in mol, of salicylic acid,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.ii: Calculate the theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iii: Determine the percentage yield of pure aspirin.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.3: Smog is common in cities throughout the world. One component of smog is PAN (peroxyacylnitrate)...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.2: What mass, in g, of hydrogen is formed when 3 mol of aluminium react with excess hydrochloric...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.3a: Explain why the relative atomic mass of cobalt is greater than the relative atomic mass of...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9e.iii: \({\text{30.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of ammonia reacts with...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.1: What is the sum of all coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the smallest...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.2: 1.7 g of \({\rm{NaN}}{{\rm{O}}_3}({M_r} = 85)\) is dissolved in water to prepare...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.3: How many molecules are present in a drop of ethanol,...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.4: Which sample has the greatest mass? A. 1 mol of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.5: The relative molecular mass of a gas is 56 and its empirical formula is...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1b.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of methanol burned.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Explain why the relative atomic mass of argon is greater than the relative atomic mass of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4a.i: Calculate the mass, in g, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.i: Calculate the percentage by mass of antimony in a sample of pure stibnite. State your answer to...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3b.i: Explain precisely what the square brackets around nitrogen(II) oxide, [NO(g)], represent in this...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.i: Explain what the square brackets around the copper containing species represent.
11M.1.sl.TZ2.2: What is the sum of the coefficients for the equation when balanced using the smallest possible...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.3: Chloroethene, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Cl}}\), reacts with oxygen...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.4: A fixed mass of gas has a certain volume at a temperature of 50 °C. What temperature is required...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What is the concentration of NaCl, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), when...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.17: At 25 °C, \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate dissolved in the 50.0 g of water.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of water in 6.24 g of pentahydrated copper(II) sulfate.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Deduce the chemical equations for these two reactions.
12M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the total number of atoms in 0.100 mol of...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.2: Nitroglycerine, \({{\text{C}}_3}{{\text{H}}_5}{{\text{N}}_3}{{\text{O}}_{\text{9}}}\), can be...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.3: The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at 273 K and \(1.01 \times {10^5}{\text{ Pa}}\)...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.4: What volume, in \({{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), is occupied by 2.00 mol of gas at 27 °C and 2.00 atm...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.5: Which statements about solutions are correct? I. A solute dissolves in a solvent to form a...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: State the equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: Determine the limiting reactant.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: (i) in mol. (ii) in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), under the stated conditions...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: The actual volume of hydrogen measured was lower than the calculated theoretical volume. Suggest...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular formula. Empirical...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.3: Four identical containers under the same conditions are filled with gases as shown below. Which...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.2: What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using whole...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.3: \({\text{1.0 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of an ideal gas at 100 kPa and 25 °C is heated to 50 °C...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What is the amount, in moles, of sulfate ions in \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1b.ii: Calculate the amount, in mol, of sodium azide present.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1b.iii: Determine the volume of nitrogen gas, in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), produced under...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7d.i: Determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in J, using the combustion data.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7d.ii: Determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in J, using the precipitation data.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7d.iii: The molar mass was determined to be \({\text{131.38 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Deduce...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2a: Outline, giving your reasons, how you would carefully prepare the 1.00dm3 aqueous solution from...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the colour change of the indicator that the student would see during his titration...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2c: Suggest why, despite preparing the solution and performing the titrations very carefully, widely...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.3a: State the overall redox equation when carbon monoxide reduces Fe2O3 to Fe.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.1: Which equation represents sublimation? A. 2Al(s)+3I2(g)→2AlI3(s)B. HgCl2(s)→HgCl2(g)C....
16M.1.sl.TZ0.2: For which compound is the empirical formula the same as the molecular...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.3: In which mixture is NaOH the limiting reagent? A. 0.20mol NaOH + 0.10mol...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.4: Why do gases deviate from the ideal gas law at high pressures? A. Molecules have finite...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.18b: Determine the mass of HCl, in g, that can be neutralized by the standard adult dose of 1.00g...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1c: 2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation: P4(s)...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.2a: (i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine....
16M.2.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water. (ii) Predict how...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1c: 2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation: (i) Calculate...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1d: Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.2: Which volume, in cm3, of 0.20 mol dm-3 NaOH (aq) is needed to neutralize 0.050 mol of...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.3: The complete combustion of 15.0cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon X produces 60.0 cm3 of carbon dioxide...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.4: 5.0mol of Fe2O3(s) and 6.0mol of CO(g) react according to the equation below. What is the...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: 5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2•2H2O, was dissolved in water to...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: Identify the formula and state symbol of X.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3c: The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the reaction mixture...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4g: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: 5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2•2H2O, was dissolved in water to...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4i: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. (i) Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.2a: State and explain the further work students need to carry out in trial 2 before they can process...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.2c: List two assumptions made in this experiment.
16N.3.sl.TZ0.18a: Determine the percentage experimental yield of the product after recrystallization. The molar...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.18b: Suggest why isolation of the crude product involved the addition of ice-cold water.
17M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Which compound has the greatest percentage by mass of nitrogen atoms? A. N2H4 B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.2: Which statements about mixtures are...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.3: 5.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol\(\,\)dm–3 sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3(aq), was added to a volumetric...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.4: What is the expression for the volume of hydrogen gas, in dm3, produced at STP when 0.30 g of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2f.i: Formulate an equation for this reaction.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Formulate an equation for the reaction between VO2+(aq) and V2+(aq) in acidic solution to form...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4h.i: Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4h.ii: Calculate the volume, in dm3, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.i: One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.i: Formulate an equation for the reaction between VO2+(aq) and V2+(aq) in acidic solution to form...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.3: Suggest how the end point of the titration might be estimated from the graph.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.4: State and explain how the graph would differ if 1 mol\(\,\)dm−3 sulfuric acid had been used...
17M.3.hl.TZ1.15d: The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines hereditary characteristics. Calculate the...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the sum of the coefficients when the equation is balanced with whole numbers? —C8H18(g)...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.2: How many moles of oxygen atoms are there in 0.500 mol of hydrated iron(II) ammonium...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What is the maximum volume, in dm3, of CO2(g) produced when 1.00 g of CaCO3(s) reacts with 20.0...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.4: Which factors affect the molar volume of an ideal...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.i: After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: The sample of K2Cr2O7(s) in (i) was dissolved in distilled water to form 0.100 dm3 solution....
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.iii: 10.0 cm3 of the waste sample required 13.24 cm3 of the K2Cr2O7 solution. Calculate the molar...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: Calculate the molar mass of the acid.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Explain why this experiment might give a low result for the molar mass of butane.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: Suggest one improvement to the investigation.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.15a.i: Calculate the amounts, in mol, of each reactant.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.15a.ii: Calculate, in g, the theoretical yield of aspirin.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.1: How many atoms of nitrogen are there in 0.50 mol of (NH4)2CO3? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3.01 × 1023 D....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.2: What is the value of x when 32.2 g of Na2SO4•xH2O are heated leaving 14.2 g of anhydrous Na2SO4?...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.3: How many grams of sodium azide, NaN3, are needed to produce 68.1 dm3 of N2 (g) at STP? Molar...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.4: What is the sum of the coefficients when the following equation is balanced using the...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.2: Which solution neutralizes 50.0 cm3 of 0.120 mol dm–3 NaOH (aq)? A. 12.5 cm3 of 0.080 mol dm–3...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.3: What is the pressure, in Pa, inside a 1.0 m3 cylinder containing 10 kg of H2 (g) at 25 ºC? R =...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.4: A compound with Mr = 102 contains 58.8 % carbon, 9.80 % hydrogen and 31 % oxygen by mass.What is...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Calculate the concentration of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, in mol dm–3.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.ii: Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: 0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm3 at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa....
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2d.i: Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2d.ii: 0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm3 at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa....
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2d.iii: Determine the molecular formula of menthol using your answers from parts (d)(i) and (ii).
17N.3.sl.TZ0.3c: Calculate the percentage of water by mass in the NaCl•2H2O crystals. Use the data from section 6...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.8a.i: Determine the empirical formula of linoleic acid.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1a.i: Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. KNCO(aq) +...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1f: The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Formulate a balanced...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1g: Calculate the maximum volume of CO2, in cm3, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.1g: Outline why repeating quantitative measurements is important.
18M.1.sl.TZ1.1: Which is a homogeneous mixture? A. Oil and water B. Sand and water C. Ethanol and...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.2: What is the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon containing 84.6% carbon by mass with a molar mass...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.3: Which graph shows the relationship between the volume and pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.4: What is the percentage yield when 7 g of ethene produces 6 g of ethanol? Mr(ethene) = 28 and...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.i: Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1f: The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Formulate a balanced...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1b.ii: The solution of palmitic acid had a concentration of 0.0034 mol dm−3. Calculate the number of...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1b.iii: Assuming the sudden change in gradient occurs at 240 cm2, calculate the area, in cm2, that a...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2a: Annotate the balanced equation below with state symbols. CaCO3(__) + 2HCl(__) → CaCl2(__) +...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.1: What is the sum of the coefficients when the equation is balanced with the lowest whole number...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.2: What is the number of atoms of oxygen in 2.0 mol of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3•10H2O?...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.3: What is the volume, in cm3, of the final solution if 100 cm3 of a solution containing 1.42 g of...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.4: What is the percentage yield when 2.0 g of ethene, C2H4, is formed from 5.0 g of ethanol, C2H5OH?...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which electron transition emits energy of the longest wavelength?
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: Calculate the amount, in mol, of H2SO4.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: Formulate the equation for the reaction of H2SO4 with Mg(OH)2.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: The excess sulfuric acid required 20.80 cm3 of 0.1133 mol dm−3 NaOH for...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: Calculate the amount of H2SO4 that reacted with Mg(OH)2.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1e: Determine the mass of Mg(OH)2 in the antacid tablet.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.1f: Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium hydroxide in the 1.24 g antacid tablet to three...

Topic 2: Atomic structure

15M.2.hl.TZ1.4b: State one difference in the physical properties of the isotopes \(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{Cu}}\) and...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.8e: Describe how chlorine’s position in the periodic table is related to its electron arrangement.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.5: Which statement about the isotopes of nitrogen is correct?
15M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Ultraviolet radiation has a shorter wavelength than infrared radiation. How does the frequency...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.7: What is the total number of valence electrons in...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which statements about the chlorine free radical are correct? I. It has 18 electrons. II. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.5: Which statement is correct for the ion \(_4^9{\text{B}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\)? A. The ion...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which ion will be deflected most in a mass spectrometer? A. \(^{16}{{\text{O}}^ + }\) B. ...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: State the relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles of an atom.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: (i) Calculate the number of neutrons and electrons in one atom of...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: The sample contained the three isotopes \(^{{\text{24}}}{\text{Mg}}\),...
15M.3.sl.TZ1.1a: State the relationship between the energy of a wave and its wavelength.
14M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which electron configurations do not follow the Hund's rule? A. I and II only B. I...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.5: Which statement correctly describes the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen? A. It is a...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.2a: The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.55. Calculate the percentage of...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.5: The diagram represents the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Groups of arrows are labelled W, X and...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which species have the same electron arrangements? I. \({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\),...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which statement about the periodic table is correct? A. The elements with atomic numbers 8,...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What does \(_{{\text{24}}}^{{\text{52}}}{\text{X}}\) represent? A. An isotope of Te with 24...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which species would be deflected most in a mass spectrometer? A. ...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: The relative atomic mass of boron is 10.8, to three significant figures. Calculate the percentage...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Isotopes of boron containing 7 and 8 neutrons also exist. Suggest why releasing isotopes...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.1a: Describe the essential difference between the emission spectrum of sodium and the absorption...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.1b: Two types of spectroscopy are absorption and emission. Distinguish between each type of spectra,...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8a: (i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to two decimal...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.10c: State the relationship between the electron arrangement of an element and its group and period in...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.5: Which ion will show the least deflection in a mass spectrometer? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Some possible electron transitions in a hydrogen atom are shown below. Which letter represents...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to two decimal places.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8d: (i) State the property that determines the order in which elements are arranged in the...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.4: What are the numbers of neutrons and electrons in the iodine ion,...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.5: What is the abbreviated electron configuration of the telluride ion,...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: State the electron configuration of the manganese ion in EUK-134.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8f.i: Outline why there are molecules with different molar masses.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.6: What are the numbers of neutrons and electrons in the iodine ion,...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.7: In the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom, which electronic transition would produce a line...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6f.i: Outline why there are molecules with different molar masses.
13M.1.hl.TZ1.5: What is the correct electron configuration of the \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ion? A. ...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: Apply the Aufbau principle to state the full electron configuration for an atom of phosphorus.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.v: Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for an iron atom using the arrow-in-box notation to...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.vi: Draw the abbreviated orbital diagram for the iron ion in [Fe(CN)6]3– using the arrow-in-box...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which statements about the isotopes of an element are correct? I. They have the same...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which diagram shows a pattern similar to the emission spectrum of...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.i: Define the term isotopes of an element.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.ii: Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope, given that the relative atomic mass of B is...
13M.1.hl.TZ2.5: Which species has the electron configuration of...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.i: Draw the shape of an s orbital and a px orbital. Label the x, y and z axes on each diagram.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 4\) energy level.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: A number of ruthenium-based anti-cancer drugs have also been developed. State the full electron...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3e: Iron is in the same group in the periodic table as ruthenium. Construct the orbital diagram...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which is an isotope of 24Mg? A. \(_{{\text{11}}}^{{\text{24}}}{\text{Na}}\) B. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Define the term isotopes of an element.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the isotopes 35Cl and 37Cl.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: Using the mass numbers of the two isotopes and the relative atomic mass of chlorine from Table 5...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A2c: Describe how the wavelength, the frequency, and the energy, change in moving from the infrared...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.i: State the full electron configuration of iodine \((Z = 53)\).
12N.1.sl.TZ0.5: What is the correct number of each particle in an oxygen ion,...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which statement about the electromagnetic spectrum is correct? A. Infrared light has a...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: (i) Define the terms atomic number, mass number and isotopes of an element. Atomic...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: (i) Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum. (ii) Draw a diagram...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which statement about the species \(^{{\text{63}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\) and...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which statement about the isotopes of an element is correct? A. They have the same mass...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: A sample of iron has the following isotopic composition by mass. Calculate the relative atomic...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.3c: Calculate the number of electrons in the ion \(^{{\text{56}}}{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\).
09N.2.hl.TZ0.3a: Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which species have the same number of electrons? I. \({{\text{S}}^{2 - }}\) II. ...
10M.2.hl.TZ1.1c.i: State the full electronic configuration of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}\).
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: The relative atomic mass of naturally occurring copper is 63.55. Calculate the abundances of...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4f: With reference to electronic arrangements, suggest why the reaction between rubidium and water is...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.6: How many electrons does the ion \(_{{\text{15}}}^{{\text{31}}}{{\text{P}}^{3 - }}\) contain? A....
10M.1.sl.TZ2.7: What is the electron arrangement of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion? A. 2,2 B. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.2: Draw and label an energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. In your diagram show how the series...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which species possesses only two unpaired electrons? A. Zn B. Mg C. ...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.i: State the full electronic configurations of copper, Cu, and the copper(I) ion,...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.7: How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in each atom of \(^{{\text{31}}}{\text{P}}\)?
09M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which is correct for the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum?
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5a.iii: Strontium exists as four naturally-occurring isotopes. Calculate the relative atomic mass of...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The table below shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in five...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.6: What is the order of increasing energy of the orbitals within a single energy level? A. ...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.7: What is the electron configuration of the \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{2 + }}\) ion? A. ...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.i: Draw the shape of the \({{\text{p}}_{\text{z}}}\) orbital using the coordinates shown.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.ii: State the electron configuration of \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\).
09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.v: The element selenium \({\text{(}}Z = 34{\text{)}}\) has electrons in the 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals....
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.ii: State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 2\) energy level.
09M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What is the atomic number of a neutral atom which has 51 neutrons and 40 electrons? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.6: What is the relative atomic mass of an element with the following mass spectrum? A. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Define the term isotopes.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: A sample of silicon contains three isotopes. Calculate the relative atomic mass of silicon...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.5: What is the electron configuration of vanadium? A. ...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.6: Which quantities are the same for all atoms of chlorine? I. Number of protons II. ...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).
11M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: Deduce the electron configuration for the ion \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}^{2 + }}\).
11M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which statement about the numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom is always...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the \({{\text{K}}^ + }\) ion.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7f: Silicon has three stable isotopes, \(^{{\text{28}}}{\text{Si}}\), \(^{{\text{29}}}{\text{Si}}\)...
11M.1.hl.TZ2.4: Consider the relative abundance of the isotopes of element X. What is the relative atomic mass...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.i: Calculate the percentage of each isotope in pure antimony. State your answers to three...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.i: Explain what the square brackets around argon, [Ar], represent.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.ii: State the values of \(x\) and \(y\).
11M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii: Annotate the diagram below showing the 4s and 3d orbitals for a chromium atom using an arrow,...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.iii: State the number of neutrons present in an atom of \(^{{\text{121}}}{\text{Sb}}\).
11M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which statements about the isotopes of chlorine, \(_{{\text{17}}}^{{\text{35}}}{\text{Cl}}\) and...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.7: In the emission spectrum of hydrogen, which electronic transition would produce a line in the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: Calculate the percentage of each isotope in pure rubidium. State your answers to...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: State the number of electrons and the number of neutrons present in an atom of...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A1a: Identify region A.
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A1c: State which region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be used to identify the functional groups...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A1d: Explain why the absorptions in infrared (IR) spectroscopy occur at much higher frequency than...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.5: In the electromagnetic spectrum, which will have the shortest wavelength and the greatest energy?
12M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom? A. Protons and...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.7: What is the name of the type of spectrum consisting only of specific wavelengths? A. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which statements are correct for silicon? I. Its electron arrangement is 2,8,4. II. It...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.i: Define the term isotope.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.ii: Determine the number of neutrons in one atom of iodine-131.
11N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Which shows the sub-levels in order of increasing energy in the fourth energy level of an...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: State why the Co-60 radioisotope is used in radiotherapy.
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.iv: Draw an orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.5: A sample of zinc has the following composition: What is the relative atomic mass of the zinc...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which statement about the electromagnetic spectrum is not correct? A. The wavelength of...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Deduce the missing information and complete the following table.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.5: Which is correct for the chromium isotope...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which electron configuration is correct for the selenide ion, Se2−? A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4c: A sample of compound A was prepared in which the 12C in the CH2 group was replaced by 13C. (i)...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Draw a 1s atomic orbital and a 2p atomic orbital.
16M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Outline, giving the full electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.5: Which is correct for the line emission spectrum for hydrogen? A. Line M has a higher energy...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.6: What is the condensed electron configuration of the Fe2+ ion? A. [Ar]3d6B. [Ar]3d44s2C....
16N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Which representation would be correct for a species, Z, which has 31 protons, 40 neutrons and 28...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: State the nuclear symbol notation, \({}_Z^AX\), for magnesium-26.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results: Calculate the...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Magnesium ions produce no emission or absorption lines in the visible region of the...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum. (ii) State what can be...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.5: In which set do all the species contain more electrons than neutrons? A. 14N, 16O, 11C B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which electron transition in the hydrogen atom emission spectrum emits radiation with the longest...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.7: The full electron configuration of an element is: 1s22s22p63s23p2 To which group and period...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\) atom.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.i: State the full electron configuration of the \({}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}\)2+ ion.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What does \({}_{12}^{24}M{g^{2 + }}\) represent? A. An ion with 12 protons and 24...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.6: Which electron transition emits radiation of the longest wavelength?
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag. The relative...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.5: What is the number of protons and the number of neutrons in 131I?
17N.1.sl.TZ0.6: Which is the electron configuration of a chromium atom in the ground state? A....
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2d: Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: Outline how this spectrum is related to the energy levels in the hydrogen atom.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: A sample of magnesium has the following isotopic composition. Calculate the relative atomic...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iv: Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.5: Which shows the number of subatomic particles in 31P3−?
18M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Which are correct statements about the emission spectrum of hydrogen in the visible region? I. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: State the electron configuration of the Ca2+ ion.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.i: Natural uranium needs to be enriched to increase the proportion of 235U. Suggest a technique that...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.5: What is the composition of the nucleus of 26Mg?
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Draw the first four energy levels of a hydrogen atom on the axis, labelling n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: Draw the lines, on your diagram, that represent the electron transitions to n = 2 in the emission...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3c.i: Copper is widely used as an electrical conductor. Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the...

