Terms/theories: Diffusion of responsibility, Arousal Cost Reward Model, Social Exchange Theory, Negative State Relief Theory, Social Identity Theory

Research: Darley & Batson (1973), Pilivian et al (1969), Latané and Darley's studies - e.g. the cubicles where another student was having a seizure; the smoke-filled room

Critical thinking: the issues with studies of altruism, operationalization of variables, ecological validity, conflicting results in the field and in the lab.

Different command terms: Evaluate research

Terms/theories: Altruism, inclusive fitness, kin selection, Empathy Altruism model, Social Exchange Theory,  Negative State Relief Theory, etic vs emic

Research: Marsh et al (2014), Bartal, Decety and Mason (2011) on prosocial behaviour in rats, Kin Selection Theory; Toi and Batson (1982), Cialdini on Negative State Relief; Social Exchange Theory; Levine (2001) on the role of environment and culture on helping; Whiting and Whiting on the role of collectivistic culture; Levine (2005) on in-group bias.

Critical thinking: etic vs emic approaches to studying helping behaviour; ecological validity, difficulties in measurement of variables and the problems with debriefings.

Different command terms: Evaluate research.

Terms/theories: social learning

Research: Positive: Beaman et al (1978); Staub (1979); Feshbach and Feschbach (1982); Banyard (2005); Sprafin et al (1975); Greitemeyer and Osswald (2010); Lim and DeStefano (2016).  Negative: Ferguson et al (2007); Jeong and Lee (2013); Decety et al (2013); Simons et al (2002)

Critical thinking: the need for data triangulation; retrospective vs prospective research; the difficulties in establishing cause and effect relationships; assumptions that are made; the limitations of using questionnaires and surveys to gather data; role of researcher and publication bias.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast, to what extent

Terms/theories: Altruism, Kin Selection Theory, Inclusive Fitness

Research: Marsh et al (2014), Bartal, Decety and Mason (2011) on prosocial behaviour in rats, Kin Selection Theory

Critical thinking: Limitations of using anecdotal evidence, use of animal models to understand human behaviour, difficulties in explaining mechanisms, difficult to test the theories.

Different command terms: Evaluate, Contrast biological and another approach

Terms/theories: Negative State Relief, Social Exchange Theory, Empathy-Altruism Model

Research:Toi and Batson (1982), Cialdini on Negative State Relief; Latané and Darley's lab experiments, Pilivian et al (1969)

Critical thinking: Difficulties of measuring "negative state" or "empathy', reliance on self-reported data; ecological validity of the studies; the difference between what we see in the field, and what we see in the lab.

Different command terms: Evaluate, Contrast cognitive and another approach

Terms/theories: etic and emic; cultural dimensions, Social Identity Theory

Research: Levine (2001) on the role of environment and culture on helping; Whiting and Whiting on the role of collectivistic culture; Levine (2005) on in-group bias, Darley & Batson (1973), Greitemeyer and Osswald (2010);

Critical thinking: The limitations of using an etic approach; the difficulty of controlling extraneous variables in sociocultural research; difficulties of establishing cause and effect relationships; theories are more descriptive than predictive.

Different command terms: Evaluate, Contrast sociocultural and another approach

Terms/theories: research methods = interviews, observations, experiments, correlational studies, and case studies.

Research: Any research could be used. For example, Experiments: Darley & Batson (1973); Toi and Batson (1982); Pilivian et al (1969);   Observational study: Bartal et al on helping in rats; Correlational studies: Decety et al (2013); Simons et al (2002); Lim and DeStefano (2016).

Critical thinking: Limitations of research methods.  Problems of operationalization.  The ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast

Terms/theories: Ethical considerations include: informed consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, and debriefing.

Research: Any research could be used to discuss ethical considerations.

Critical thinking: Issues of informed consent with minors (Piliavin et al); issues of deception (Latane and Darley's cubicle study; Latane and Batson's Good Samaritan study); undue stress and harm (Piliavin, Latane and Batson).

Different command terms: This can only be asked as a "discuss" question.