Terms/theories: Ghrelin, leptin, feedback loop, BMI,

Research: Hormones: Gladstone (2010), Friedman (1995); Genetics: Sorensen (1992), Dutch Hunger Winter Study, Farooqui and O'Rahilly (2006), Stunkard (1990)

Critical thinking: dependence on animal models, ethical considerations, the interaction between genes and environment, reductionist approaches, applications (e.g. leptin resistance drugs), areas of uncertainty, problems with using BMI.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contast with another approach, to what extent

Terms/theories: Dual Processing Model, illusory correlation, cognitive load, mediating factor

Research: Song and Schwarz (2007, 2009) on illusory correlation; Pascoe and Richman (2011) and Shiv and Fedorikhin (1999) on cognitive load; Wansick's self-filling soup bowl (2005) and Wansick (2007) on contextual cues. Crum's milkshake study on the role of labeling on ghrelin levels.

Critical thinking: studies have high internal validity but often are highly artificial and lack ecological validity; the use of cross-sectional vs. longitudinal designs; applications of the research (restaurant sales; health campaigns); inability to accurately observe cognitive processes; inability to isolate extraneous variables under naturalistic conditions; although studies indicate decision-making patterns, they do not demonstrate a direct causal relationship with obesity.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast with another approach, to what extent

Terms/theories: sedentary, BMI

Research: Availability of fast food: Currie (2010); Joseph (2015); sedentary lifestyle: Martinez Gonzalez (1999); Vendelanotte (2009); stress:  Koch (2008), Schiveley and Day (2015) in macaques; availability of public transportation: She, King and Jacobson (2017); Østbye (2013) on social learning from parents.

Critical thinking: a more holistic approach to obesity; inability to establish a cause and effect relationship; reliant on self-reported data; use of animal models; issues of construct validity - sedentary, BMI, fast food.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast with another approach, to what extent

Terms/theories: prevalence, incidence,

Research: Fast food: Currie et al (2010); Joseph et al (2015); Effectiveness of programmes: Youlian et al (2016);  sedentary lifestyle: Martinez Gonzalez (1999); Vendelanotte (2009); stress:  Koch (2008), Schiveley and Day (2015) in macaques; availability of public transportation: She, King and Jacobson (2017).

Critical thinking: how prevalence is calculated; reliability of self-reported data and clinical diagnoses; use of prevalence rates to show the effectiveness of health programs; factors that affect prevalence rates. Even if the prevalence of a health problem increases or decreases as a result of a societal or environmental change, it is not possible to establish a cause and effect relationship. Comparing prevalence rates over time is problematic because there are so many variables that could account for any difference.

Different command terms: This can only be asked as a "discuss" question.

Terms/theories: research methods = interviews, observations, experiments, correlational studies, and case studies.

Research: Any research could be used. For example, Experiments: Wansick's self-filling soup bowl (2005) or Crum's milkshake study; case study: Youlian et al (2016); Structured interviews: Martinez Gonzales (1999)

Critical thinking: Limitations of research methods.  Problems of operationalization.  The ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast

Terms/theories: Ethical considerations include: informed consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, and debriefing.

Research: Any research could be used to discuss ethical considerations.

Critical thinking: Issues of informed consent with minors (Joseph et al); issues of deception (Crum's milkshake study); undue stress and harm (stigmatization, feelings of embarrassment when assigned to the "obese" condition); importance of debriefing (Østbye when discussing the role of moms in childhood obesity).

Different command terms: This can only be asked as a "discuss" question.