Topic 3: Periodicity

15M.1.hl.TZ2.7: What is the definition of electronegativity? A. The relative measure of the tendency of an...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.8e: Describe how chlorine’s position in the periodic table is related to its electron arrangement.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.ii: Suggest, giving your reasons, the approximate pH values of the solutions formed by adding each...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: Identify the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the elements from sodium to chlorine in...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.ii: State the equations for the separate reactions of sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.8: What is the definition of the term first ionization energy? A. The energy released when one...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which statement is correct for the halogens \({\text{(F}} \to {\text{I)}}\)? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which combination of properties best describes sodium oxide,...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Define the term electronegativity.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Explain why the atomic radius of elements decreases across the period.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.i: State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide with water and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the equation for the reaction between potassium and chlorine.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.i: Identify the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the elements from sodium to chlorine in...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.ii: State the equations for the separate reactions of sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.
14M.1.hl.TZ1.7: Which statements about reactivity are correct? I. Potassium reacts more vigorously than...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: (i) State the changes in the acid-base nature of the oxides across period 3 (from...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: (i) Predict any changes that may be observed in each...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5a: (i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8a: Define the term first ionization energy.
14M.1.sl.TZ1.8: The horizontal axis of the bar chart represents the elements of period 3 from sodium to chlorine...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.9: The electronegativities of four elements are given in the table. Which statement is...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which properties decrease down group 1? I. Melting point II. Atomic radius III. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which pair of elements shows the greatest difference in electronegativity? A. Mg and O B. ...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: (i) State the equation for the reaction of sodium metal with water. (ii) Describe two...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: (i) Predict any changes that may be observed in each...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: Explain why the ionic radius of a chloride ion is greater than the atomic radius of a chlorine atom.
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5e.i: \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) does not conduct electricity in the solid state...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5e.ii: State the acid-base natures of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5e.iii: State equations for the reactions of \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: (i) Describe the colour change that occurs when aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous sodium...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: The colour change in the reaction between aqueous chlorine and aqueous sodium iodide is very...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Which statements are correct for the oxides of period 3 going from Na to Cl? I. The oxides...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.7: The elements argon, potassium, and calcium are consecutive in the periodic table. Which gives the...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8c: (i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium oxide. Describe how the...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which properties decrease down both group 1 and group 7? I. Melting point II. First...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which period 3 oxide, when added to water, forms an acidic solution? A. ...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: State an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8d: (i) State the property that determines the order in which elements are arranged in the...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Which series is arranged in order of increasing radius? A. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.10: Which compounds have an ionic lattice structure in the solid state? I. Silicon dioxide II....
13N.1.hl.TZ0.7: Which oxides form acidic solutions when added to water? A. ...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3a.ii: State which atoms are covalently bonded.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.i: Compare the properties of the three oxides by completing the table below.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: State the element that you would expect to have chemical properties most similar to those of...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which series is arranged in order of increasing radius? A. ...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.ii: State which atoms are covalently bonded.
13M.1.hl.TZ1.5: What is the correct electron configuration of the \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ion? A. ...
13M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Each of the following oxides is added to separate equal volumes of distilled water. Which of the...
13M.1.hl.TZ1.15: Which process is endothermic? A. ...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Describe and explain the trend in atomic radius across period 3.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: A student formulates the following hypothesis: “If phosphorus were to form a positive ion,...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.i: Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.ii: Deduce, using equations where appropriate, if bromine reacts with sodium chloride solution and...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which statement concerning electronegativity is correct? A. Electronegativity increases from...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.9: Which statements are correct? I. Fluorine will react with potassium chloride solution to...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which is a characteristic property of sodium oxide? A. It turns moist blue litmus paper...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Describe and explain the trend in atomic radius across period 3.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: A student formulates the following hypothesis: “If phosphorus were to form a positive ion,...
13M.1.hl.TZ2.5: Which species has the electron configuration of...
13M.1.hl.TZ2.7: Which statements are correct for the alkali metals Li to Cs? I. Melting point...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Element X is in group 5 and period 4 of the periodic table. Which statement is correct? A. X...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which statements are correct for the halogens F to I? I. Melting point increases II. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: Define the term electronegativity.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, explain the trends in electronegativity values of the Group 7...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: State the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of potassium bromide, KBr(aq), with...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iv: Describe the colour change likely to be observed in this reaction.
12N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which statements about atomic structure and the periodic table are correct? I. An element in...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which combination is correct for the properties of the alkali metals from Li to Cs?
12N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which oxides are acidic? I. \({{\text{P}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{O}}_{{\text{10}}}}\) II. ...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: (i) Define the terms atomic number, mass number and isotopes of an element. Atomic...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.7: The x-axis of the graph below represents the atomic number of the elements in period 3. Which...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) State whether aqueous solutions of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride are acidic,...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which properties of the alkali metals decrease going down group 1? A. First ionization...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which statements about the periodic table are correct? I. The elements Mg, Ca and Sr have...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.10: The electronegativities of four different elements are given below (the letters are not their...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: (i) Define the term electronegativity. (ii) Compare the relative polarities of the C–H...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Which species has the largest radius? A. Cl– B. K C. Na+ D. K+
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.v: The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that between the ions in MgO....
09N.1.sl.TZ0.8: What happens when sodium is added to water? I. A gas is evolved II. The temperature of...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4e: State a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium with water. Include state symbols.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4f: With reference to electronic arrangements, suggest why the reaction between rubidium and water is...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.4g: Describe and explain what you will see if chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of (i) ...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.6c: (i) Outline two reasons why a sodium ion has a smaller radius than a sodium atom. (ii) ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which property decreases down group 7 in the periodic table? A. Melting point B. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which oxides produce an acidic solution when added to water? I. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: Explain the increase in the melting point from sodium to aluminium.
10M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Explain why sulfur, \({{\text{S}}_{\text{8}}}\), has a higher melting point than phosphorus,...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: Explain why silicon has the highest melting point and argon has the lowest melting point.
10M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Identify the property used to arrange the elements in the periodic table. (ii) ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: (i) Define the term first ionization energy of an atom. (ii) Explain the general...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.iv: Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is larger than the...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.ii: Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main energy levels...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iv: Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies of...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.9: An element is in group 4 and period 3 of the periodic table. How many electrons are in the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which is the best definition of electronegativity? A. Electronegativity is the energy...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.12: What happens when magnesium metal reacts with chlorine gas? A. Each magnesium atom loses two...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3c.i: State the acid-base nature of sodium oxide.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3c.ii: State the equation for the reaction of sodium oxide with water.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.i: Define the term first ionization energy and state what is meant by the term periodicity.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.ii: State the electron arrangement of argon and explain why the noble gases, helium, neon and argon...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.iii: A graph of atomic radius plotted against atomic number shows that the atomic radius decreases...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.iv: Explain why a sulfide ion, \({{\text{S}}^{2 - }}\), is larger than a chloride ion,...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.v: Explain why the melting points of the Group 1 metals \({\text{(Li}} \to {\text{Cs)}}\) decrease...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.9: Which equation best represents the first ionization energy of magnesium? A. ...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.i: Distinguish in terms of electronic structure, between the terms group and period.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5d: Explain, using diagrams, why \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a polar molecule but...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which statement describes the trends of electronegativity values in the periodic table? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which statement is correct for all elements in the same period? A. They have the same number...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: Explain, using diagrams, why CO and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are polar molecules but...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which statement about the elements in group 7 is correct? A. ...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.ii: Samples of sodium oxide and solid sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which property generally decreases across period 3? A. Atomic number B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which property increases down group 1? A. First ionization energy B. Melting point C. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which combination of the characteristics of element X, a metal, and element Y, a non metal, is...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5a.i: Define the term first ionization energy.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5a.ii: Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.i: calcium has a higher melting point than potassium.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.ii: sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: Samples of sodium oxide and sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: State the period numbers of both carbon and silicon.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: State the equations for the reactions of sodium oxide,...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be used to obtain sodium metal by...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which pair of elements has the greatest difference in electronegativity? A. Cs and F B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.12: The number of electrons in the valence shell of elements A and B, are 6 and 7 respectively. What...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.ii: Deduce one other common oxidation number exhibited by antimony in some of its compounds.
12M.1.sl.TZ2.9: Which series is correctly arranged in order of decreasing radius? A. ...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: State the equation for the reaction between sodium and water.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: State and explain one difference between the reactions of sodium and potassium with water.
11N.1.hl.TZ0.9: Which metals are considered to be transition elements? I. Ti II. Zn III. Fe A. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which physical property of elements is represented by y on the graph below? A. First...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1c.i: Suggest why it is necessary for sodium to be removed by this reaction.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and sulfur. State the...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of the period 3 elements, Na to Cl. For the...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which element is a metalloid? A. Co B. As C. Cs D. Es
16M.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which periodic trend is described correctly?
16M.2.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water. (ii) Predict how...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1d: Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which equation represents the first electron affinity of chlorine? A. Cl(g)+e-→ Cl-(g)B....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which solution forms when phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, reacts with water?
16N.1.hl.TZ0.7: Which property increases down group 17, the halogens? A. Electron affinity B. Boiling point C....
16N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Which correctly describes the reaction between potassium and excess water? A. The reaction is...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4e: In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which oxide, when added to water, produces the solution with the highest pH? A. Na2O B. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.6: What is the order of decreasing ionic radius? A. S2− > Cl− > Al3+ > Mg2+ B. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.ii: Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which property increases down Group 1, the alkali metals? A. Atomic radius B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which element is a lanthanide? A. Hf B. Tb C. U D. Y
17M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which metal has the strongest metallic bond? A. Li B. Na C. K D. Rb
17M.1.hl.TZ2.5: X, Y and Z represent the successive elements, Ne, Na and Mg, but not necessarily in that...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.i: Some oxides of period 3, such as Na2O and P4O10, react with water. A spatula measure of each...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.7: Which trends are correct across period 3 (from Na to Cl)? I. Atomic radius decreasesII. ...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which oxide dissolves in water to give a solution with a pH below 7? A. MgO B. Li2O C. CaO D....
17N.1.hl.TZ0.7: Which electron configuration is that of a transition metal atom in the ground state? A....
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements,...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P4O10 (s), with water.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.i: Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2f: Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide. CaC2(s) + H2O(l) →...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.7: Which describes the oxide of sodium, Na2O?
18M.1.sl.TZ1.8: Which statement is correct? A. Atomic radius decreases down group 17. B. First...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.i: Suggest two reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2e: Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide. CaC2(s) + H2O(l) →...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.7: Which increase across a period from left to right?
18M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which element is in the p-block? A. Pb B. Pm C. Pt D. Pu
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3b.i: Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3b.ii: Outline why the ionic radius of K+ is smaller than that of Cl−.

