Yukiko is showing that she has a positive attitude about the globalized culture but a negative attitude toward her local culture.  This is an example of assimilation.

When Western psychologists use local expertise to solve a problem, rather than relying on Western "truths", this is an emic approach.  Although translating a test into Kinyarwanda is helpful for the local culture, it is still the same Western test, and so it is still an etic approach.

John is going through a bit of culture shock - what psychologists call acculturative stress.  He will need to adopt to the Chinese culture if he is going to be successful in his new job.  If he were delocalized, he would be rejecting his own culture.  If he were marginalized, he would feel that he didn't belong in either his own culture or in the Chinese culture.  Identity confusion is linked to marginalization.

Explanatory models are ways that cultures explain mental illness.  Watters talks about this when he says that Americans often see mental illness as occurring in their mind; whereas non-Western cultures often see such illness affecting their social relations. Some cultures also believe that mental illness is the result of outside influences - such as spirits or unfulfilled family obligations.

Although it is theoretically possible that Japanese doctors trained overseas would play a role in this change, it was the media that played the greatest role in convincing the Japanese that depression was not healthy - and they could do something about it.

Although Internet addiction and online gaming are often what we see fills the days of hikokomori, it is not a symptom of the disorder.

The local culture may alienate many Japanese youths who may then decide not to conform to the cultural norms, but do not identify with or know how to access the globalized culture, and so they withdraw from society.

Analogous studies use people that are similar to those that have the disorder but have not been diagnosed.  This type of research is often done in abnormal psychology to avoid ethical issues, but there is a concern that the samples may not be generalizable to people who actually have the disorder.

The study was a natural experiment.  The introduction of Western television was the independent variable - but this was not manipulated by the researcher.

None of the girls in the study were actually diagnosed with a disorder, but there was an increase in "eating disorder related behaviours" over the course of the study.

The researchers compared the participants' scores on questionnaires about their knowledge of Islam and their attitudes toward Muslims.  No variables were manipulated and there was no IV.

Participants with more knowledge did not see Islam as a threat to their own identity or culture. In this particular study, there is very little Muslim immigration to the Czech Republic and Slovakia, so knowing a Muslim played a minimal role in tolerance in these countries.