Topic 4: Chemical bonding and structure

15M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which substance has the following properties? • Low melting point • Very soluble in...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.10: Which diagrams can be used to represent the Lewis (electron dot) structure of boron...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.11: Which correctly lists butane \({\text{(}}{M_{\text{r}}} = {\text{58)}}\), propanone...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Identify the strongest intermolecular force in solid ethanedioic acid.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethanedioic acid, \({\text{HOOC–COOH}}\).
15M.2.hl.TZ1.1e: Predict and explain the difference in carbon-oxygen bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and its...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.2b.i: Explain why the melting point of phosphorus(V) oxide is lower than that of sodium oxide in terms...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.2b.ii: Predict whether phosphorus(V) oxide and sodium oxide conduct electricity in their solid and...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.4c: Describe the bonding in solid copper.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5g: Identify three allotropes of carbon and describe their structures.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8a.ii: Outline the nature of the metallic bonding present in chromium.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8a.iii: Explain why chromium metal is malleable.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.ii: Describe the ionic bonding present in...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iii: Suggest why solid \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) does not conduct...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.i: State and explain the electrical conductivities of these two chloride compounds in their liquid...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.i: Describe the covalent bond between carbon and hydrogen in the molecule above and how it is formed.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10f: Explain why but-2-ene is more volatile than compound C.
15M.3.hl.TZ1.17b.i: Phosphate ions can be removed from a solution by adding calcium ions. State the ionic equation...
15M.3.hl.TZ2.28b.iii: Deduce, giving a reason, whether carotenoids are water-soluble or fat-soluble.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.9: What describes the structure of silicon and silicon dioxide?
15M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which molecules react to form a dative covalent (coordinate) bond? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What describes the relationship between diamond, graphite and \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{60}}}}\)...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which forces are present between molecules of carbon dioxide in the solid state? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.13: The following compounds have similar molar...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.9: The formula of gallium phosphate is \({\text{GaP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\). What is the correct...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which species contain a dative covalent (coordination or coordinate) bond? I. Carbon...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which combination of shape and bond angle best describes a molecule of sulfur dioxide,...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which statement is correct about carbon-oxygen bond lengths? A. The C–O bond lengths are...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: Identify the strongest intermolecular force in solid ethanedioic acid.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethanedioic acid, HOOC−COOH.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4d: Suggest two properties of copper that make it useful and economically important.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: Describe the bonding in solid copper.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6f.i: Describe the bonding and structure of sodium chloride.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6f.ii: State the formula of the compounds formed between the elements below. Sodium and...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6g: Covalent bonds form when phosphorus reacts with chlorine to form...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) exists as three isomers. Identify the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Outline why solid magnesium chloride does not conduct electricity.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloromethane.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Predict the shape of the chloromethane molecule and the H–C–H bond angle. Shape: Bond...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: Explain why chloromethane is a polar molecule.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iv: Methanol has a lower molar mass than chloromethane. Explain why the boiling point of methanol is...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Outline the nature of the metallic bonding present in potassium.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: Describe the covalent bond present in the chlorine molecule and how it is formed.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iv: Describe the ionic bonding present in potassium chloride and how the ions are formed.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7f: Explain why but-2-ene is more volatile than compound C,...
14M.1.hl.TZ1.11: A solid has a melting point of 1582 °C and does not dissolve in water. It does not conduct...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.10: What is the difference between the strength and the length of the carbon-oxygen bond in butanal...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.24: Which combination of properties is correct?
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone....
14M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: (i) State the changes in the acid-base nature of the oxides across period 3 (from...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: (i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: (i) Compare the two liquids in terms of their boiling points, enthalpies of vaporization and...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1g: Propanone is used as the solvent because one compound involved in the equilibrium is insoluble in...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1h: Suggest one other reason why using water as a solvent would make the experiment less successful.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: State the shape of the ozone molecule and estimate the bond angle. Shape: Bond angle:
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium in aqueous chlorine, why it is dangerous to use an acidic...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8f: (i) Describe the bonding present in magnesium metal. (ii) Suggest why magnesium...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which combination of length and strength of the carbon‒to‒carbon bonds in...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What is the shape and the bond angle of the molecule \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\)?
14M.1.sl.TZ1.12: What is the correct order of increasing boiling point? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which particles are present in the lattice of a metal? A. Negative ions B. Positive and...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.9: What is the formula of calcium phosphide? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which properties do typical ionic compounds have?
14M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which compounds contain both ionic and covalent bonding? I. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which pair has the same bond angles? A. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which diagram represents the bonding in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)?
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: (i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Deduce the order of increasing solubility in water of the three compounds.
14M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: Explain your reasoning.
14M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: (i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1j: Propanone is used as the solvent because one compound involved in the equilibrium is insoluble in...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1k: Suggest one other reason why using water as a solvent would make the experiment less successful.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: (i) State the formula of the compound that boron forms with fluorine. (ii) Explain...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.v: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloric(I) acid.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.vi: Predict the H–O–Cl bond angle in this molecule and explain this in terms of the valence shell...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.18c: Explain why the triglyceride formed from linoleic acid and glycerol is a liquid and not a solid...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.24d: State the formula and deduce the shape of the positive ion (cation) formed when triethylamine,...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.10: Which sequence has the molecules in order of increasing nitrogen-nitrogen bond length? A. ...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.13: Which group of ions and molecules has delocalized electrons in all the species? A. ...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.3a: A liquid boils when its vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure. Determine the boiling point...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Sketch another curve on the axes above to show how the vapour pressure of a liquid that has...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Identify the type of attraction represented by the dotted lines shown between the layers.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Graphite is used as a lubricant. Discuss two other uses of graphite with reference to its layered...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8c: (i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium oxide. Describe how the...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: (i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.10b: The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which species contains a dative covalent (coordinate) bond? A. HCN B. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which diatomic molecule has the strongest bonding between its atoms? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which molecule is non-polar? A. \({\text{CC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}\) B. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which process involves the breaking of hydrogen bonds? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which species contains a bond angle of approximately 107°? A. ...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: Explain why the distance between adjacent carbon atoms within a layer is shorter than the...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Graphite is used as a lubricant. Discuss two other uses of graphite with reference to its layered...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Describe the bonding in magnesium.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6e: (i) Deduce the Lewis structure of \({\text{PH}}_4^ + \). (ii) Predict, giving a...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8b: The oxygen in half-equation 2 is atmospheric oxygen that is found dissolved in water in very...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.9: What is the formula of calcium nitride? A. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.10: Which compounds have an ionic lattice structure in the solid state? I. Silicon dioxide II....
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3a.i: State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3a.ii: State which atoms are covalently bonded.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: State the name given to species that bond to a central metal ion, and identify the type of bond...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5g: Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5h: Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5i: Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.i: Compare the properties of the three oxides by completing the table below.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iii: As well as the oxide above, sodium forms a peroxide that contains the peroxide ion,...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.i: Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.i: The strength of the hydrogen–halogen bond.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.ii: The interaction between an undissociated hydrogen halide molecule and a water molecule.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: Explain why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.10: What is the formula of calcium nitride? A. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which compounds have an ionic lattice structure in the solid state? I. Silicon dioxide II. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.12: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of aspirin is represented below. What are the approximate...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which compound has the highest boiling point? A. ...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.i: State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.ii: State which atoms are covalently bonded.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Outline how the length of the N–N bond in trinitramide compares with the N–N bond in nitrogen...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4e: Deduce the N–N–N bond angle in trinitramide and explain your reasoning.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4f: Predict, with an explanation, the polarity of the trinitramide molecule.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6d: Explain why 2-methylbut-2-ene is less soluble in water than 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.v: Compare the melting points of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: Describe the bonding in metals and explain their malleability.
13M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which statement best describes ionic bonding? A. It is the electrostatic attraction between...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What are the correct formulas of the following ions?
13M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which statements concerning the sodium chloride ionic lattice are correct? I. Sodium ions...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which combination best describes the type of bonding present and the melting point of silicon and...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which statements are correct about hydrogen bonding? I. It is an electrostatic attraction...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Compare how electric current passes through sodium and sodium chloride by completing the table...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.i: Deduce the Lewis structures of \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Describe how covalent bonds are formed.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.iii: Compare the shapes of the two molecules and explain the difference using valence shell electron...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.iv: Predict and explain whether the molecules \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: State the type of bonding between platinum and nitrogen in carboplatin.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: State and explain the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl3.
13M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which is the best description of a metallic bond? A. Electrostatic attraction between...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which statements about graphite are correct? I. Carbon atoms are held in layers with weak...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which statements are correct for the bonds between two carbon atoms? I. Single bonds are...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which statements about the structure and bonding of silicon dioxide are correct?
13M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which series shows increasing boiling points? A. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: Identify the intermolecular forces present in hydrogen iodide in the liquid state, HI(l).
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.ii: State and explain which compound can form hydrogen bonds with water.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.iii: Draw a diagram showing the resulting hydrogen bonds between water and the compound chosen in (ii).
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Ionic bonding occurs in sodium chloride. Describe what is meant by the term ionic bonding.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: Sodium chloride has a lattice structure. Describe the lattice structure of sodium chloride...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iii: Ammonium phosphate is also an ionic compound, used in the manufacture of fertilizers. State the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and predict the shape of each molecule, using the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: State and explain the F–S–F bond angle in SF2.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iii: Deduce whether each of the three molecules is polar or non-polar, giving your reason in each...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: Using electronegativity values from Table 7 of the Data Booklet, state and explain which of the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.v: Suggest why monomers are often gases or volatile liquids whereas polymers are solids.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (ii) Cobalt is a transition metal. One common ion of cobalt is...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.10: What is the formula of the ionic compound formed when calcium and nitrogen react together? A. ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which bond is the least polar? A. C–H B. F–H C. O–H D. N–H
12N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Diamond, C60 fullerene and graphite are allotropes of carbon. Which statements are correct about...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which statement about the physical properties of substances is correct? A. The only solids...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Although the molar masses of ICl and \({\rm{B}}{{\rm{r}}_2}\) are very similar, the boiling point...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) Determine \(\Delta H\), the enthalpy change of the reaction, in...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: (i) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity and why they are malleable. (ii) ...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of nitrous acid is given below. Identify which...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iii: Deduce the approximate value of the hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen bond angle in nitrous acid and...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.v: Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of NH3. State the name of...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.vii: One common nitrogen-containing fertilizer is ammonium sulfate. State its chemical formula.
10N.1.hl.TZ0.12: Which molecule has an octahedral shape? A. SF6 B. PCl5 C. XeF4 D. BF3
10N.2.hl.TZ0.2d: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance. (ii) ...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: (i) Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for N2H4 showing all valence electrons. (ii) ...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: Hydrazine and ethene, C2H4, are hydrides of adjacent elements in the periodic table. The boiling...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq)...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which species contain a dative covalent bond? I. HCHO II. CO III. ...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which substance is made up of a lattice of positive ions and free moving electrons? A. ...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which order is correct when the following compounds are arranged in order of increasing melting...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance. (ii) ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.3d: Describe the bonding in iron and explain the electrical conductivity and malleability of the metal.
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: (i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: The boiling point of hydrazine is much higher than that of ethene. Explain this difference in...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4f: (i) Identify the type of reaction that occurs. (ii) Predict the value of the H–N–H bond...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5f: (i) Deduce the structural formula of each isomer. (ii) Identify the isomer from part (f)...
10N.3.sl.TZ0.B2c: The formula of stearic acid is also given in Table 22 of the Data Booklet. Explain why linoleic...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.10: What is the correct order if the compounds are arranged in order of increasing boiling point? A....
09N.1.hl.TZ0.11: What is the bond angle in the \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}^ + }\) ion? A. 104° B. ...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.13: How many atoms is each carbon directly bonded to in its allotropes?
09N.1.sl.TZ0.10: What compound is formed when lithium reacts with selenium? A. LiSe B. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.11: How many non-bonding pairs of electrons are there in a nitrogen molecule? A. 0 B. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which molecule contains a bond angle of approximately 120°? A. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which compound does not form hydrogen bonds between its molecules? A. ...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which substance does not conduct electricity? A. Solid zinc B. Molten zinc C. ...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.2: PF3, SF2 and SiF4 have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory to...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4a.i: Identify the boiling points for each of the isomers A, B and C and state a reason for your answer.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.1: (a) (i) Deduce the change in the oxidation numbers of copper and nitrogen in step...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.i: Draw the Lewis structure for chloroethene and predict the H–C–Cl bond angle.
10M.1.sl.TZ2.10: What is the formula of magnesium fluoride? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.11: What is the shape of the ammonia molecule, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\)? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which molecule is polar? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which substance can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the liquid state? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which compound has a covalent macromolecular (giant covalent) structure? A. MgO(s) B. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Deduce the Lewis structure of chloroethene and identify the formula of the repeating unit of the...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which molecule contains a dative covalent (coordinate) bond? A. HCN B. ...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iii: Deduce all the bond angles present in propene.
09M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What are the correct formulas of the following ions?
09M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which is the best description of ionic bonding? A. The electrostatic attraction between...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which is the best description of the bonding present in silicon dioxide,...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: The reactants had to be stirred vigorously because they formed two distinct layers in the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Explain why solid sodium oxide is a non-conductor of electricity.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.i: Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide,...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6a.ii: List, with an explanation, the three compounds in order of increasing carbon to oxygen bond...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6b.i: \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6b.ii: \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\)
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6b.iii: \({\text{BF}}_4^ - \)
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.i: List the three compounds in order of increasing boiling point (lowest first) and explain the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: Predict, with an explanation, which of the three compounds is least soluble or miscible in water.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c.iii: Determine whether cholesterol or lecithin is more soluble in water.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: \({\text{NO}}_2^ + \)
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5d: Explain, using diagrams, why \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a polar molecule but...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which statement best describes the intramolecular bonding in HCN(l)? A. Electrostatic...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which statement best describes metallic bonding? A. Electrostatic attractions between...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Metal M has only one oxidation number and forms a compound with the formula...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which molecule has the shortest bond between carbon atoms? A. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.vi: The following is a three-dimensional computer-generated representation of aspirin. A third...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iii: Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride does.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.v: Deduce and explain whether ethanol or A has the higher boiling point.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iii: Describe the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: Draw the Lewis structure of NH3, state its shape and deduce and explain the H–N–H bond angle in...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: The graph below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 5. Discuss the variation in the...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: Explain, using diagrams, why CO and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are polar molecules but...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.14: The Lewis structure of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is given below. What is the shape...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.i: Explain the electrical conductivity of molten sodium oxide and liquid sulfur trioxide.
11M.1.sl.TZ1.9: What is the correct Lewis structure for hypochlorous acid, a compound containing chlorine,...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which compound forms hydrogen bonds in the liquid state? A. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.11: How do the bond angles in \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\),...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which combination of the characteristics of element X, a metal, and element Y, a non metal, is...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which particles are responsible for electrical conductivity in metals? A. Anions B. ...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.i: calcium has a higher melting point than potassium.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.ii: sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: State and explain the trend of the boiling points of the first five members of the alkene...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7c: Describe and compare three features of the structure and bonding in the three allotropes of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.i: Draw the Lewis structure of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and predict its shape and bond...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.ii: Describe the structure and bonding in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.iii: Explain why silicon dioxide is a solid and carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.7e: Describe the bonding within the carbon monoxide molecule.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iv: Explain whether the boiling point of 1-bromopentane will be higher, lower or the same as that of...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.8: Which change explains why the boiling points of the halogens increase as their molecular masses...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which molecule has a non-bonding (lone) pair of electrons on the central atom? A. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.11: When \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\),...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.12: The number of electrons in the valence shell of elements A and B, are 6 and 7 respectively. What...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Lewis structures are represented in different ways in different parts of the world. Two ways of...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which particles are responsible for the conduction of electricity in molten aluminium? A. ...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.4: Methoxymethane, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OC}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), and...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond angles.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \). Draw the Lewis...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: Almost all iron is used in the form of an alloy. State the name of the most common type of iron...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.C1d: An early alloy of aluminium was Duralumin which contained small quantities of copper and...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.9: Which species contain dative covalent bonds? I. CO II. ...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Zinc metal contains metallic bonding. Which is the best description of a metallic bond? A. ...
12M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Aluminium chloride, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{6}}}\), does...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.10: What is the formula of magnesium nitride? A. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.11: Which single covalent bond is the most polar, given the following electronegativity...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.12: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is: What are the approximate...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.13: \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{60}}}}\) fullerene consists of a simple molecular structure. Silicon...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which compound has the lowest boiling point? A. ...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular formula. Empirical...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: (i) State and explain which of propan-1-ol,...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: Graphite is used as a lubricant and is an electrical conductor. Diamond is hard and does not...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: (i) When ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\), is added to...
12M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other metallic and non-metallic elements. Stainless steel...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.24: Four identical sealed containers are prepared each containing...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.6b.i: State and explain the difference in the electrical conductivity in the liquid state of the two...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.i: Identify the type of bond present between \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.9b.iv: Discuss the volatility of E compared to F.
11N.1.sl.TZ0.9: What are the correct formulas of the following ions?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which row correctly describes the bonding type and melting point of carbon and carbon dioxide?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.11: What is the correct order of increasing boiling points? A. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which is the correct Lewis structure for ethene?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which bonds are arranged in order of increasing polarity? A. H–F \( < \) H–Cl \( < \)...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Sodium azide involves ionic bonding, and metallic bonding is present in sodium. Describe ionic...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1c.ii: The metal oxides from the second reaction then react with silicon dioxide to form a silicate in...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Based on the types of intermolecular force present, explain why butan-1-ol has a higher boiling...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.i: For each of the species \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and HCHO: • deduce the Lewis...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: Explain why \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) is a polar molecule.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5d.i: State the name of A.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iv: Discuss the volatility of Y compared to Z.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which molecule is non-polar? A. OF2 B. NH3 C. BF3 D. SO2
16M.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds? A. SIH4 B. NaNO3 C. H2CO D. Na2S
16M.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which compound has resonance structures? A. C6H12 B. CH3CHO C. NaBr D. Na2CO3
16M.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which of the following are van der Waals’ forces? I. Dipole-dipole forcesII. Hydrogen...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) Outline whether you expect the...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) State the hybridization of the...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.3c: One of the intermediates in the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is dinitrogen...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.9: Which pair of molecules has the same bond angles? A. PCl3 and BCl3 B. SO2 and CO2 C. H2O...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Between which pair of molecules can hydrogen bonding occur? A. CH4 and H2OB. CH3OCH3 and CF4 C....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.12: Which substance has a giant covalent structure?
16N.1.hl.TZ0.11: How many electrons form the carbon–oxygen bond in methanal, HCHO? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 12
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Explain why the boiling point of ethane-1,2-diol is significantly greater than that of ethene.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2d: The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below. Outline why all the...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4f: Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.
16N.2.hl.TZ0.2d: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, –OOCCOO–.
16N.2.hl.TZ0.2e: Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict the predominant type of bonding for a binary compound AB in which the electronegativity...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: (i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.8b: The table below shows average figures for the percentage fatty acid composition of some common...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.18b: Suggest why isolation of the crude product involved the addition of ice-cold water.
16N.3.sl.TZ0.18c: Justify the conclusion that recrystallization increased the purity of the product, by reference...
16N.3.hl.TZ0.22c: (i) Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.9: A substance has the following properties: What is the most probable structure of this...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which two atoms form the most polar bond? A. C and F B. C and Cl C. Si and F D. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.11: Which combination describes the sulfate(IV) ion, SO32– (also known as sulfite ion)?
17M.1.sl.TZ1.12: Which correctly states the strongest intermolecular forces in the compounds below?
17M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What is the order of increasing boiling point? A. C4H10 < CH3COOH < CH3CH2CHO <...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which combination describes the bonding and structure in benzoic acid, C6H5COOH?
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Describe the bonding in metals.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2e.i: State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2e.ii: A chloride of titanium, TiCl4, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.ii: Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: Determine the type of bond present in SbBr3, showing your method. Use sections 8 and 29 of the...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.6b: Lanthanum has a similar electronegativity to group 2 metals. Explain, in terms of bonding and...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.ii: Explain why the difference in their structures affects their melting points.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.11b.i: The drain pipe of a kitchen sink can become clogged by fatty acids, such as linoleic acid,...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.13d: The solubility of a vitamin depends on its structure. Identify the vitamin given in section 35...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19a: Suggest why aspirin is slightly soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.9: How many bonding electrons are there in the urea molecule? A. 8 B. 16 C. 20 D....
17M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which bonds cause the boiling point of water to be significantly greater than that of...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.11: What are the approximate bond angles and structure of crystalline SiO2?
17M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Which metal has the strongest metallic bond? A. Li B. Na C. K D. Rb
17M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Which of the following does not react with dilute HCl(aq)? A. Na2CO3 B. Cu C. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.ii: Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na2O and P4O10.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of PCl3.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.i: State and explain the difference in bond strength between the nitrogen atoms in a hydrazine and...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.ii: State why hydrazine has a higher boiling point than dinitrogen tetraoxide.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structures of ozone.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.ii: Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.8a: Explain which one of these fatty acids has the highest boiling point.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.11: Suggest, in terms of its structure, why vitamin D is fat-soluble using section 35 of the data...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.16a: Explain why diamorphine passes more readily than morphine through the blood-brain barrier.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Ammonia reacts reversibly with...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.9: The electronegativity values of four elements are given. What is the order of increasing...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.10: Which compound has the shortest C–N bond? A. CH3NH2 B. (CH3)3CNH2 C. CH3CN D. CH3CHNH
17N.1.sl.TZ0.11: Which of the following series shows increasing hydrogen bonding with water? A. Propane <...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF4+ and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict with a reason, whether the molecule PF3 is polar or non-polar.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF5 and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Predict whether the molecules PF3 and PF5 are polar or non-polar.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.i: Describe how the structures of LDPE and HDPE affect one mechanical property of the plastics.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.9c: Explain how the inclusion of carbohydrates in plastics makes them biodegradable.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: Explain, at the molecular level, why vitamin D is soluble in fats. Use section 35 of the data...
17N.3.hl.TZ0.7c: Identify the type of intermolecular bonding that is responsible for Kevlar®’s strength.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which metal has the strongest metallic bonding? A. Na B. Mg C. Al D. Ca
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: The structural formula of urea is shown. Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1e.i: Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1e.ii: Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Describe the nature of ionic bonding.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.ii: Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.7e: Carbon and silicon are elements in group 14. Explain why CO2 is a gas but SiO2 is a solid at...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.9: What is the formula of ammonium phosphate? A. (NH3)3PO4 B. (NH4)3PO4 C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.10: Which form of carbon is the poorest electrical conductor? A. Graphite B. Graphene C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.11: What is the molecular geometry and bond angle in the molecular ion NO3−?
18M.1.sl.TZ1.12: What are the strongest intermolecular forces between molecules of propanone, CH3COCH3, in the...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: The structural formula of urea is shown. Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1e.i: Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1e.ii: Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Describe the nature of ionic bonding.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1a.i: Part of this molecule is hydrophilic (bonds readily to water) and part hydrophobic (does not bond...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1a.ii: When a small amount of palmitic acid is placed in water it disperses to form a layer on the...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.9: What is the formula of magnesium nitride? A. MgN B. Mg2N3 C. Mg3N D. Mg3N2
18M.1.sl.TZ2.10: Which species has the longest carbon to oxygen bond length? A. CO B. CH3OH C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.11: What are the predicted electron domain geometries around the carbon and both nitrogen atoms in...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.12: The compounds shown below have similar relative molecular masses. What is the correct order of...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Explain why the hydrides of group 16 elements (H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te) are polar molecules.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 16 elements. Explain the increase...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: Lewis structures show electron domains and are used to predict molecular geometry. Deduce the...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1a.i: Graphene is two-dimensional, rather than three-dimensional, material. Justify this by using the...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Show that graphene is over 1600 times stronger than graphite.
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1a.iii: Identify a value from the table which can be used to support the information about graphene given...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1b: Diamond, graphene, and graphite are all network solids. Suggest, giving a reason, the electron...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.1c: The melting point of diamond at 1 × 106 kPa is 4200 K (in the absence of oxygen). Suggest, based...

Topic 5: Energetics/thermochemistry

15M.1.hl.TZ1.14: The same amount of heat energy is added to 1.00 g of each substance. Which statement is...
15M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which equation represents the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid methanol? A. ...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_f^\Theta \), of...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5b.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.3a: Calculate the standard enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which processes are exothermic? I. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which equation corresponds to the bond enthalpy of the H–I bond? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Which combination is correct for the standard enthalpy change of neutralization?
15M.1.sl.TZ2.15: When four moles of aluminium and four moles of iron combine with oxygen to form their oxides, the...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which enthalpy changes can be calculated using only bond enthalpy data? I. ...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5b.iv: Explain why the reaction is exothermic in terms of the bonds involved.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.ii: Calculate the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7g.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1a: (i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. (ii) Calculate...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: (i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of...
14M.3.hl.TZ1.16d: Explain, with the aid of Lewis (electron-dot) structures, the difference between oxygen and ozone...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which statement is correct for the reaction with this enthalpy level diagram? A. Heat...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.15: The specific heat capacities of two substances are given in the table below. Which statement...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.15: The enthalpy changes of three reactions are given below. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.14: The table shows information about temperature increases when an acid and an alkali are...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.15: What is the value of \(\Delta H\) for the exothermic reaction represented by the diagram...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.16: What is the temperature rise when 2100 J of energy is supplied to 100 g of water? (Specific heat...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: (i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. (ii) Calculate the...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1c: (i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6g.iv: The standard enthalpy change of combustion of A is...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.5a: When 1.13 g of a granola bar was combusted in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation. (ii) Determine...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: Comment on which of the values obtained in (a) and (b)(ii) is more accurate, giving a reason.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11e: Hydrochloric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide, forming sodium chloride and...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.14: The enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulfate solution is...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Consider the following equations. ...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7e: (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of reaction, \(\Delta {H^\Theta...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.15: Which processes are exothermic? I. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.16: Consider the following two equations. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy? A. Sodium chloride B. ...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.5c: Calculate the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), when one mole...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which processes are exothermic? I. ...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Consider the following two...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Calculate the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), when one mole...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4g.i: Methanol can also be burnt as a fuel. Describe an experiment that would allow the molar enthalpy...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4g.ii: Explain how the results of this experiment could be used to calculate the molar enthalpy change...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.4g.iii: Predict, with an explanation, how the result obtained would compare with the value in Table 12 of...
13M.1.hl.TZ1.15: Which process is endothermic? A. ...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.i: Calculate the standard enthalpy change of this reaction, using the values of enthalpy of...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.15: Which statement is correct for the enthalpy level diagram shown? A. The reaction is...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which combination is correct about the energy changes during bond breaking and bond formation?
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.i: Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: Using the theoretical value in Table 12 of the Data Booklet, discuss the experimental results,...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: Methanol can be produced according to the following...
13M.1.hl.TZ2.15: Enthalpy changes of reaction are provided for the following...
13M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy change of combustion? A. ...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iii: Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \).
13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iv: Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.15: Which statements are correct for an exothermic reaction? I. The products are more stable...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.16: The specific heat capacity of aluminium is...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.17: The reaction between methane and oxygen is...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions are given...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.ii: Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\),...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.iii: State whether the reaction given in stage 1 is exothermic or endothermic.
12N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which combination is correct for the exothermic reaction that occurs between zinc and copper...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.15: A 5.00 g sample of a substance was heated from 25.0 °C to 35.0 °C using...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Using the equations...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the number of significant figures for the masses of...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) Determine \(\Delta H\), the enthalpy change of the reaction, in...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.15: Consider the equations...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.16: Given the enthalpy change for the reaction...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7c: (i) The enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of liquid hydrazine is...
10N.3.hl.TZ0.E4: (a) (i) Explain the dependence of the dissociation of diatomic oxygen, O2, and ozone, O3,...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.14: Which statement is correct given the enthalpy level diagram below? A. The reaction is...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Identical pieces of magnesium are added to two beakers, A and B, containing hydrochloric acid....
10N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Which equation best represents the bond enthalpy of HCl? A. ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Hydrazine is a valuable rocket fuel. The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen...
10N.3.sl.TZ0.B1a: Glucose, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}}\), is a...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.i: The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.iv: Using bond enthalpy values, calculate \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\) for the following...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.v: Suggest with a reason, why the values obtained in parts (b) (i) and (b) (iv) are different.
09N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which is true for a chemical reaction in which the products have a higher enthalpy than the...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.16: In a reaction that occurs in 50 g of aqueous solution, the temperature of the reaction mixture...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Use the average bond enthalpies below to calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the following...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.3: The standard enthalpy change of three combustion reactions is given below in...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: (i) Use the data to calculate the heat evolved when the ethanol was combusted. (ii) ...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.4e: Comment on the environmental safety of the products of the reaction of...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.15: The standard enthalpy changes for the combustion of carbon and carbon monoxide are shown...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which is correct about energy changes during bond breaking and bond formation?
10M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which processes are exothermic? I. Ice melting II. Neutralization III. ...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.14: 1.0 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, was added to 99.0 g of water. The temperature of the solution...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Determine the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene using the values for the...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: Suggest one reason why John’s answer is slightly less accurate than Marit’s answer and calculate...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Deduce which two of the enthalpy changes a to e have negative signs.
09M.1.sl.TZ1.15: When some solid barium hydroxide and solid ammonium thiosulfate were reacted together, the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which process represents the C–Cl bond enthalpy in tetrachloromethane? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Some water is heated using the heat produced by the combustion of magnesium metal. Which values...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene obtained using the average bond...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Marit arranged the values she found in Table 12 into an energy cycle. Calculate the value for...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: Suggest one reason why John’s answer is slightly less accurate than Marit’s answer.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.i: Use the average bond enthalpies to deduce a value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: The percentage difference between these two methods (average bond enthalpies and enthalpies of...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.4a: The standard enthalpy change of formation for \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH(g)}}\)...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.14: What is the energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 mol of carbon monoxide is burned according to the...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.15: The specific heat of iron is \({\text{0.450 J}}\,{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\). What...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which of the following reactions are exothermic? I. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.4c: Sketch an enthalpy level diagram to describe the effect of a catalyst on an exothermic reaction.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the standard enthalpy change...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: The standard enthalpy change for the complete combustion of octane,...
11M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Consider the two reactions involving iron and...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.14: When \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.15: Which statement about bonding is correct? A. Bond breaking is endothermic and requires...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Consider the following...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: Using the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet, determine the theoretical enthalpy of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1b.ii: Calculate the heat absorbed, in kJ, by the water.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1b.iii: Determine the enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.i: Part (a)
11M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.ii: Part (b)
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4a.ii: Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanol and octane in 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4a.iii: Calculate the total amount of energy, in kJ, released when 1.00 kg of the fuel mixture is...
11M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which equation represents the bond enthalpy for the H–Br bond in hydrogen bromide? A. ...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.i: Outline why the value for the standard enthalpy change of formation of hydrogen is zero.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.ii: Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrogenation of propene.
11M.1.sl.TZ2.15: Which processes have a negative enthalpy change? I. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Consider the following...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.17: At 25 °C, \({\text{200 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Determine what the temperature rise would have been, in °C, if no heat had been lost to the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.iii: Calculate the heat change, in kJ, when 3.99 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is dissolved in the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.iv: Determine the value of \(\Delta {H_1}{\text{ in kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.ii: Determine the value of \(\Delta {H_2}\) in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iii: Using the values obtained for \(\Delta {H_1}\) in (a) (iv) and \(\Delta {H_2}\) in (b) (ii),...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iv: The value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) at 500 K is 160 and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) at 700 K is...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Enthalpy changes can be determined using average bond enthalpies. Define the term average bond...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: Determine a value for the hydrogenation of propene using information from Table 10 of the Data...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iv: Explain why the enthalpy of hydrogenation of propene is an exothermic process.
12M.3.hl.TZ1.E1a: Oxygen absorbs much of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, but ozone is important...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a: (i) Calculate the heat required, in kJ, to raise the temperature of the water, using data in...
12M.3.hl.TZ2.E3a: Explain, in terms of their bonding, how the presence of oxygen and ozone in the ozone layer helps...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.15: A simple calorimeter was set up to determine the enthalpy change occurring when one mole of...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Consider the...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6d: (i) Sketch and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction. (ii) Deduce whether...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6e: When 5.35 g ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(s)}}\), is added to...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.i: Suggest why the \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \) values for...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.ii: Determine the standard enthalpy change at 298 K for the reaction.
11N.1.sl.TZ0.14: A student measured the temperature of a reaction mixture over time using a temperature probe. By...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which process is endothermic? A. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.16: Consider the following enthalpy of combustion...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: Define the term average bond enthalpy.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Determine the standard enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.i: Define the term endothermic reaction.
16M.3.sl.TZ0.10b: Calculate the energy, in kJ, produced from 15.0g of glucose if its enthalpy of combustion is...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.13: When 25.0cm3 0.100moldm−3 NaOH(aq) is mixed with 25.0cm3 0.100moldm−3 HCl(aq) at the same...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.14: What is the enthalpy of formation of ethyne, in kJmol−1,...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.15: Which equation represents the average bond enthalpy...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.16: The equation for the formation of ethyne is: 2C(s)...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.2a: (i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine....
16M.2.sl.TZ0.3b: (i) Sketch the potential energy profile for the synthesis of phosgene, using the axes given,...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1d: Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) At exactly 600°C the...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.3b: The enthalpy change for the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is −664 kJ and its...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.1: Which change of state is exothermic? A. CO2(s) → CO2(g)B. H2O(l) → H2O(g) C. NH3(g) → NH3(l) D....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.10: The C=N bond has a bond length of 130 pm and an average bond enthalpy of 615kJmol-1. Which values...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Hydrazine reacts with oxygen. N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHθ = -623 kJ What is the...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.14: In which reaction do the reactants have a lower potential energy than the products? A. CH4(g) +...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.15: 5.35g of solid ammonium chloride, NH4Cl(s), was added to water to form 25.0g of solution. The...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction. 2CO (g) +...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: (i) Calculate ΔHθ, in kJ, for this similar reaction below using \(\Delta H_{\rm{f}}^\theta \)...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: (i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.13: Which expression gives the mass, in g, of ethanol required to produce 683.5 kJ of heat...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.14: Which expression gives the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the thermal decomposition of calcium...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.15: In which order does the oxygen–oxygen bond enthalpy increase? A. H2O2 < O2 < O3 B. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4e: Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4f: Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4g: The standard enthalpy of formation of N2H4(l) is +50.6 kJ\(\,\)mol−1. Calculate the enthalpy of...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5a: Explain how the concentration may be calculated in this way.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5b: Heat losses would make this method less accurate than the pH probe method. Outline why the...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5c: Suggest how heat loss could be reduced.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5d: State one other assumption that is usually made in the calculation of the heat produced.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5f: Outline why the thermochemical method would not be appropriate for 0.001...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.15c: Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.13: What can be deduced from this reaction profile? A. The reactants are less stable than the...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.14: Why is the value of the enthalpy change of this reaction calculated from bond enthalpy data less...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.15: What can be deduced from the facts that ozone absorbs UV radiation in the region of 340 nm...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation: NO2(g) + CO(g)...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8a.i: Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the spray reaction, using the data...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8a.ii: The energy released by the reaction of one mole of hydrogen peroxide with hydroquinone is used to...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.6b: The overall equation for monochlorination of methane is: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) +...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.v: State a technique other than a pH titration that can be used to detect the equivalence point.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.13: Which statement is correct for this reaction? Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g) ΔH...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.14: The enthalpy changes for two reactions are given. Br2 (l) + F2 (g) → 2BrF (g) ΔH = x...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.15: What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, of the following reaction? 3H2 (g) + N2 (g)...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.17: The combustion of glucose is exothermic and occurs according to the following equation: C6H12O6...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.19: The enthalpy change for the dissolution of NH4NO3 is +26 kJ mol–1 at 25 °C. Which statement...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.i: Determine the heat change, q, in kJ, for the neutralization reaction between ethanoic acid and...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.ii: Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: Suggest why the enthalpy change of neutralization of CH3COOH is less negative than that of HCl.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction using the following data.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.i: Under certain conditions, ethyne can be converted to benzene. Determine the standard enthalpy...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.ii: Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔHΘ, for the following similar reaction, using ΔHf values...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.iii: Explain, giving two reasons, the difference in the values for (c)(i) and (ii). If you did not...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.13: The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is determined by heating a known mass of tap water in a...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.14: What is the enthalpy of combustion of butane in kJ mol−1? 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) +...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.15: Which statement is correct? A. In an exothermic reaction, the products have more energy than...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.i: Under certain conditions, ethyne can be converted to benzene. Determine the standard enthalpy...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: Determine the standard enthalpy change, ΔHΘ, for the following similar reaction, using ΔHf values...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.iii: Explain, giving two reasons, the difference in the values for (b)(i) and (ii). If you did not...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.13: Which describes the reaction shown in the potential energy profile? A. The reaction is...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.14: What is the enthalpy change of combustion of urea, (NH2)2CO, in kJ mol−1? 2(NH2)2CO(s) + 3O2(g)...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.15: Two 100 cm3 aqueous solutions, one containing 0.010 mol NaOH and the other 0.010 mol HCl, are at...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: Hydrogen gas can be formed industrially by the reaction of natural gas with steam. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.i: Outline why no value is listed for H2(g).
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.ii: Determine the value of ΔHΘ, in kJ, for the reaction using the values in the table.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.iii: Outline why the value of enthalpy of reaction calculated from bond enthalpies is less accurate.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: Outline why no value is listed for H2(g).
18M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: Determine the value of ΔHΘ, in kJ, for the reaction using the values in the table.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.5a: Hydrogen gas can be formed industrially by the reaction of natural gas with steam. ...

Topic 6: Chemical kinetics

15M.2.hl.TZ1.3a: Define the term rate of reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Describe the collision theory.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.2a: Define the term rate of reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: Explain why increasing the particle size of a solid reactant decreases the rate of reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst. Explain the...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which variable is best to use when determining the rate of decomposition of hydrogen...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas according to the following...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which is a correct unit for expressing the rate of a reaction? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.18: \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Define the term rate of reaction.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Describe the collision theory.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.ii: Describe how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5d.i: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5d.ii: Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process in which iron is used as a catalyst. Explain the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5d.iii: Sketch the Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction, labelling both axes and...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Which statements explain why a catalyst is used in the Contact process (shown...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Which pair of graphs shows a decomposition reaction of \(X\) that obeys first-order kinetics?
14M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Deduce, with a reason, the order of reaction with respect to each reactant.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1d: Outline how you could establish that the system had reached equilibrium at the end of one week.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1e: Outline why changing the temperature has only a very small effect on the value of the equilibrium...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6a: (i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed. (ii) State why it is...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6c: (i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Why does the rate of a reaction increase when the temperature is increased? I. The...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.18: The diagram represents the Maxwell‒Boltzmann energy distribution curve of the reactants for a...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which change increases the rate of a chemical reaction? A. Increasing the size of solid...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which is not affected by an increase in temperature? A. Rate of reaction B. Collision...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: (i) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen produced against time under these experimental...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: The hydrochloric acid does not appear in the balanced equation for the reaction. State its function.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1g: Outline how you could establish that the system had reached equilibrium at the end of one week.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1h: Outline why changing the temperature has only a very small effect on the value of the equilibrium...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: (i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed. (ii) State why it is...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: (i) Sketch and label, indicating an approximate activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5e: (i) Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), that...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11a.ii: Explain how and why the rate of reaction changes with time.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11b: A Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve is drawn below. Label both axes and explain, by...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Consider the following reaction between hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen ions and iodide...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Which quantity can be changed by the use of a catalyst? A. I and II only B. I and III...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: The Contact process operates at a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 2 atm as optimum...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8e: (i) The experiment is repeated with the same amount of a more effective catalyst,...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.20: The diagram below shows the energy changes for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Which...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1a: The concentration of iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), is assumed to be constant. Outline why...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: For this mixture the concentration of hydrogen peroxide,...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: The colour change occurs when \(1.00 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\) of iodine has been formed....
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1g: In another experiment, 0.100 g of a black powder was also added while all other concentrations...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Which factors can increase the rate of a chemical reaction? I. Increasing the pressure in...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.18: The diagram below shows the energy changes for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Which...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: The concentration of iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), is assumed to be constant. Outline why...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: For this mixture the concentration of hydrogen peroxide,...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1h: The colour change occurs when \(1.00 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\) of iodine has been formed....
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1i: In a second experiment, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide was decreased to...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1j: In a third experiment, 0.100 g of a black powder was also added while all other concentrations...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1k: Explain why increasing the temperature also decreases the time required for the colour to change.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.3a: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
13M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which graph best represents the relationship between the average kinetic energy of molecules of a...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Which statement best describes and explains the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a chemical...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.i: Deduce the effect of the concentration of...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.ii: Suggest why warm sodium hydroxide solution is used.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.2a: A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for a reaction, lowering the activation energy,...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which statements explain the increase in the rate of a reaction when the temperature is...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for a reaction, lowering the activation energy,...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Sketch two Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for a fixed amount of gas at two...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: (i) Define the term rate of reaction. (ii) Temperature and the addition of a catalyst...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\). (ii) Sketch the two...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.ii: Describe qualitatively the relationship between the rate constant, k, and temperature, T.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.ii: Deduce the rate expression for each step. Step 1: Step 2:
12N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Which piece of equipment could not be used in an experiment to measure the rate of this...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.18: In which flask will the reaction between 2.0 g of magnesium carbonate and 25 cm3 1.0 mol...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.3c: (i) Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\). (ii) Sketch the two...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
10N.3.hl.TZ0.E4: (a) (i) Explain the dependence of the dissociation of diatomic oxygen, O2, and ozone, O3,...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.17: A piece of zinc was added to aqueous nitric acid and the volume of hydrogen gas produced was...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Which changes increase the rate of the reaction...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.ii: Predict the effect on the rate of the forward reaction and on the rate constant if the...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: State two situations when the rate of a chemical reaction is equal to the rate constant.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.v: Suggest, stating a reason, how the addition of a catalyst at constant pressure and temperature...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Hydrochloric acid is reacted with large pieces of calcium carbonate, the reaction is then...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which statement is true about using sulfuric acid as a catalyst in the following...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.iv: Suggest, stating a reason, how the addition of a catalyst at constant pressure and temperature...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Graphing is an important method in the study of the rates of chemical reaction. Sketch a graph to...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.i: The concentration of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is increased at constant...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: The solution of NaI is prepared from a fine powder instead of large crystals.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5d: Explain why the rate of a reaction increases when the temperature of the system increases.
10M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: Explain why they added water to the mixtures.
10M.2.hl.TZ1.2d: (i) This reaction uses a catalyst. Sketch and annotate the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.2: (a) Discuss whether either Alex’s or Hannah’s hypothesis is correct. (b) Explain why the...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which unit could be used for the rate of a chemical reaction? A. mol B. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Which of the following can increase the rate of a chemical reaction? I. Increasing the...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: (i) Explain the shape of the curve. (ii) Copy the above graph on your answer sheet and...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.18: What is the best definition of rate of reaction? A. The time it takes to use up all the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which factors can affect reaction rate? I. The state of the reactants II. The frequency...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Equal masses of powdered calcium carbonate were added to separate solutions of hydrochloric acid....
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.iv: State and explain the effect that the addition of the sodium hydroxide catalyst will have on the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: The reactants had to be stirred vigorously because they formed two distinct layers in the...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Define the term rate of reaction.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: The rate of this reaction in (a) (ii), can be studied by measuring the volume of gas collected...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iv: The experiment is repeated using a sample of hydrochloric acid with double the volume, but half...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.i: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: Construct the enthalpy level diagram and label the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), the...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iii: Describe qualitatively the relationship between the rate constant, \(k\), and the temperature,...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Consider the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Which factors will affect the...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
09M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: State two conditions necessary for a reaction to take place between two reactant particles.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iii: State the effect of a catalyst on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\).
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iv: State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.
11M.1.hl.TZ1.20: Curve X on the graph below shows the volume of oxygen formed during the catalytic decomposition...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which statements describe the action of a catalyst? I. It does not alter the \(\Delta H\)...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Consider the reaction between gaseous iodine and gaseous...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3d: A catalyst of copper mixed with zinc oxide and alumina is used in industry for this production of...
11M.1.hl.TZ2.20: Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid react according to the equation...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.19: The reaction below represents the Haber process for the industrial production of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.v: The reaction can be catalysed by adding platinum metal. State and explain what effect the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Define the term rate of a chemical reaction.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: List the three characteristic properties of reactant particles which affect the rate of reaction...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iii: On the axes below sketch two Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the same sample of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iv: Explain why coal dust burns much faster than a large piece of coal with the same mass.
12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: One common type of rechargeable cell is the nickel–cadmium (NiCad) battery. For each terminal of...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which are appropriate units for the rate of a reaction? A. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.18: The following enthalpy level diagram shows the effect of the addition of a catalyst on a chemical...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: Explain why the curve reaches a maximum.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: Use the graph to calculate the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at 120 s.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: (i) Draw a curve on the graph opposite to show how the height of the bubble layer changes...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.17: A student added 0.20 g of calcium carbonate powder to \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.18: Which statement about the kinetic theory is not correct? A. The particles in ice vibrate...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.i: It takes just 0.0400 seconds to produce nitrogen gas in the simulation. Calculate the average...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1d.ii: The students also discovered that a small increase in temperature (e.g. 10 °C) causes a large...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Define the term activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\).
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.ii: Sketch the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curve for a reaction with and without a...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6e.i: Define the term rate of reaction.
16M.1.sl.TZ0.16: Which conditions must be met for a reaction to take place? I. Reactants collide with...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.17: Graph 1 shows a plot of volume of...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.3b: (i) Sketch the potential energy profile for the synthesis of phosgene, using the axes given,...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.3a: (i) State the equation for the overall reaction. (ii) Deduce the rate expression consistent with...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.3b: The enthalpy change for the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is −664 kJ and its...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.16: For the reaction R → P, which letter represents the activation energy for the catalysed reverse...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Which experimental methods could be used to observe the progress of the following...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3d: Draw the best fit line of \(\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}\) against concentration of sodium thiosulfate on...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3e: A student decided to carry out another experiment using 0.075 mol dm-3 solution of sodium...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3f: An additional experiment was carried out at a higher temperature, T2. (i) On the same axes,...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3g: Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Copper catalyses the reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid. Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) →...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.17: 100 cm3 of 10% hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes at 298 K to form water and oxygen. H2O2(aq)...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.i: Suggest how the change of iodine concentration could be followed.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.ii: A student produced these results with [H+] = 0.15 mol\(\,\)dm−3. Propanone and acid were in...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1b: The student then carried out the experiment at other acid concentrations with all...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: The student then carried out the experiment at other acid concentrations with all...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.16: Which change does not increase the initial rate of reaction when CaCO3(s) is added to excess...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which methods can be used to monitor the progress of this...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Outline why the rate of the reaction decreases with time.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: Sketch, on the same graph, the expected results if the experiment were repeated using powdered...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.16: The diagram shows the energy profile for a catalysed and uncatalysed reaction.Which represents...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Excess magnesium powder was added to a beaker containing hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq). The mass...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1e.i: Explain the shape of curve X in terms of the collision theory.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1e.ii: Suggest one possible reason for the differences between curves X and Y.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.2b: Suggest two variables, besides the time of reaction, which the student should have controlled in...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: Outline two ways in which the progress of the reaction can be monitored. No practical details are...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.i: Suggest why point D is so far out of line assuming human error is not the cause.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.iii: Suggest the relationship that points A, B and C show between the concentration of the acid and...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.16: Which change increases the rate of formation of hydrogen when zinc reacts with excess...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.17: Which statements are correct? I. The activation energy of a reaction is not affected by...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Outline two ways in which the progress of the reaction can be monitored. No practical details are...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.i: Suggest why point D is so far out of line assuming human error is not the cause.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.ii: Suggest the relationship that points A, B and C show between the concentration of the acid and...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.1b.i: Suggest why there is a small increase in the surface pressure as the area is reduced to about 240...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2b: Neither method actually gives the initial rate. Outline a method that would allow the initial...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2c.i: Deduce, giving a reason, which of the two methods would be least affected by the chips not having...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2c.ii: State a factor, that has a significant effect on reaction rate, which could vary between marble...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.16: The potential energy profile for the reversible reaction, X + Y \( \rightleftharpoons \) Z is...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.17: Which factors can affect the rate of reaction? I. Particle size of solid reactant ...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2a: Sketch a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a chemical reaction showing the activation...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Sketch a curve on the graph to show the volume of gas produced over time if the same mass of...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.16c: Explain why aspirin is not stored in a hot, humid location.

Topic 7: Equilibrium

15M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.i: The Contact process involves this homogeneous...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.iii: The Contact process involves this homogeneous...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.3d: Outline the economic importance of using a catalyst in the Contact process.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Outline two characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7c: Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction on page 10.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which change will favour the reverse reaction in the...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Carbon monoxide and water react together in the industrial production of hydrogen...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the formation of hydrogen...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which combination of temperature and pressure will give the greatest yield of sulfur...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.i: Describe two characteristics of a reaction at equilibrium.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.iii: State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: Outline two characteristics of a reversible reaction in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: Predict, with a reason, how each of the following changes affects the position of...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5e: Typical conditions used in the Haber process are 500 °C and 200 atm, resulting in approximately...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Which statements explain why a catalyst is used in the Contact process (shown...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction. (ii) Explain the...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.iv: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1d: Outline how you could establish that the system had reached equilibrium at the end of one week.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1f: Outline how adding some ethyl ethanoate to the initial mixture would affect the amount of...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium in aqueous chlorine, why it is dangerous to use an acidic...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8e: Magnesium hydroxide, \({\text{Mg(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\), is only sparingly soluble in...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which statement is correct for a reversible reaction when \({K_{\text{c}}} \gg 1\)? A. The...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Consider this reaction at equilibrium. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for this...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which is always correct for a reaction at equilibrium?
14M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Explain the effect on the position of the equilibrium and on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\)...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1f: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1g: Outline how you could establish that the system had reached equilibrium at the end of one week.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1i: Outline how adding some ethyl ethanoate to the initial mixture would affect the amount of...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.3c: (i) A sample of liquid bromine was left in a closed conical (Erlenmeyer) flask at 298 K and...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which equilibrium reaction shifts to the product side when the temperature is increased at...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.20: Which statement correctly describes the effect of a catalyst on the equilibrium...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: Deduce the extent of the reaction at 200 °C and 1 atm.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: The Contact process operates at a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 2 atm as optimum...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.5c: An engineer at a Contact process plant hypothesized that using pure oxygen, instead of air, would...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.23: Which of the following will shift the position of equilibrium to the right in the Haber...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6b.ii: Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the following...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.20: What happens to the position of equilibrium and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) in the following...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.ii: Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.19: The value of the equilibrium constant, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for a reaction is...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Which changes occur when the temperature is decreased in the following...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.i: Outline the characteristics of a chemical equilibrium.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.ii: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for this reaction.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.i: Increase in temperature.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.ii: Increase in pressure.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.7d.iii: Addition of a catalyst.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.4a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the formation of HI(g).
13M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Which statement is correct when the system is at equilibrium at 350 °C? A. The...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which statement describes and explains the conditions that favour the formation of hydrogen...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Consider the following reaction: \({\text{2A}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}\) ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.20: Iron(III) ions, \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\), react with thiocyanate ions,...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.3a: A glass container is half-filled with liquid bromine and then sealed. The system eventually...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\). (ii) Predict how...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.22: What is the effect of an increase of temperature on the yield and the equilibrium constant for...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.20: The formation of nitric acid, \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}}\), from nitrogen...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.iii: 1.0 mol of \({\rm{C}}{{\rm{l}}_2}\) and 1.0 mol of NO are mixed in a closed container at constant...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iii: If the temperature of the reaction is changed to 300 °C, predict, stating a reason in each case,...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iv: If the volume of the container is changed to \({\text{1.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), predict,...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.v: Suggest, stating a reason, how the addition of a catalyst at constant pressure and temperature...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.20: An increase in temperature increases the amount of chlorine present in the following...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What will happen when at a constant temperature, more iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), are...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.ii: If the temperature of the reaction is changed to 300 °C, predict, stating a reason in each case,...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.iii: If the volume of the container is changed to \({\text{1.50 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), predict,...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.iv: Suggest, stating a reason, how the addition of a catalyst at constant pressure and temperature...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: (i) A state of equilibrium can exist when a piece of copper metal is placed in a solution of...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.6f.iii: Outline the economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process which is an...
10M.2.hl.TZ2.7a: (i) State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\). (ii) ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.20: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the following...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Consider the endothermic reaction...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: (i) State the equilibrium constant expression for the dissociation of water. (ii) ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: In carbonated drinks containing dissolved carbon dioxide under high pressure, the following...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.24: Consider the following reversible...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Consider the following equilibrium...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.i: State what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.ii: Using the abbreviations [vegetable oil], [methanol], [glycerol] and [biodiesel] deduce the...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.iii: Suggest a reason why excess methanol is used in this process.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1c.iv: State and explain the effect that the addition of the sodium hydroxide catalyst will have on the...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.24: Which statement is correct for the equilibrium...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.6a.ii: State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of sulfur trioxide.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.6a.iv: State the effects of a catalyst on the forward and reverse reactions, on the position of...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What effect will an increase in temperature have on the \({K_{\text{c}}}\) value and the position...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which statement is always correct for a chemical reaction at equilibrium? A. The rate of the...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the yield of sulfur trioxide.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iii: State the effect of a catalyst on the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\).
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iv: State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the position of equilibrium.
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.i: Describe how an indicator works.
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.ii: Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Consider the reaction between gaseous iodine and gaseous...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.19: The equilibrium between nitrogen dioxide, \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), and dinitrogen...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Which statement about chemical equilibria implies they are dynamic? A. The position of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: State the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the production of methanol.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.i: increasing the temperature of the reaction at constant pressure.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: increasing the pressure of the reaction at constant temperature.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.3c: The conditions used in industry during the production of methanol are a temperature of 450 °C and...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.18: For the following reaction \({K_{\text{c}}} = 1.0 \times {10^{ - 5}}\) at 30...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.19: The reaction below represents the Haber process for the industrial production of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.i: Outline the characteristics of a homogeneous chemical system that is in a state of equilibrium.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.ii: Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, \({K_{\text{c}}}\).
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iii: Predict what would happen to the position of equilibrium and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) if...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iv: The value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) at 500 K is 160 and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) at 700 K is...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.v: The reaction can be catalysed by adding platinum metal. State and explain what effect the...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.19: What is the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the following...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.20: What happens to the position of equilibrium and the value of \({K_{\text{c}}}\) when the...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which are characteristics of a dynamic equilibrium? I. Amounts of products and reactants are...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.20: The following are \({K_{\text{c}}}\) values for a reaction, with the same starting conditions...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), for the reaction.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will shift when the following changes occur. The...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.18: What is the effect of...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.3a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) State the effect of...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) At exactly 600°C the...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: (i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to strontium...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.18: What happens when the temperature of the following equilibrium system is increased? CO(g) +...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Ethane-1,2-diol can be formed according to the following reaction. 2CO (g) +...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.1b: CT values are influenced by temperature and by pH. The table below shows the CT values for...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.18: Consider the equilibrium between N2O4(g) and NO2(g). N2O4(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2NO2(g) ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: Ammonia reacts reversibly with water. NH3(g) + H2O(l) \( \rightleftharpoons \) NH4+(aq) +...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.17c: Outline, giving the appropriate equation(s), how increasing levels of carbon dioxide will affect...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.20b: Explain the effect of a large amount of aspirin on the pH of blood.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.18: What is the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the following reaction? 2NH3(g) + 2O2(g)...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Which variable affects the equilibrium constant, Kc? A. Atmospheric pressure B. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the decomposition of PCl5(g).
17M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, the factor responsible for establishing the new equilibrium after 14...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1c.i: The equilibrium expression for O2 exchange between the atmosphere and ocean is O2(g)...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: Suggest one improvement to the investigation.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.ii: Describe how large amounts of CO2 could reduce the pH of the ocean using an equation to support...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.18: What will happen if the pressure is increased in the following reaction mixture at...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.19: The enthalpy change for the dissolution of NH4NO3 is +26 kJ mol–1 at 25 °C. Which statement...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K. H2 (g) + I2 (g)...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.i: State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc , for this reaction.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.22: What is the effect of increasing the temperature in this reaction? CO2(g) + H2O(l)...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1d.i: State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1d.ii: Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, Kc, when the temperature is...
18M.1.hl.TZ2.23: What occurs when the pressure on the given equilibrium is increased at constant...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.i: Nitrogen oxide is in equilibrium with dinitrogen dioxide. 2NO(g) \( \rightleftharpoons...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.18: The equilibrium constant for N2(g) + 3H2(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2NH3(g) is K. What is the...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.18: Which factor does not affect the position of equilibrium in this reaction? 2NO2(g)...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: Distinguish between the terms reaction quotient, Q, and equilibrium constant, Kc.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.5b: The equilibrium constant, Kc, is 0.282 at temperature T. Deduce, showing your work, the...

Topic 8: Acids and bases

15M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: Predict and explain the pH of the following aqueous solutions, using equations to support your...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.8a: (i) Outline the difference in dissociation between strong and weak acids of the same...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.i: State the formula of the conjugate base of chloroethanoic acid,...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: Define the term weak base according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which gas in the atmosphere causes the pH of unpolluted rain to be approximately 6? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.22: Which compound is a strong acid? A. \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\) B. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.22: \({\text{10.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a solution of a strong acid with a pH of 3 is added...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Suggest the pH of the solutions formed in part (c) (i).
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: Describe three tests that can be carried out in the laboratory, and the expected results, to...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.6e: Explain whether BF3 can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.ii: Define the term weak base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.iii: Deduce the formulas of conjugate acid-base pairs in the reaction...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.iv: Outline an experiment and its results which could be used to distinguish between a strong base...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.26: What is the conjugate base of phenol,...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone....
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: (i) Determine the mass of copper produced at one of the electrodes in cell 2 if the tin...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8a: Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium in aqueous chlorine, why it is dangerous to use an acidic...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.6d: (i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.18a: State what is meant by the term acid deposition.
14M.3.hl.TZ2.18b: Describe, using equations, the mechanism of acid deposition caused by the oxides of nitrogen,...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.18c: All shellfish have a calcium carbonate shell. Discuss, including a balanced equation, the...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which are acid-base pairs according to the Brønsted‒Lowry theory? I. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.22: A solution of \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) hydrochloric acid has a pH of 4. What is...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which compound reacts with calcium oxide, CaO? A. \({{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) B....
14M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: (i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7a: Outline how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between a...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.i: Chloric(I) acid is a weak acid, but hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Outline how this is...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.ii: State a balanced equation for the reaction of chloric(I) acid with water.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iii: Outline, in terms of the equilibrium above, why it is dangerous to use an acidic toilet cleaner...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4c.iv: Suggest why a covalent molecule, such as chloric(I) acid, is readily soluble in water.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.5d: (i) One group suggested recording how long it takes for the pH of the solution to change by...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.15a: State what is meant by the term acid deposition.
14M.3.sl.TZ2.15b: Industrial processes, such as the burning of coal, generate non-metallic oxides of carbon and...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.15c: All shellfish have a calcium carbonate shell. Discuss, including a balanced equation, the...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1a: Use the data in the table to identify the most acidic water sample.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1c: Determine the ratio of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in bottled water to that in rain...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: The acidity of non-polluted rain water is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. State an equation...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9g: Describe what is meant by a weak Brønsted-Lowry base, including an equation for the reaction of...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.22: A student adds 0.3 g of magnesium metal to equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Use the data in the table to identify the most acidic water sample.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Determine the ratio of \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\) in bottled water to that in rain...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: The acidity of non-polluted rain water is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. State an equation...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.6d.iv: State the formula of the conjugate base of...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.26a.ii: State and explain how the presence of a halogen substituent might affect the acidity of...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.25: What are the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which group of three compounds contains only weak acids and bases?
13N.1.hl.TZ0.28: The table below shows data for the \({{K_{\text{a}}}}\) and \({{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}}\) values...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3c.i: Outline the source of these oxides.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3c.ii: State one product formed from their reaction with water.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.3c.iii: State one environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.ii: Sulfur dioxide is a significant contributor to acid deposition. Identify a major, man-made source...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: Explain the behaviour of HF in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.i: Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.iii: Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.iv: Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What are the conjugate acid–base pairs in the following...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which group of three compounds contains only weak acids and bases?
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3b.i: Outline the source of these oxides.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3b.ii: State one product formed from their reaction with water.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.3b.iii: State one environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.i: Define a Brønsted–Lowry acid.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: Distinguish between the terms strong acid and weak acid.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.iii: Neelu and Charles decided to solve the problem by determining the volume of...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.iv: Neelu and Charles decided to compare the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed with those...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.v: State a suitable choice for both the strong acid and the weak acid. Strong acid: Weak acid:
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.vi: Francisco and Shamiso decided to measure the pH of the initial solution, HQ, and they found that...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5c.vii: Suggest a method, other than those mentioned above, that could be used to solve the problem and...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: The decrease in the pH of rainwater is mainly caused by oxides of non-metals, principally...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.17b: Explain, including an equation, the effect of the acid rain produced in (a) on certain stone...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.1f.ii: With reference to the graph on page 4, describe the effect of increasing temperature on the...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.22: A solution of acid HX has a pH = 1 and a solution of acid HY has a pH = 3. Which statement must...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1d: A solution of HA is a weak acid. Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1e: Describe an experiment, other than measuring the pH, to distinguish HA from a strong acid of the...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.E3a: Discuss the damage to the environment caused by acid deposition.
13M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which of the following is an example of a Lewis acid–base reaction, but not a Brønsted–Lowry...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.1h.i: Following the experiment, the students proposed the following hypothesis: “Since sulfuric acid...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.1h.ii: The students also explored the role of sulfuric acid in everyday processes and found that...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.i: Define an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory and the Lewis theory. Brønsted–Lowry...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.ii: Ethanoic acid is an example of a weak acid. Distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid in...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.6d.i: Describe qualitatively the action of an acid–base indicator.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: State why dilute sulfuric acid needs to be added in order for the current to flow in the...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which list contains only strong bases? A. ammonia, sodium hydroxide, ethylamine B. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which products would be formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium oxide? A. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Deduce the change in hydrogen ion concentration, \({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}}\).
13M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Sulfuric acid present in acid rain can damage buildings made of limestone. Predict the balanced...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a.i: State what is meant by the term acid deposition.
13M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a.iii: One effect of acid deposition is to decrease the pH of lake water. Suggest how this effect could...
12N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Which salts will dissolve in water to give solutions with a pH above 7? I. ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which row correctly describes...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Define an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis theories. Brønsted–Lowry...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iv: Distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid in terms of their dissociation in aqueous...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.vi: When lime was added to a sample of soil, the pH changed from 5 to 7. Calculate the factor by...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.E1a: State one natural origin of acid deposition.
12N.3.sl.TZ0.E1b: State equations which represent chemical transformations of elemental sulfur into sulfurous acid,...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.E1c: Discuss the possible ways of decreasing acid deposition and its adverse effects on the environment.
10N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Which solutions have a pH less than 7? I. ...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Distinguish between the terms strong and weak acid and state the equations used to show...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and hydrocyanic acid of the...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq)...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What is the conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.22: A solution of acid A has a pH of 1 and a solution of acid B has a pH of 2. Which statement must...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: The nitrite ion is present in nitrous acid, HNO2, which is a weak acid. The nitrate ion is...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6d: A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and nitrous acid of the same...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6e: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6f: The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.24: According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how does each species act in the equilibrium...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.25: If \({\text{20 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) samples of...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.8b: Describe qualitatively the action of an acid-base indicator.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.ii: Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
09N.3.hl.TZ0.E3a: Outline the cause of the increase in NO levels between 5 and 8 am.
09N.1.sl.TZ0.22: What is the formula of the conjugate base of the hydrogenphosphate ion, \({\rm{HPO}}_4^{2 -...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.23: Which pH value is that of an aqueous solution of carbon dioxide? A. 2.1 B. 5.6 C. ...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: In many cities around the world, public transport vehicles use diesel, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel,...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: For each of the reactions A and B, deduce whether water is acting as an acid or a base and...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: In reaction B, identify the stronger base, \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \) or...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: In reactions A and B, identify the stronger acid, \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) or...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Describe two different experimental methods to distinguish between aqueous solutions of a strong...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6c.i: Calculate the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions and identify the stronger acid.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.6c.ii: Determine the ratio of the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions X and Y.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.iii: State an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water....
10M.2.hl.TZ2.7a: (i) State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\). (ii) ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which species behave as Brønsted-Lowry acids in the following reversible...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.23: Which of the following are weak acids in aqueous solution? I. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: (i) State the equilibrium constant expression for the dissociation of water. (ii) ...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.27: What is the correct expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\)? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.22: For equal volumes of \({\text{1.0 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solutions of...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.23: When equal volumes of four \({\text{0.1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solutions are...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.i: Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Deduce the two acids and their conjugate bases in the following...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6d.i: Define the term weak acid and state the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.6d.ii: Vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, can be used to clean deposits of calcium carbonate from...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: State an equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
09M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which are definitions of an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories?
09M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which list contains only strong acids? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.23: An example of a strong acid solution is perchloric acid, \({\text{HCl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\),...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.vii: The other product of the reaction is ethanoic acid,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.2b: State one example of an acidic gas, produced by an industrial process or the internal combustion...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Suggest one method, other than measuring pH, which could be used to distinguish between solutions...
09M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a: Outline how the pollutant gases nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, nitrogen(IV) oxide,...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.i: Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory. Distinguish between a weak...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.ii: Weak acids in the environment may cause damage. Identify a weak acid in the environment and...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.8d: Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.22: Consider the equilibrium...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.i: Define the terms acid and base according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory and state one example of a...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.ii: Describe two different methods, one chemical and one physical, other than measuring the pH, that...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.iii: Black coffee has a pH of 5 and toothpaste has a pH of 8. Identify which is more acidic and deduce...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b.i: Outline the process responsible for the production of each acid and state an equation to show its...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b.ii: Acid rain has caused damage to limestone buildings and marble statues. State an equation to...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which is not a conjugate acid-base pair? A. \({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which \({\text{0.10 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution would have the highest...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.22: The pH of a solution changes from \({\text{pH}} = 2\) to \({\text{pH}} = 5\). What happens to the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.iv: Describe two different properties that could be used to distinguish between a...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5a.v: Explain, using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In each...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.E2a: Explain, writing an appropriate equation, why, even in an unpolluted environment, rainwater is...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.E2b: (i) Outline the major source of this gas, including an equation. (ii) Describe,...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.21: What is the Brønsted–Lowry conjugate base of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{PO}}_4^ - \)? A. ...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Three aqueous solutions of nitric acid are listed below. W. ...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: Distinguish between the terms strong base and weak base, and state one example of each.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.ii: Explain why ammonia can act as a Brønsted–Lowry base.
12M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: (i) When ammonium chloride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{Cl(aq)}}\), is added to...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\).
11N.3.hl.TZ0.E1c: Both of these air pollutants also contribute to acid deposition. Outline mechanisms for the...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which descriptions are correct for both a Brønsted–Lowry acid and a Lewis acid?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.22: What is the pH of the solution formed when \({\text{10 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of HCl(aq)...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iii: Z is an example of a weak acid. State what is meant by the term weak acid.
11N.3.sl.TZ0.E1c: Both of these air pollutants also contribute to acid deposition. State one chemical equation for...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the colour change of the indicator that the student would see during his titration...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2c: Suggest why, despite preparing the solution and performing the titrations very carefully, widely...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which is a conjugate...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.20: Which of the following gases does not result in acid deposition? A. CO2B. NO2C. NOD. SO2
16M.1.hl.TZ0.27: Aqueous solutions of a weak acid and a...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water. (ii) Predict how...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) State the hybridization of the...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1d: Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.19: Which species behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases in the following reaction? H2SO4 + HNO3 H2NO3+ +...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.20: What occurs when solid sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid? A. Bubbles...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.27: A student carried out a titration to determine the concentration of an acid and found that his...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid. Weak acid: Strong acid:
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: 5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2•2H2O, was dissolved in water to...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3b: Suggest why the experiment should be carried out in a fume hood or in a well-ventilated laboratory.
16N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: 5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2•2H2O, was dissolved in water to...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which is an acid-base conjugate pair? A. H3O+ / OH– B. H2SO4 / SO42– C. CH3COOH /...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.20: Which 1.0 mol\(\,\)dm–3 solution has the highest pH? A. Ammonium chloride B. Sulfuric...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.24: Which species produced by the successive dissociations of phosphoric acid, H3PO4,...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.25: What is the pH of 1.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq)? Kw = 1.0 × 10−14 A. 3 B....
17M.1.hl.TZ1.26: Which species acts as a Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry base? A. [Al(H2O)6]3+ B. BF3 C. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.2f.ii: Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.4d: Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.2a: Deduce why more heat was produced in mixture B than in mixture A.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.2b: Deduce why the temperature is higher in mixture C than in mixture D.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which of the following is correct? A. A weak acid is a proton donor and its aqueous solution...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.i: Some oxides of period 3, such as Na2O and P4O10, react with water. A spatula measure of each...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: State the equation for the reaction of NO2 in the atmosphere to produce acid deposition.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Identify the amphiprotic species.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Identify one conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.iii: Calculate [H+] in the NaOH solution.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.v: State a technique other than a pH titration that can be used to detect the equivalence point.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.i: Oceans can act as a carbon sink, removing some CO2(g) from the atmosphere. CO2(g)...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.ii: Describe how large amounts of CO2 could reduce the pH of the ocean using an equation to support...
17M.3.hl.TZ2.4a: Identify the other product formed.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.18: What will happen if the pressure is increased in the following reaction mixture at...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.19: 10.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide of pH = 10 is mixed with 990.0 cm3 of...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.20: Which statement is incorrect for a 0.10 mol dm–3 HCOOH solution? A. pH = 1 B. [H+] <<...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Identify two different amphiprotic species in the above reactions.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: State what is meant by the term conjugate base.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iii: State the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH–.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.5c: A student working in the laboratory classified HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 and HClO4 as acids based on...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: Suggest why the enthalpy change of neutralization of CH3COOH is less negative than that of HCl.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.2a: State an equation for the reaction of magnesium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.24: What describes HPO42−? A. Amphiprotic but not amphoteric B. Amphoteric but not...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.25: What is the pH of a solution in which the hydroxide ion concentration is 1 × 10−11 mol dm−3 at...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Write an equation to show ammonia, NH3, acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base and a different equation...
18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.iii: Outline, using an equation, why sodium ethanoate is basic.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.2e.i: Formulate the equation for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, with water to form two acids.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.2e.ii: Formulate the equation for the reaction of one of the acids produced in (e)(i) with calcium...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.19: Which classification is correct for the reaction? H2PO4−(aq) + H2O(l) → HPO42−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
18M.1.sl.TZ1.20: What are the products of the reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate? A. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Activity series of selected...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.20: Which statement is correct? A. A strong acid is a good proton donor and has a strong...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: State and explain the effect on the rate of reaction if ethanoic acid of the same concentration...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Outline why pH is more widely used than [H+] for measuring relative acidity.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: Outline why H3PO4/HPO42− is not a conjugate acid-base pair.

Topic 9: Redox processes

15M.1.hl.TZ1.30: Which represents a redox reaction? A. ...
15M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Which is a redox reaction? A. ...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.i: Bromine can be produced by the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide. Deduce the half-equation...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Bromine reacts with aqueous sodium...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.ii: Determine the oxidation number of carbon in ethanol and ethanal. Ethanol: Ethanal:
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iii: Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iv: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction of ethanol to ethanal with acidified potassium...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.i: State the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\).
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.i: Chromium forms the complex ion...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.i: The dichromate ion,...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.ii: Explain in terms of oxidation numbers whether iodine is oxidized or reduced in part (d) (i).
15M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which represents a redox reaction? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.24: Which species can oxidize ethanol to ethanoic acid? A. \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) B. Fe C. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.25: Two half-cells are connected via a salt bridge to make a voltaic cell. Which statement about this...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What are the oxidation states of each element in...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.24: What is the coefficient for I– when the following equation is balanced using the smallest...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.25: A voltaic cell is made by connecting a copper half-cell,...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2c: Bromine can be produced by the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide. Deduce the half-equation...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2d: Bromine reacts with aqueous sodium...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.ii: Determine the oxidation number of carbon in ethanol and ethanal. Ethanol: Ethanal:
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.iii: Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.iv: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction of ethanol to ethanal with acidified potassium...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.i: Describe, using a labelled diagram, the essential components of this electrolytic cell.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: Molten magnesium chloride can be electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes at 800 °C. Deduce...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.31: Which species are the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6a: Alcohols with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\)...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.5c: (i) Deduce a balanced equation for the reaction between the chlorate(I) ion and sulfur...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.8g: (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a suitable apparatus for the electrolysis. (ii) State...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.23: At which side of the equation are electrons, \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) ions and...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What are the correct names for \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.25: At which electrodes does oxidation occur in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?
14M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What are the correct oxidation numbers of chromium in...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Zinc is more reactive than copper. In this voltaic cell, which species is reduced and in which...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which process occurs when a molten salt is electrolysed? A. The metal ion is oxidized and...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: (i) Draw a labelled electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide, KBr....
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.4d: (i) Deduce the coefficients required to balance the half-equations given below. ___...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.16b: (i) \(1.50 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\text{ mol}}\) of \({{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) was formed...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.31: Which species are produced at each electrode during the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide,...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.10a: (i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for...
14N.3.hl.TZ0.24a: In an acidic soil, nitrate ions may undergo reduction to form ammonium ions. Deduce a...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.23: Which species of vanadium has a different oxidation number from the rest? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Which statement is correct for the following...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which statement about an electrolytic cell is correct? A. Chemical energy is converted to...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8a: (i) Identify whether half-equation 1 represents oxidation or reduction, giving a reason for...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.8c: (i) Given that magnesium is more reactive than silver, deduce the half-equations for the...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Deduce an equation for the discharge of the ions at each electrode. Positive electrode...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.31: What is the name of \({\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)? A. Manganese(II) oxide B. ...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.32: Consider the following...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.6b.i: State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized...
13N.3.hl.TZ0.9b.iv: The reducing agent in the cytochrome oxidase reaction is a species that can be denoted as...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the name of...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Consider the following...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which statements are correct for the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide,...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5a.i: State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Deduce which of the species would react with titanium metal.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iii: Deduce which of the six species is the strongest oxidizing agent.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: Deduce the balanced equation for this reaction.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.5b.iv: A voltaic cell can be constructed using cadmium and europium half-cells. State how the two...
13M.1.hl.TZ1.32: Which are correct statements about a voltaic cell? I. A spontaneous redox reaction occurs...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Deduce the half-equation involving ethanedioic acid.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.4e.i: The standard electrode potential for the half-equation involving ethanedioic acid...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iv: Deduce the oxidation number of iron in...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Describe, using a diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Describe the two ways in which current is conducted in an electrolytic cell.
13M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which statement is correct about a reducing agent? A. It is reduced by gaining...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What is the correct increasing order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Sodium can be obtained by electrolysis from molten sodium chloride. Describe, using a diagram,...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: Calculate the change in oxidation numbers of carbon and manganese. Carbon: Manganese:
13M.2.sl.TZ1.4c: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents. Oxidizing agent: Reducing agent:
13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.i: State the chemical formula for potassium dichromate(VI).
13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.iii: State the oxidation number of chromium in the product.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7a: Define oxidation in terms of oxidation number.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction of copper, Cu(s), with nitrate ions,...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce the oxidizing and reducing agents in this reaction. Oxidizing agent: Reducing agent:
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.iii: Deduce a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for the overall reaction which will...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.v: Deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.vi: Draw a fully labelled diagram of the electrolytic cell, showing the positive electrode (anode)...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.23: Which statement describes a reducing agent? A. It is reduced and gains electrons. B. It...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which is the oxidizing agent in the following...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1d.i: Define the term reduction in terms of electrons.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1d.ii: Deduce the oxidation number of manganese in the \({\text{MnO}}_{\text{4}}^ - {\text{(aq)}}\) ion.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1f.i: One titration was abandoned because a brown precipitate, manganese(IV) oxide, formed. State the...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the correct systematic name of MnO2? A. Manganese(II) oxide B. Manganese(IV)...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.24: A voltaic cell is made by connecting zinc and lead half-cells. The overall equation for the...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which process occurs during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride? A. Oxidation occurs...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: (i) Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron loss or...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.30: Consider the following...
10N.1.hl.TZ0.31: The following equations indicate reactions that occur...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Explain how molten magnesium chloride conducts an electric current. (ii) Identify...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.23: Consider the following...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Metal A is more reactive than metal B. A standard voltaic cell is made as shown. Which...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which statement is correct for the electrolysis of molten lead iodide,...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: (i) Define oxidation in terms of oxidation numbers. (ii) Deduce the oxidation states of...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.6g: Nitric acid reacts with silver in a redox reaction. __ \({\text{Ag(s)}} + \) __...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which compound contains nitrogen with an oxidation number of +3? A. NH4Cl B. HNO3 C. ...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.30: In the electrolytic cell shown, at which electrode will chlorine form, and what is the process...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Outline two differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.iii: On the cell diagram below, label the negative electrode (anode), the positive electrode (cathode)...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Which are redox reactions? I. ...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Deduce the balanced redox equation for this reaction in acidic solution.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Identify the reducing agent in the reaction.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: Calculate the amount, in moles, of \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) used in the titration.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.C4a: State the change in oxidation number of the cadmium and deduce if it is acting as the positive or...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.E2a: State what is meant by the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
10M.2.sl.TZ1.1: (a) (i) Deduce the change in the oxidation numbers of copper and nitrogen in step...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: (i) Draw an annotated diagram of a voltaic cell composed of a magnesium electrode in...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of the four metals, cadmium, nickel, silver and zinc and...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: (i) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride does....
10M.1.sl.TZ2.24: In which species does sulfur have an oxidation number of 0? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What is the reducing agent in the reaction...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which changes could take place at the positive electrode (cathode) in a voltaic cell? I. ...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.5c: (i) Determine the oxidation number of lead in Pb, \({\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4a.i: State the half-equation for the oxidation of the iron(II) ions.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4a.ii: State the half-equation for the reduction of the \({\text{MnO}}_4^ - \) ions in acidic solution.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.4a.iii: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iii: Deduce which species acts as the oxidizing agent when the cell is operating.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: \({{\text{[Co(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\)
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.ii: \({\text{C}}{{\text{o}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{(S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}\)
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: \({{\text{[CoC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\)
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: concentrated sodium chloride
09M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.ii: molten sodium bromide
09M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What happens at the negative electrode in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?
09M.1.sl.TZ1.25: Consider how current is conducted in an electrolytic cell. Which statement is correct? A. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Molten sodium oxide is a good conductor of electricity. State the half-equation for the reaction...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.4a: Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.i: State the oxidation number of manganese in \({\text{KMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) and in...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.4b.ii: Deduce which species has been oxidized in this reaction and state the change in oxidation number...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.D3b.ii: State with a reason whether chromium in potassium dichromate(VI) is oxidised or reduced by ethanol.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2a: Outline the meaning of the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c.i: State what happened to the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) in step 1 in terms of electrons.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c.ii: State the change in oxidation number for manganese in step 2.
09M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.i: Outline two differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.
09M.1.sl.TZ2.12: Metal M has only one oxidation number and forms a compound with the formula...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which species is oxidized in the following...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which list represents the halogens in increasing order of oxidizing strength (weakest oxidizing...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Define oxidation in terms of oxidation numbers.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: Describe using a labelled diagram, the essential components of an electrolytic cell.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iv: Molten sodium chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic cell. For each electrode deduce...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.v: Electrolysis has made it possible to obtain reactive metals such as aluminium from their ores,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.vi: Outline two differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.
11M.1.hl.TZ1.36: What is the correct order of reaction types in the following sequence?
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.i: Draw an electrolytic cell illustrating the electrolysis of molten nickel(II) bromide,...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9e.i: Deduce the oxidation number of the nitrogen in the reactants and product.
11M.2.hl.TZ1.9e.ii: Deduce the oxidation and reduction half-equations and identify the oxidizing agent for the reaction.
11M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which species could be reduced to form \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)? A. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.24: Consider the overall reaction taking place in a voltaic...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What happens to the manganese in the following...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: State the species which is the strongest oxidizing agent.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.iii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Sn(s) under...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an Fe (s) /...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Deduce the equation for the chemical reaction occurring when the cell in part (c) (i) is...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }\).
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iii: State the balanced half-equation for the reduction of dichromate ions to chromium(III) ions.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.i: Explain why it is very difficult to obtain sodium from sodium chloride by any other method.
11M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What happens to iodine when iodate ions, \({\text{IO}}_3^ - \), are converted to iodine...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Consider the following reactions of three unknown metals X, Y and...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which statement about the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride is correct? A. A...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.i: Deduce the oxidation number of antimony in stibnite.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.ii: Deduce one other common oxidation number exhibited by antimony in some of its compounds.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Deduce the chemical equations for these two reactions.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: Deduce the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive electrode (cathode) and...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.5b.iii: Deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place in the voltaic cell and determine which...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What is the name of \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}\)? A. Copper(I)...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Consider the following...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What occurs during the operation of a voltaic cell based on the following overall...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: (i) Deduce the oxidation numbers of oxygen present in each of the species below. (ii) ...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Distinguish between the terms oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation numbers.
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: State the names of \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.i: Define the term oxidizing agent.
11N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.ii: \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}\) and...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.8: Which of the following redox reactions take place? I. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the correct decreasing order of reactivity of the metals X, Y and Z based on the...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.24: What is produced at the positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode (cathode) during the...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.i: Draw the essential components of this electrolytic cell and identify the products that form at...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.3a.ii: State the half-equations for the oxidation and reduction processes and deduce the overall cell...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and sulfur. State the...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.5d.ii: Describe the redox behaviour of chromium with reference to oxidation numbers in the conversion of...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.21: Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of MnO2? A. Magnesium(II) oxide B. Manganese(II)...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which statement is correct for a voltaic but not for an electrolytic cell? A. An electrolyte is...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.30: Applying IUPAC rules,...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.31: Which statement...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus,...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.17: Which experimental methods could be used to observe the progress of the following...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which is a correct statement for the reaction below? 2MnO4-(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 5NO2-(aq) →...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.22: A voltaic cell is constructed from zinc and copper half-cells. Zinc is more reactive than copper....
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.4g: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
16N.2.hl.TZ0.4i: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. (i) Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.1c: Despite widespread improvements in the provision of safe drinking water, the sale of bottled...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.21: What is the order of decreasing reactivity of the metals (most reactive first)? Zn(s) + Sn2+(aq)...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.22: What is the oxidation half-equation in the redox reaction? 2S2O32–(aq) + I2(aq) → S4O62–(aq) +...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which statements are correct for a voltaic...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.28: Which change represents oxidation? A. HClO4 to HClO3 B. N2 to NH3 C. N2O to NO D....
17M.1.hl.TZ1.29: A reaction takes place when a rechargeable battery is used: Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) +...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.i: Suggest how the change of iodine concentration could be followed.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.3a: Determine the oxidation state of vanadium in each of the following species.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.3b: Formulate an equation for the reaction between VO2+(aq) and V2+(aq) in acidic solution to form...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.i: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that can reduce VO2+(aq) to V3+(aq) but no further.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.ii: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that could convert...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.i: Formulate an equation for the reaction between VO2+(aq) and V2+(aq) in acidic solution to form...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: Formulate an equation for the oxidation of nickel(II) sulfide to nickel(II) oxide.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.4b: The nickel obtained from another ore, nickeliferous limonite, is contaminated with iron. Both...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Suggest why experiments involving tetracarbonylnickel are very hazardous.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.19: Which of the following does not react with dilute HCl(aq)? A. Na2CO3 B. Cu C. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which element is reduced in the following decomposition? (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → N2(g) + Cr2O3(s) +...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which of the following is not a redox reaction? A. CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g) B. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What occurs at the anode (positive electrode) during the electrolysis of molten strontium...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.28: Which element is reduced in the following decomposition? (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → N2(g) + Cr2O3(s) +...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.36: Which compounds can be reduced? I. C2H4II. CH3COOHIII. CH3CHO A. I and II...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.i: State the oxidation half-equation.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2a.ii: Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction between acidic Sn2+(aq) and Cr2O72–(aq), using...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.iii: Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in the two reactants.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.4a.iv: Deduce, giving a reason, which species is the reducing agent.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Nickel is also used as a catalyst. It is processed from an ore until nickel(II) chloride solution...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.5b.ii: Deduce the redox equation for the reaction of nickel(II) chloride solution with the metal...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.21: What are the oxidation states of chromium in (NH4)2Cr2O7 (s) and Cr2O3 (s)?
17N.1.sl.TZ0.22: Which of the following is a redox reaction? A. 3Mg (s) + 2AlCl3 (aq) → 2Al (s) + 3MgCl2 (aq) B....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.23: What is the reaction type and major product at the anode (positive electrode) when molten...
17N.1.hl.TZ0.30: Consider the following half-equations: I2 (s) + 2e– \( \rightleftharpoons \) 2I– (aq) ...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2e.i: Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2e.ii: A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn2+/Mn half-cell and a Ni2+/Ni half-cell. Deduce the equation...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.2e.iii: The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below. Draw and label the connections...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Deduce a balanced equation for the overall reaction when the standard nickel and iodine...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: Predict, giving a reason, the direction of movement of electrons when the standard nickel and...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: Identify the best reducing agent in the table above.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1a: Sketch a graph that would support the student’s hypothesis.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1b.iii: Outline how current flows in the sodium chloride solution.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing component of the cell and its function.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode when current flows.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: Annotate the diagram with the location and direction of electron movement when current flows.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.iv: Deduce any change in the colour of the electrolyte during electrolysis.
18M.2.hl.TZ2.4a: In acidic solution, bromate ions, BrO3−(aq), oxidize iodide ions, I−(aq). BrO3−(aq) + 6H+(aq) +...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.21: Which equation shows oxygen undergoing reduction? A. 2F2 + O2 → 2F2O B. Na2O + H2O →...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.22: What are the products of electrolysis when molten calcium bromide is electrolysed using graphite...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.23: Which coefficients correctly balance this redox equation? aFe2+(aq) + MnO4−(aq) + bH+(aq) →...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing component of the cell and its function.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode when current flows.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: Annotate the diagram with the location and direction of electron movement when current flows.
18M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which element has the same oxidation number in both species? A. C in C2H4 and CO2 B. H...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which can describe oxidation? A. Loss of hydrogen B. Decrease in oxidation number C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.23: What are the products of the electrolysis of molten zinc bromide?
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3c.ii: Impure copper can be purified by electrolysis. In the electrolytic cell, impure copper is the...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.3c.iii: Outline where and in which direction the electrons flow during electrolysis.

Topic 10: Organic chemistry

15M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is the product of the addition of chlorine, \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\), to...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: State an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene and the necessary reaction...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.5d: State the equation for the acid-catalysed reaction of ethanol with propanoic acid and state the...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6a: State the equation for the reaction between methane and bromine to form bromomethane.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.i: Explain, using equations, the complete free-radical mechanism for the reaction of methane with...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Bromomethane reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide. State the organic product of this reaction.
15M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.i: Ethanol is a primary alcohol that can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI)....
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.i: Deduce the full structural formula of compound A.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.ii: Apply IUPAC rules to name compound A.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.iii: Describe the colour change observed when excess but-2-ene reacts with bromine to form compound A.
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10b: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10e: Compound C, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\), can be oxidized by...
15M.2.hl.TZ2.10g: Deduce the equation for the complete combustion of compound C.
15M.1.sl.TZ1.24: Which species can oxidize ethanol to ethanoic acid? A. \({{\text{I}}^ - }\) B. Fe C. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which compound could be X in the two-stage reaction...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of the compound? A. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which statements about the chlorine free radical are correct? I. It has 18 electrons. II. ...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.29: Which statement is correct about the polymerization of ethene to poly(ethene)? A. The...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Applying IUPAC rules, what is the name of...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which statements are correct for the reaction of ethene with bromine in the absence of...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: State the equation for the reaction between methane and bromine to form bromomethane.
15M.2.sl.TZ1.2b: Explain, using equations, the complete free-radical mechanism for the reaction of methane with...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: (i) State an equation for the formation of ethanol from ethene and the necessary reaction...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: Identify the homologous series to which ethanol belongs and state two features of a homologous...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7b: \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) exists as three isomers. Identify the...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.7c.i: Ethanol is a primary alcohol that can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI)....
15M.2.sl.TZ2.4a: State two features of a homologous series.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.4b: Ethane, a member of the homologous series of alkanes, can react with bromine. Explain the...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Deduce the full structural formula of compound A.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Apply IUPAC rules to name compound A.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.iii: Describe the colour change observed when excess but-2-ene reacts with bromine to form compound A.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7b: State the names of the reagents D and E.
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7d: Compound C, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\), can also be formed...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7e: Compound C can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form compound F. (i) ...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.7g.ii: Deduce the equation for the complete combustion of compound C.
14M.1.hl.TZ1.34: What is the IUPAC name for...
14M.1.hl.TZ2.39: What is the structural formula of the ester formed by reacting propanoic acid with...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: State the conditions necessary for this reaction.
14M.2.hl.TZ1.6a: Alcohols with the molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\)...
14M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.i: Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3e: Y is an isomer of X, which contains the same functional groups. Deduce the structural formula of Y.
14M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which statement is correct for members of the same homologous series? A. They have the same...
14M.1.sl.TZ1.29: For the reaction pathway below, what are the names for the first and second...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which properties are features of a homologous series? I. Same general formula II. ...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which compound is an isomer of octane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{18}}}}\)? A....
14M.1.sl.TZ2.29: In which pair are both compounds secondary?
14M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the oxidation number of chromium in...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7d: (i) Identify the reagent necessary for this reaction to occur. (ii) Deduce the...
14M.2.sl.TZ1.7f: Bromoethene, \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHBr}}\), can undergo polymerization. Draw...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.3a: State a balanced equation for the complete combustion of nonane.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.3b: Combustion also often forms carbon and carbon monoxide. Outline what reaction conditions result...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: (i) State the type of polymerization that occurs. (ii) Draw the structure of a...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: Applying IUPAC rules, state the name of A.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: State the reagent required to convert A into B.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: (i) State the conditions required for this reaction to occur. (ii) Outline why it...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6e: A can also be converted into C without going via B. State the reagent and conditions required.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6f: (i) State why C is not readily oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI). (ii) ...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6g.i: State the conditions required for this reaction to occur.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.6g.ii: State the homologous series to which D belongs.
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3e: (i) Deduce the structural formula of Y. (ii) Predict one difference between the...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.20a: Describe the structure of benzene.
14M.3.sl.TZ2.20b: State one piece of chemical evidence proving benzene does not contain alternate single and double...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which product is formed when bromine water is added to propene,...
14N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which of these repeating units is present in the polymer poly(propene)?
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9a: Apply IUPAC rules to state the names of the four compounds.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9b: (i) Define the term structural isomers. (ii) Identify the two compounds in the...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9c: (i) Determine the organic product formed when each of the compounds is heated under reflux...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.9f: (i) Pentanoic acid reacts with ethanol. State the structural formula of the organic product...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the name of the alkane shown in the diagram below, applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which structural formula represents a secondary halogenoalkane? A. ...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which equation represents a propagation step in the reaction of methane with bromine? A. ...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4a: State the names of two functional groups in D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Deduce the empirical formula of D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: State a balanced equation for the complete combustion of D-fructose.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7a: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of compound 1.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7b: (i) Define the term structural isomers. (ii) Identify the two compounds in the...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.7c: Determine the organic product formed when each of the compounds is heated under reflux with...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.26d: Propanone could also be formed from propene by reaction with steam over an acidic catalyst,...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.35: What is the name of...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which functional groups are present in...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.39: What is the organic product of the reaction between butan-1-ol and ethanoic acid on heating using...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8a: State the other substances required to convert 2-methylbut-2-ene to 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13N.2.hl.TZ0.8b: Explain whether you would expect 2-methylbutan-2-ol to react with acidified potassium...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the name of...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.27: What is the function of the ultraviolet light used in the reaction between ethane and...
13N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Which organic product forms in the following...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Complete the overall equation for this reaction by stating the...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: State the type of mechanism by which this reaction occurs.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: Traces of butane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{10}}}}\), are also found amongst...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6a: Draw the structure of 2-methylbut-2-ene.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: State the other substances required to convert 2-methylbut-2-ene to 2-methylbutan-2-ol.
13N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: Explain whether you would expect 2-methylbutan-2-ol to react with acidified potassium...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.i: Outline three features of a homologous series.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.ii: Describe a test to distinguish but-2-ene from butane, including what is observed in each case.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iii: 2-bromobutane can be produced from but-2-ene. State the equation of this reaction using...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What is the name of the following molecule applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.26: How many non-cyclic structural isomers exist with the molecular formula...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Which steps are involved in the free-radical mechanism of the bromination of ethane in the...
13M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which substance can be polymerized to produce the polymer below? A. But-1-ene B. ...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of this molecule.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: Deduce the structural formula of two isomers of the molecule above with the same functional group.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.5c: Describe, using an equation, the oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) of the substance...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8a.i: Outline three features of a homologous series.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8a.ii: Describe a test to distinguish ethene from ethane, including what is observed in each case.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8a.iii: Bromoethane can be produced either from ethene or from ethane. State an equation for each reaction.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8b.i: State the equation for the reaction of...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.iii: Deduce whether C4H9Br is a primary or tertiary halogenoalkane.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.iv: Determine the structural formula of C4H9Br.
13M.2.sl.TZ1.8c.v: Describe, using an equation, how \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{Br}}\)...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1a: Draw the two possible structures of compound P.
13M.1.hl.TZ2.33: What are possible products of the incomplete combustion of propan-2-ol? A. carbon monoxide,...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.3a: Identify the name of the functional group circled in the structure of carboplatin.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: Clomifene, a fertility drug, whose three-dimensional structure is represented below, also has...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.i: Draw any two other isomers of P.
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.ii: Apply IUPAC rules to state the names of all the straight-chain isomers of compounds of molecular...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.iii: State the structural formula of the organic products, Q, R, S and T, formed in the following...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.v: State the structural formula of the organic product formed, U, when R is heated under reflux with...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.vi: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of this product, U.
13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3b.i: Because it contains several –OH groups and an amine group, doxycycline is slightly polar....
13M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which three compounds can be considered to be a homologous series? A. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.27: What is the name of the following compound applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What are possible products of the incomplete combustion of propane? A. carbon monoxide,...
13M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which equation represents a propagation step in the mechanism for the reaction between ethane,...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.3a.ii: State the name of the compound formed that is responsible for this decreased pH value.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.4b.i: Deduce the full structural formula for both compounds, showing all the bonds...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.iv: Draw the structure of poly(chloroethene) showing two repeating units.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: Identify the names of two functional groups present in cortisone. 1. 2.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.ii: Draw a circle around each of these two functional groups in the structure above and label them 1...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7b: Describe what is meant by the term structural isomers.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.i: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of P.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.ii: X is a straight-chain structural isomer of P. Draw the structure of X.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iii:
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iv: Identify a suitable catalyst used in the reaction to form R.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.v: P, CH3CH=CHCH3, reacts with HBr to form CH3CHBrCH2CH3. Suggest one suitable mechanism for the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.vi: State the structural formula of the organic product formed, S, when Q is heated under reflux with...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.vii: Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of this product, S.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.viii: P can undergo a polymerization reaction. Draw two repeating units of the resulting polymer.
12N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.iii: One important use of chlorine is in the synthesis of poly(chloroethene), PVC. Identify the...
12N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.i: Apply IUPAC rules to name the ester, CH3COOCH2CH3(aq).
12N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which statement about a homologous series is correct? A. Members of the series differ by...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which compound is not an isomer of hexane? A. ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which compound would decolourize bromine water in the dark? A. ...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Some methane gas is burned in a limited supply of oxygen. Which products could form? I. ...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: State the meaning of the term structural isomers.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: X is an isomer of C4H8 and has the structural formula shown below. Apply IUPAC rules to name...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iv: State the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of X with HBr to form Y.
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.v: Y reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), to form an alcohol, Z. Identify whether Z is a...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.vii: Deduce the structural formula of the organic product formed when Z is oxidized by heating under...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.6b.i: Draw the ester functional group.
10N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which compound is an amide? A. CH3COOCH3 B. CH3CONH2 C. CH3NH2 D. CH2(NH2)COOH
10N.2.hl.TZ0.2c: Identify the structural formula of an isomer of but-2-ene which does not decolourize bromine...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.2d: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance. (ii) ...
10N.2.hl.TZ0.5c: State the reagent and conditions needed for reaction 1.
10N.2.hl.TZ0.5d: Reaction 1 involves a free-radical mechanism. Describe the stepwise mechanism, by giving...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which of the following substances are structural isomers of each other? I. ...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which order is correct when the following substances are arranged in order of increasing boiling...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which monomer could be used to form a polymer with the following repeating unit? A. ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: State the name of the alkene shown.
10N.2.sl.TZ0.2b: Bromine water, Br2(aq), can be used to distinguish between the alkanes and the alkenes. (i) ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.2c: (i) Outline two reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance. (ii) ...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.4e: State the name of the product and identify the type of reaction which occurs between ethene and...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5c: (i) State the reagent and conditions needed for reaction 1. (ii) State the reagent(s)...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5d: Reaction 1 involves a free-radical mechanism. Describe the stepwise mechanism, by giving...
10N.2.sl.TZ0.5f: (i) Deduce the structural formula of each isomer. (ii) Identify the isomer from part (f)...
10N.3.sl.TZ0.G1: (a) Describe the structure of benzene, C6H6. (b) State two pieces of evidence that...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which reaction occurs via a free-radical mechanism? A. ...
09N.1.hl.TZ0.38: What is the name of the ester formed when...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.i: Draw the structural formulas of the two geometrical isomers of 1-chloro-but-2-ene.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.ii: Explain why 1-chloro-but-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism.
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.iii: Draw the structural formula of one isomer of...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.i: State whether this reaction is SN1 or SN2.
09N.1.sl.TZ0.26: How many structural isomers exist with the formula...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.28: Which substance is not produced during the combustion of alkanes? A. ...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4a.i: Identify the boiling points for each of the isomers A, B and C and state a reason for your answer.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Both \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{12}}}}\) and...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7a.i: State an equation for the reaction of...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.i: Draw four structural isomers of molecular formula...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: On reaction with acidified potassium dichromate(VII), two of the isomers are oxidised in two...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iii: A third isomer is oxidized in one step. Draw the structural formula of the organic product formed.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.iv: State the colour change that takes place in these oxidation reactions.
09N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.v: Identify the isomer which resists oxidation by acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
10M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: Below are four structural isomers with molecular formula...
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.ii: Draw a section of poly(chloroethene) containing six carbon atoms.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: State the reagents and conditions necessary to prepare ethanoic acid from ethanol in the laboratory.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Ethanol is part of the homologous series of alcohols. Describe two features of a homologous series.
10M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: (i) Below are four structural isomers of alcohols with molecular formula...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G2a: Explain how a bromine molecule is able to act as an electrophile.
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G2b: (i) bromine. (ii) hydrogen bromide.
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G3a: Describe two different types of physical evidence which show that benzene does not contain three...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.G3b: Explain how the reaction of benzene with bromine provides chemical evidence that benzene does not...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.27: What is the structural formula of 2,3-dibromo-3-methylhexane? A. ...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What happens when a few drops of bromine water are added to excess hex-1-ene and the mixture is...
10M.1.sl.TZ2.29: What is the product of the following...
10M.2.sl.TZ2.7a.i: The reaction of alkenes with bromine water provides a test for unsaturation in the laboratory....
10M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: (i) Deduce the structural formulas of the two alcohol isomers of molecular formula...
10M.3.sl.TZ2.G2: Hydrolysis of aliphatic and aromatic halides occurs under different conditions. State an...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.34: Identify the functional group present in...
09M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is the IUPAC name for...
09M.2.hl.TZ1.2a.i: State the equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with water.
09M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Determine the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene using the values for the...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which three compounds can be considered to be a homologous series? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.27: What is the IUPAC name for...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.28: When bromine water is shaken with a liquid organic compound, it is rapidly decolourized. What can...
09M.1.sl.TZ1.29: Which conditions are required to obtain a good yield of a carboxylic acid when ethanol is...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: Identify the organic functional group present in both vegetable oil and biodiesel.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.2a: Calculate the value for the enthalpy of hydrogenation of ethene obtained using the average bond...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.iii: When propan-1-ol is oxidized using a warm acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI) two...
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.iv: Propan-2-ol is an isomer of propan-1-ol. Draw the structure of propan-2-ol.
09M.2.sl.TZ1.7a.v: Identify the class of alcohols that propan-2-ol belongs to and state the name of the organic...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c.i: Identify the amine functional group in the morphine molecule below by drawing a ring around it.
09M.3.sl.TZ1.D3b.i: Describe the colour change of potassium dichromate(VI) when it reacts with ethanol.
09M.1.hl.TZ2.33: What structural feature must a molecule have in order to undergo addition polymerization? A. ...
09M.1.hl.TZ2.38: What is the IUPAC name of the compound...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.i: Calculate the \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value of benzoic acid,...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.ii: Based on its \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value, state and explain whether benzoic acid is a strong or weak...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.iii: Determine the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iv: State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in...
09M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.i: Ethanol to ethyl ethanoate.
09M.1.sl.TZ2.26: What is the product of the oxidation of butan-2-ol? A. But-2-ene B. Butanoic acid C. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which is a tertiary halogenoalkane? A. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? A. 2-methylbutane B. ...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which equations represent the incomplete combustion of methane? I. ...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: State the names of the three organic functional groups in aspirin.
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.iv: Ethanol can be oxidized using acidified potassium dichromate,...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6a.vi: Ethene can be converted into ethanol by direct hydration in the presence of a catalyst according...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the name of one structural isomer of pentane.
11M.1.hl.TZ1.36: What is the correct order of reaction types in the following sequence?
11M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: Deduce an equation for the reaction between propanoic acid and methanol. Identify the catalyst...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which of the following statements about alkenes is not correct? A. They have reactive double...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which of the following are isomers of pentane? I. 2-methylpentane II. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ1.29: Which of the following pairs are members of the same homologous series? A. ...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: State and explain the trend of the boiling points of the first five members of the alkene...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: Describe two features of a homologous series.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6c: Below is a schematic diagram representing some reactions of ethene. The letters A–D represent the...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: Describe a chemical test that could be used to distinguish between pent-1-ene and pentane.
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6e: State and explain whether the following molecules are primary, secondary or tertiary...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.6f: Explain, using equations, the following steps in the free-radical mechanism of the reaction of...
11M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which reactants could be used to form the compound below? A. Butanoic acid and...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.i: Describe the colour change that will be observed in the reaction.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iv: Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal and hence the overall redox...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.v: Explain why it is necessary to carry out the reaction under acidic conditions.
11M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.vi: Identify the organic product formed if excess potassium dichromate is used and the reaction is...
11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.v: The product \({{\text{C}}_{\text{5}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{11}}}}{\text{OH}}\) formed from the...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which organic molecule is not a structural isomer of pentan-1-ol? A. pentan-2-ol B. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which of the structures below is an aldehyde? A. ...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.28: What product is formed when...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.i: State the conditions necessary for the hydrogenation reaction to occur.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.i: Describe a chemical test that could be used to distinguish between propane and propene. In each...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.ii: Under certain conditions propene can polymerize to form poly(propene). State the type of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.6c.iii: Other than polymerization, state one reaction of alkenes which is of economic importance.
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: State the equation for the complete combustion of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: Both propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol can be oxidized in aqueous solution by potassium dichromate(VI)....
11M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.iii: State the name(s) and structure(s) of the organic product(s) that can be formed when each of the...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b.i: State the name of the functional group circled on the structure of caffeine.
12M.3.sl.TZ1.G1: The structure of benzene originally described by August Kekulé is shown below. Explain, giving...
12M.1.hl.TZ2.32: What is the name of...
12M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.i: State the names of two organic compounds required to produce ethyl methanoate and state suitable...
12M.2.hl.TZ2.10b.iii: State and explain how the rate of step II would differ if 2-chlorobutane was used instead of...
12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3d: (i) Identify the \(\beta \)-lactam ring by drawing a circle around it. (ii) Explain why...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Consider the compound...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular formula. Empirical...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.7a: (i) State the meaning of the term isomers. (ii) Deduce the structural formulas of...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.7b: (i) Explain why alkanes have low reactivity. (ii) Outline the meaning of the term...
12M.2.sl.TZ2.7c: (i) Identify a suitable catalyst for this reaction. (ii) But-2-ene can be converted to...
12M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b: Describe how an oil can be converted into a fat.
11N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which compound is produced in the reaction between but-2-ene and steam? A. ...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which compound is the major product of the reaction when 1-bromobutane is heated with...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.i: Compare the formation of sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds between the carbon atoms in...
11N.2.hl.TZ0.9b.i: State the IUPAC names of each of the compounds, D, E, F and G. D: E: F: G:
11N.2.hl.TZ0.9b.iv: Discuss the volatility of E compared to F.
11N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which equation represents the initiation reaction when methane reacts with chlorine in the...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which molecule contains an ester group? A. ...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.28: From which monomer is this polymer made?
11N.1.sl.TZ0.29: What is the organic product of the reaction between 2-chlorobutane and sodium hydroxide...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Deduce the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: Determine the standard enthalpy change, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.4d: Based on the types of intermolecular force present, explain why butan-1-ol has a higher boiling...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7a: One example of a homologous series is the alcohols. Describe two features of a homologous series.
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.i: The IUPAC name of X is 4-methylpentan-1-ol. State the IUPAC names of Y and Z. Y: Z:
11N.2.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert X to Y and X to Z. X to Y: X to Z:
16M.3.sl.TZ0.8b: (i) State the name of the functional group circled in the DHEA molecule shown below. (ii)...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.23: ...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.24: ...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which compound can both be esterified and turn acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the mechanism of the reaction between ethane and chlorine in sunlight? A....
16M.3.hl.TZ0.26a: Identify the functional group circled in the structure of oseltamivir.
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4a: (i) State the name, applying IUPAC rules, of compound A. (ii) Draw a section, showing three...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Compound B is related to compound A. (i) State the term that is used to describe molecules...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2b: One important industrial use of phosgene is the production of polyurethanes. Phosgene is reacted...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2c: The other monomer used in the production of polyurethane is compound Z shown below. (i) State...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.5a: (i) State the term that is used to describe molecules that are related to each other in the same...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.23: The structure of a drug used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease is shown below. Which...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.24: Which alcohols are oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution when heated? A. I...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which monomer is used to form the polymer with the following repeating unit? A....
16N.1.sl.TZ0.26: Which type of reaction occurs when methanol and propanoic acid react together in the presence of...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Determine the average oxidation state of carbon in ethene and in...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2, and then to carbon dioxide...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.5a: Draw the full structural formulas of propane and propene.
16N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Both propane and propene react with bromine. (i) State an equation and the condition required...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.2b: In trial 3, the students noticed that after heating, the crucible had turned black on the...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: The structures of two molecules, X and Y, are shown below. (i) Justify why both these...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: State the IUPAC name for leucine.
16N.3.sl.TZ0.17b: Oseltamivir does not possess the carboxyl group needed for activity until it is chemically...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Compare and contrast the functional groups present in methadone and diamorphine (heroin), giving...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What is the order of increasing boiling point? A. C4H10 < CH3COOH < CH3CH2CHO <...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What are the functional groups in the aspirin...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.26: What is the name of the compound with this molecular structure applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Which molecule has a tertiary nitrogen? A. (CH3)2NH B. (C2H5)4N+I− C. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is the major product of the reaction between 2-methylbut-2-ene and hydrogen bromide? A. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5a: Ethane, C2H6, reacts with chlorine in sunlight. State the type of this reaction and the name of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5b: Formulate equations for the two propagation steps and one termination step in the formation of...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.i: One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.ii: The mass and 1H\(\,\)NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5d: Chloroethene, C2H3Cl, can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of the polymer with three...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.6a: Discuss the physical evidence for the structure of benzene.
17M.2.sl.TZ1.6b: State the typical reactions that benzene and cyclohexene undergo with bromine.
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: One possible product, X, of the reaction of ethane with chlorine has the following composition by...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: The mass and 1H NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.7c: State the reagents used to convert benzene to nitrobenzene and the formula of the electrophile...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.i: Describe the difference in their structures.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.ii: Explain why the difference in their structures affects their melting points.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.15b: Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the...
17M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: Deduce the repeating unit of the polymer and the other product of the reaction.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which functional group is present in paracetamol? A. Carboxyl B. Amino C. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.25: Which describes the reaction between a halogen and ethane?
17M.1.sl.TZ2.26: Which conditions are used to convert ethanol to ethanal? A. Excess oxidizing agent and...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which compound contains a secondary carbon atom? A. CH3CH(Cl)CH(CH3)2 B. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.36: Which compounds can be reduced? I. C2H4II. CH3COOHIII. CH3CHO A. I and II...
17M.1.hl.TZ2.37: In which order should the reagents be used to convert benzene into phenylamine (aniline)?
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6a: Using relevant equations, show the initiation and the propagation steps for this reaction.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6b: Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.6c: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer with the following structure. State the structural...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.v: Identify one organic functional group that can react with acidified K2Cr2O7(aq).
17M.2.hl.TZ2.6b: The overall equation for monochlorination of methane is: CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) +...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: Identify the functional group that shows stretching at 1710 cm–1 in the infrared spectrum of this...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: Suggest the structural formula of this compound.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce the structural formula of the main organic product when hex-1-ene reacts with hydrogen...
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: State the reagents and the name of the mechanism for the nitration of benzene.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: Hydrogenation of propene produces propane. Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS θ, for the...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: Identify the functional groups which are present in only one structure of glucose.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: Suggest, giving one reason, whether this is an addition or condensation reaction.
17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c.iii: Subsequent steps proceed under differing conditions, forming the dendrimer polymer with the...
17M.3.hl.TZ2.20a.iii: Suggest two absorbances, other than the absorbances due to the ring structure and C–H bonds, that...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.24: What is the major product of the reaction between HCl and but-2-ene? A. 1,2-dichlorobutane B....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.25: Which compound can be oxidized when heated with an acidified solution of...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.26: What is the name of this compound, using IUPAC rules? A. 3-methylbutan-3-ol B....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.27: Which type of reaction occurs between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid? A. Addition B....
17N.1.sl.TZ0.28: How many structural isomers of C6H14 exist? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
17N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which functional group is responsible for the pKb of 4.1 in this compound? A. Amido B....
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.i: Deduce the type of chemical reaction and the reagents used to distinguish between these compounds.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.ii: State the observation expected for each reaction giving your reasons.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6b: Explain, with the help of equations, the mechanism of the free-radical substitution reaction of...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.8b.i: State the type of reaction occurring during the titration.
18M.1.hl.TZ1.33: Which monomer could create this polymer? A. But-2-ene B. But-1-ene C. ...
18M.1.hl.TZ1.34: Which is a secondary alcohol?
18M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which would be the most effective method to distinguish between liquid propan-1-ol and...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3a.i: Ethyne, like ethene, undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. State the conditions required.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3a.ii: Outline the formation of polyethene from ethene by drawing three repeating units of the polymer.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Ethyne reacts with chlorine in a similar way to ethene. Formulate equations for the following...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.3d: One possible Lewis structure for benzene is shown. State one piece of physical evidence that...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: State the organic product of the reaction between 1-chlorobutane, CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl, and aqueous...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Deduce the name of the class of compound formed when the product of (c)(i) reacts with butanoic...
18M.1.hl.TZ2.35: Which is the correct combination of substitution reaction mechanisms?
18M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.i: Deduce the structural formulas of the two possible isomers.
18M.1.sl.TZ1.24: What are possible names of a molecule with molecular formula C4H10O? I. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.25: What is the product of the reaction between hex-3-ene and steam? A. Hexan-1-ol B. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.26: Which of these reactions proceeds by a free radical mechanism in the presence of UV light? A. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.27: Which compound could be formed when CH3CH2CH2OH is heated with acidified potassium...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.i: Ethyne, like ethene, undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. State the conditions required.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.ii: Outline the formation of polyethene from ethene by drawing three repeating units of the polymer.
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3c: One possible Lewis structure for benzene is shown. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.3d: State the characteristic reaction mechanism of benzene.
18M.1.sl.TZ2.24: Which compounds belong to the same homologous series? A. CHCCH2CH3, CHCCH2CH2CH3 B. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.25: What is the name of this compound, using IUPAC rules? A. 1,1-dimethylpropanoic acid B. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.26: What is the mechanism for the reaction of propene with iodine in the dark? A. electrophilic...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.27: Which are structural isomers? I. CH3CH2OH and CH3OCH3 II. HOCH2CH3 and...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7a: The Kekulé structure of benzene suggests it should readily undergo addition reactions. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.i: Formulate the ionic equation for the oxidation of propan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde by...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: The aldehyde can be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Outline how the experimental...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2a: Describe two differences, other than the number of atoms, between the models of ethane and ethene...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.i: The above ball and stick model is a substituted pyridine molecule (made of carbon, hydrogen,...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.iii: Pyridine, like benzene, is an aromatic compound. Outline what is meant by an aromatic compound.

Topic 11: Measurement and data processing

15M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Students can also measure the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol in the laboratory using...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.iii: A student measures a voltage of 2.65 V in the voltaic cell formed between magnesium and copper...
15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.iv: Outline how the student can reduce the random error in her results.
15M.3.hl.TZ1.2a.i: The mass spectrum of A is shown below. Deduce the formula of the molecular ion from the mass...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.6: Ultraviolet radiation has a shorter wavelength than infrared radiation. How does the frequency...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.15: The heat change in a neutralization reaction can be determined by mixing equal volumes of HCl(aq)...
15M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A student weighs a standard 70.00 g mass five times using the same balance. Each time she obtains...
15M.1.sl.TZ2.30: What is the best way to minimize the random uncertainty when titrating an acid of unknown...
15M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: State the uncertainty of the volume of NaOH added in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\).
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.i: By drawing appropriate lines, determine the volume of hydrochloric acid required to completely...
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.i: Determine the change in temperature, \(\Delta T\).
15M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iii: The accepted theoretical value from the literature of this enthalpy change is...
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass of the compound from the mass spectrum and deduce the...
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2a.ii: Deduce the formulas of the fragments which give rise to peaks at \(m/z = 27\) and...
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2b.ii: Identify the bond responsible for the IR absorption at B.
15M.3.sl.TZ1.2b.iii: Deduce a structural formula consistent with the data.
15M.3.sl.TZ2.2: NMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical tools for determining molecular...
15M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: Deduce two features you would expect to observe in its mass spectrum.
15M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: Predict two features you would expect to observe in its infrared (IR) spectrum.
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1b: The concentration of ethanoic acid can be calculated as...
14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.i: Calculate the absolute uncertainty of the titre for Titration 1...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3a: Its infrared (IR) spectrum is represented below. Deduce the bonds responsible for the...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3b: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum recorded showed four peaks with the...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3c: Deduce the fragments in the mass spectrum which correspond to the following \(m{\text{/}}z\)...
14M.3.hl.TZ2.3d: Deduce the structural formula of X.
14M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A student carries out a titration three times and obtains the following volumes:...
14M.1.sl.TZ2.30: Which statement about errors is correct? A. A random error is always expressed as a...
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: Identify the liquid whose volume has the greatest percentage uncertainty.
14M.2.sl.TZ2.1d: (i) Calculate the absolute uncertainty of the titre for Titration 1...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.1b: Identify the five missing components in the following table.
14M.3.sl.TZ1.2a: The mass spectrum of iodoethane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{I}}\),...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.2b: Bromine contains two isotopes, \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) and \(^{{\text{81}}}{\text{Br}}\),...
14M.3.sl.TZ1.4: Two students were provided with three different isomers of...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: Its infrared (IR) spectrum is represented below. Deduce the bonds responsible for the...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum recorded showed four peaks with the...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3c: Deduce the fragments in the mass spectrum which correspond to the following m/z values. m/z =...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3d: Deduce the structural formula of X.
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3e: (i) Deduce the structural formula of Y. (ii) Predict one difference between the...
14M.3.sl.TZ2.3f: (i) Like X, 3-methylbutanoic acid is also a source of body odour. Deduce the m/z value for...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measured pH of the rain water sample.
14N.2.hl.TZ0.8e: (i) Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph. (ii) Use the data point labelled X...
14N.2.hl.TZ0.11a.i: Outline how the initial rate of reaction can be found from the graph.
14N.3.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the information about this particular compound that can be derived from the mass...
14N.3.hl.TZ0.1b: (i) Use the IR spectrum in the region 1600 – 1800 \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}\) to deduce...
14N.1.sl.TZ0.30: In an experiment to determine a specific quantity, a student calculated that her experimental...
14N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the measured pH of the rain water sample.
14N.2.sl.TZ0.2a: Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph.
14N.3.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the information about this particular compound that can be derived from the mass...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.1b: (i) Use the IR spectrum in the region 1600 – 1800 \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}\) to deduce...
14N.3.sl.TZ0.1c: \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectroscopy is often very useful in distinguishing...
13N.1.hl.TZ0.40: A student measured the mass and volume of a piece of silver and recorded the following...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1a: The concentration of iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), is assumed to be constant. Outline why...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: For this mixture the concentration of hydrogen peroxide,...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1d.i: Calculate the total uncertainty, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), of the volume of the...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1d.ii: Calculate the percentage uncertainty of the concentration of potassium iodide solution added to...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1d.iii: Determine the percentage uncertainty in the concentration of potassium iodide in the final...
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.i: State the labels for each axis. x-axis: y-axis:
13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.ii: Use the graph to determine the activation energy of the reaction, in...
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass, to the nearest integer, of the compound from the mass...
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2b.i: Identify the group responsible for the peak at D.
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2a.ii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 45.
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2a.iii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 29.
13N.3.hl.TZ0.2b.ii: Suggest a possible structure for X.
13N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student measured the mass and volume of a piece of silver and recorded the following...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1c: The concentration of iodide ions, \({{\text{I}}^ - }\), is assumed to be constant. Outline why...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1d: For this mixture the concentration of hydrogen peroxide,...
13N.2.sl.TZ0.1f: Apart from the precision uncertainties given, state one source of error that could affect this...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass, to the nearest integer, of the compound from the mass...
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2a.ii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 45.
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2a.iii: Deduce the formula of the fragment responsible for the peak at 29.
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2b.i: Identify the group responsible for the peak at D.
13N.3.sl.TZ0.2b.ii: Suggest a possible structure for X.
13M.2.hl.TZ1.1f.ii: With reference to the graph on page 4, describe the effect of increasing temperature on the...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Use the graph on page 8 to determine the value of the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), in...
13M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: On the graph on page 8, sketch the line you would expect if a catalyst is added to the reactants.
13M.1.sl.TZ1.30: Which would be the best method to decrease the random uncertainty of a measurement in an...
13M.2.sl.TZ1.1a: Calculate the mass of the acid and determine its absolute and percentage uncertainty.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: Explain why the infrared spectra of the structures in (a) are very similar.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1c: Explain how the mass spectra of the structures in (a) can be used to distinguish between them.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1d.i: Deduce the formulas of the species with the m/z values at 86, 71 and...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A1d.ii: Suggest a reason for the peak at m/z = 43 having an exceptionally high relative abundance.
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A3a: Identify what information from the spectrum allows the determination of the relative numbers of...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A3b: Deduce which of the following compounds is...
13M.3.sl.TZ1.A3c: Identify the wavenumbers of two peaks in the infrared spectrum of compound Q, using Table 17 of...
13M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Determine the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), correct to three significant figures and...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1a: When the \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) solution was made up in the...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1b: State what is meant by the term precision.
13M.2.sl.TZ2.1c: When the students recorded the burette readings, following the titration with KMnO4 (aq),the top...
13M.2.sl.TZ2.2c: Sketch two Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for a fixed amount of gas at two...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A3a: Explain which of the three compounds has a mass spectrum which contains peaks at...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A3b: Explain which of the three compounds has an infrared spectrum with a broad absorption between...
13M.3.sl.TZ2.A3c: Explain which of the three compounds has a \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum...
12N.3.hl.TZ0.A3a: Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms for peaks with chemical shifts of 2.15 and 2.4–2.5 ppm. An...
12N.1.sl.TZ0.30: \({\text{50 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of copper(II) sulfate solution is measured into a...
12N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: (i) State the number of significant figures for the masses of...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b: The mass spectrum of the same compound contains strong peaks of \({({M_{\text{r}}} - 15)^ + }\)...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c: Using the information above, deduce the identity of the organic compound.
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A2d: Predict the number of peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of this...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A3a: State one advantage of MRI over X-ray medical imaging with reference to the electromagnetic...
12N.3.sl.TZ0.A3b: Outline how MRI is used to scan the human body.
10N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c: (i) Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks A, B and C in the IR spectrum of...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.4: The graph below represents the relationship between two variables in a fixed amount of...
10N.1.sl.TZ0.30: Density can be calculated by dividing mass by volume. \(0.20 \pm 0.02{\text{ g}}\) of a metal has...
10N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c: (i) Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks A, B and C in the IR spectrum of...
09N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: Consider the following graph of \(\ln k\) against \(\frac{1}{T}\) for the first order...
09N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c.i: Deduce a possible structure for X that is consistent with the mass, IR and...
09N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c.ii: Complete the table above by suggesting the chemical shift of the third peak, and state its...
09N.1.sl.TZ0.30: Which are likely to be reduced when an experiment is repeated a number of times? A. Random...
09N.2.sl.TZ0.5b: Graphing is an important method in the study of the rates of chemical reaction. Sketch a graph to...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A1a.i: Identify the region of the electromagnetic spectrum used in...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A1a.ii: Identify which of these two techniques involves higher energy radiation.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a.i: Determine the relative molecular mass of X from the mass spectrum and deduce the formula of the...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a.ii: Identify a fragment which gives rise to the peak at m/z = 29.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a.iii: Comment on the absence of a peak at m/z = 59.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b.i: Use Table 17 of the Data Booklet to identify the bonds which correspond to the absorptions A and...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b.ii: Deduce the name of the functional group present in X.
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c.i: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X shows three peaks. State the...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c.ii: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X includes peaks at 2.0 and 4.1 ppm. Use...
09N.3.sl.TZ0.A2c.iii: Deduce a possible structure for X that is consistent with the mass, IR and...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.A1a: (i) Identify which alcohol gives spectrum 1 and explain your answer by stating which hydrogen...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: (i) Deduce which two of the alcohols could produce this spectrum and identify the species...
10M.3.sl.TZ1.A1c: Explain why the infrared spectra of all four alcohols are very similar.
10M.1.sl.TZ2.30: How many significant figures are there in 0.00370? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 6
09M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A student recorded the volume of a gas as \({\text{0.01450 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\). How many...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.A1d: Consider the IR spectra of the following three...
09M.3.sl.TZ1.A2a: Distinguish between the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra of 1-bromopropane and...
09M.1.sl.TZ2.30: Which would be the best method to decrease the random uncertainty of a measurement in an...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.iv: State the number of significant figures associated with the mass of pure aspirin obtained, and...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.1b.v: Another student repeated the experiment and obtained an experimental yield of 150%. The teacher...
09M.2.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: The graph below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 5. Discuss the variation in the...
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A2a: Determine the molecular formula of the compound.
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b: Identify the fragments responsible for the peaks at m/z = 15 m/z = 45
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A2c: Identify a compound that could produce this spectrum.
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A3c.i: Explain why the structural formula of X cannot be:
09M.3.sl.TZ2.A3c.ii: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X consists of three peaks. Deduce the...
11M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: State how the rate constant, \(k\) varies with temperature,\(T\).
11M.1.sl.TZ1.30: A burette reading is recorded as \(27.70 \pm 0.05{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\). Which of...
11M.2.sl.TZ1.4b: If the fuel blend was vaporized before combustion, predict whether the amount of energy released...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2a: Deduce which of the following compounds is X and explain your...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2b: Deduce which one of the peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of X would...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2c.i: Apart from absorptions due to C–C and C–H bonds, suggest one absorption, in wavenumbers, that...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2c.ii: Apart from absorptions due to C–C and C–H bonds, suggest one absorption, in wavenumbers, absent...
11M.3.sl.TZ1.A2d: Suggest the formulas and m/z values of two species that would be detected in the mass...
11M.1.sl.TZ2.30: A piece of metallic aluminium with a mass of 10.044 g was found to have a volume of...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Determine what the temperature rise would have been, in °C, if no heat had been lost to the...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.i: Calculate the percentage error obtained in this experiment. (If you did not obtain an answer for...
11M.2.sl.TZ2.1c.ii: The student recorded in her qualitative data that the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate she used was...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.i: In the IR spectrum, identify the bond responsible for each of the absorptions labelled I, II and...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.ii: In the mass spectrum, deduce which fragments the m/z values at 102, 57 and 45 correspond to. m/z...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.iii: Identify the peak at 11.5 ppm in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum.
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.iv: State what information can be obtained from the integration traces in the...
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.v: Deduce the structure of X.
11M.3.sl.TZ2.A2b.vi: ...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.A1a: Identify the analytical technique that would most readily provide the additional data required to...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: (i) State what information about a molecule can be obtained from its IR spectrum. (ii) ...
12M.3.sl.TZ1.A1c: (i) Deduce what information can be obtained from these data. (ii) Deduce the structure...
12M.3.hl.TZ2.A3b: Another structural isomer of \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{Br}}\) is...
12M.1.sl.TZ2.30: The relationship between the pressure, \(P\), and the volume, \(V\), of a fixed amount of gas at...
12M.3.sl.TZ2.A3a: Deduce the number of peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra of...
12M.3.sl.TZ2.A3b: Compare the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of 1-bromo-2-methylpropane with the...
11N.1.hl.TZ0.40: A student heated a solid in a crucible. The student measured the mass of the solid and crucible...
11N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student heated a solid in a crucible. The student measured the mass of the solid and crucible...
11N.2.sl.TZ0.1b.i: State the number of significant figures for the temperature, mass and pressure data. T: m: p:
11N.3.sl.TZ0.A3a: Deduce two similarities and one difference in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra...
11N.3.sl.TZ0.A3b: The mass spectrum of one of the two isomers above has significant peaks at mass to charge ratios...
11N.3.sl.TZ0.F1c.i: Deduce the number of C=C bonds present in one molecule of each fatty...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.1a: Using the graph, state, giving your reasons, whether or not oxygen and ozone are greenhouse gases.
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2a: Outline, giving your reasons, how you would carefully prepare the 1.00dm3 aqueous solution from...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.2b: (i) State the colour change of the indicator that the student would see during his titration...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.17: Graph 1 shows a plot of volume of...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.27: A measuring cylinder was used to obtain a known volume of a liquid. The volume...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.28: What is the relationship between the two variables sketched on the...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.29: Which feature of a molecule can be determined from its 1H NMR...
16M.1.sl.TZ0.30: Which molecule has an index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) =...
16M.1.hl.TZ0.38: ...
16M.3.sl.TZ0.17b: The reaction can be monitored by infrared spectroscopy. Using section 26 of the data booklet,...
16M.3.hl.TZ0.26b: Predict the number of signals and relative integration you would expect to see in the nuclear...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4b: Compound B is related to compound A. (i) State the term that is used to describe molecules...
16M.2.sl.TZ0.4c: A sample of compound A was prepared in which the 12C in the CH2 group was replaced by 13C. (i)...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.2c: The other monomer used in the production of polyurethane is compound Z shown below. (i) State...
16M.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Outline how you could use the IR spectra of compounds A and B and section 26 of the data booklet...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.28: What is the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) for this molecule? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
16N.1.sl.TZ0.29: What is always correct about the molecular ion, M+, in a mass spectrum of a compound? A. The M+...
16N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student measured the change in mass on heating a sample of calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s). What is...
16N.2.sl.TZ0.3g: Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be...
16N.3.sl.TZ0.1b: CT values are influenced by temperature and by pH. The table below shows the CT values for...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.28: What can be determined about a molecule from the number of signals in its 1H\(\,\)NMR...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.29: What is the density, in g\(\,\)cm−3, of a 34.79 g sample with a volume of 12.5 cm3? A. ...
17M.1.sl.TZ1.30: What is the Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (IHD) for 1,3,5-hexatriene (C6H8)? A. 1 B. ...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.23: The graph shows values of ΔG for a reaction at different temperatures. Which statement is...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.38: The molar mass of a gas, determined experimentally, is 32 g mol−1. Its literature molar mass is...
17M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which technique is used to determine the bond lengths and bond angles of a molecule? A. ...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.1a.ii: A student produced these results with [H+] = 0.15 mol\(\,\)dm−3. Propanone and acid were in...
17M.2.sl.TZ1.5c.ii: The mass and 1H\(\,\)NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its...
17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: The mass and 1H NMR spectra of product X are shown below. Deduce, giving your reasons, its...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.1a: Calculate the percentage uncertainty of the volume of the aqueous sodium hydroxide.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.1b: Suggest how the precision of this measurement could be improved.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.3: Suggest how the end point of the titration might be estimated from the graph.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.4: State and explain how the graph would differ if 1 mol\(\,\)dm−3 sulfuric acid had been used...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5b: Heat losses would make this method less accurate than the pH probe method. Outline why the...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.5f: Outline why the thermochemical method would not be appropriate for 0.001...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: Below are the IR spectra of two plastics (A and B); one is PETE, the other is low density...
17M.3.sl.TZ1.18a: Dose response curves are determined for each drug. Outline the significance of range “a”.
17M.3.sl.TZ1.19d: Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Compare and contrast...
17M.3.hl.TZ1.16a: Explain the shape of the curve at low oxygen partial pressure up to about 5 kPa.
17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.i: Sketch a graph on the axes above to show the effect of decreasing pH on the binding of oxygen to...
17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.ii: Outline the effect of decreasing pH on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
17M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which information can be gained from an infrared (IR) spectrum? A. Ionization energy of the...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.29: What can be deduced from the following 1H\(\,\)NMR spectrum? A. There is only one hydrogen...
17M.1.sl.TZ2.30: What is the graphical relationship between n and T in the ideal gas equation, pV = nRT, all other...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.1a.ii: Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of AgxOy may be greater than...
17M.2.sl.TZ2.2b.i: Calculate the percentage uncertainty for the mass of K2Cr2O7(s) from the given data.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8b: Identify the species responsible for the peak at m/z = 110 in the mass spectrum of hydroquinone.
17M.2.sl.TZ2.8c: Identify the highest m/z value in the mass spectrum of quinone.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Deduce what information can be obtained from the 1H NMR spectrum.
17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: Identify the functional group that shows stretching at 1710 cm–1 in the infrared spectrum of this...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1a: The following graph represents world energy consumption by type for the...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1b: O2 is consumed in producing CO2 for electricity generation. The graph shows the relationship...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.1c.iii: The change in APO O2/N2 ratio, per meg, is measured relative to an O2/N2...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.2b.ii: Suggest one improvement to the investigation.
17M.3.sl.TZ2.4: Infrared (IR) spectra can be used to distinguish between various types of plastics. Some...
17M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.ii: Deduce the wavenumber of one absorbance seen in the IR spectrum of only one of the compounds,...
17M.3.hl.TZ2.20a.iii: Suggest two absorbances, other than the absorbances due to the ring structure and C–H bonds, that...
17M.3.hl.TZ2.21c.i: Predict the number of different hydrogen environments in the molecule ignoring the benzene rings.
17N.1.sl.TZ0.29: What information is provided by 1H NMR, MS and IR for an organic compound? I. 1H NMR: chemical...
17N.1.sl.TZ0.30: A student performs an acid-base titration using a pH meter, but forgets to calibrate it. Which...
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1a: Using the graph, estimate the initial temperature of the solution.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.1b: Determine the maximum temperature reached in the experiment by analysing the graph.
17N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.iii: Deduce the number of signals and the ratio of areas under the signals in the 1H NMR spectra of...
17N.2.hl.TZ0.1a: Using the graph, estimate the initial temperature of the solutions.
17N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Determine the maximum temperature reached in each experiment by analysing the graph.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1b.i: Suggest what the correlation coefficient of −0.9999 indicates.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.1b.ii: State the equation of the straight line obtained using the data.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.2c: Calculate the uncertainty in the change in pH.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.3a: Estimate the lowest freezing point of water that can be reached by adding sodium chloride.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Estimate the percentage by mass of NaCl dissolved in a saturated sodium chloride solution at +10 ºC.
17N.3.sl.TZ0.3c: Calculate the percentage of water by mass in the NaCl•2H2O crystals. Use the data from section 6...
17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: One of the two infrared (IR) spectra is that of polyethene and the other of polytetrafluoroethene...
17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.i: Both spectra show a peak at wavenumber 1700 cm–1. Identify the bond responsible for this peak.
17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.ii: Deduce which spectrum belongs to paracetamol, giving two reasons for your choice. Use section 26...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1j: The mass spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the species responsible for the peaks at...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1k: The IR spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450...
18M.2.hl.TZ1.1l.i: Predict the number of signals in the 1H NMR spectrum of urea.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.ii: Draw the best fit line for the reaction excluding point D.
18M.2.hl.TZ1.4c: Predict from your line of best fit the rate of reaction when the concentration of HCl is 1.00 mol...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.13: The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is determined by heating a known mass of tap water in a...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which value of q, in J, has the correct number of significant figures? q = mcΔT where m = 2.500...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.29: What is the index of hydrogen deficiency, IHD, of 3-methylcyclohexene? A. 0 B. 1 C. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ1.30: What is the ratio of the areas of the signals in the 1H NMR spectrum of pentan-3-ol? A. ...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1g: The mass spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the species responsible for the peaks at...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1h: The IR spectrum of urea is shown below. Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450...
18M.2.sl.TZ1.1i: Predict the number of signals in the 1H NMR spectrum of urea.
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2d.i: Justify why it is inappropriate to record the uncertainty of the mean as ±0.01 s.
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2d.ii: If doubling the concentration doubles the reaction rate, suggest the mean time you would expect...
18M.3.sl.TZ1.2d.iii: Another student, working alone, always dropped the marble chips into the acid and then picked up...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.28: Which feature of a molecule does infrared spectrometry detect? A. molecular mass B. ...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.29: How are the uncertainties of two quantities combined when the quantities are multiplied...
18M.1.sl.TZ2.30: The rate of a reaction is studied at different temperatures. Which is the best way to plot the...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.i: Deduce the molecular formula of the compound.
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.ii: Identify the bonds causing peaks A and B in the IR spectrum of the unknown compound using section...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iii: Deduce full structural formulas of two possible isomers of the unknown compound, both of which...
18M.2.sl.TZ2.7c.iv: Deduce the formula of the unknown compound based on its 1H NMR spectrum using section 27 of the...
18M.3.sl.TZ2.7b: Deduce the number of 1H NMR signals produced by the zwitterion form of alanine.