Terms/theories: Reward circuit; dopamine; DRD2 gene;

Research: Role of dopamine: Boileau et al (2003); Setiawan et al (2013); Genetics: Blum et al (1990); Comings et al (1996); Ponce et al (2008); Kendler & Prescott (1998)

Critical thinking: the use of animals in research; the reductionist and deterministic nature of the biological approach; correlation vs causation; operationalization of addiction; low internal validity in much of the research.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast with another approach, to what extent

Terms/theories: The Theory of Planned Behaviour; Self-Determination Theory; locus of control

Research: Theory of Planned Behaviour: Silva et al (2013); Johnston and White (2003); Trumbo and Harper (2013); Asare (2013); Self-Determination Theory: Wong and Rowland (2013); Knee and Neighbors (2002).

Critical thinking: accounts for differences in symptomology; issues of construct validity in measuring variables; the correlational nature of the research; a holistic approach to understanding addiction.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast with another approach, to what extent

Terms/theories: Adverse Childhood Experiences;

Research: Importance of social connections: Alexander's Rat Park (1981); Solinas et al (2008); Nader et al (2012); Robins (1974); Bozarth (1989); role of ACEs and stress: Morgan et al (2002); Rothman et al, 2008, Choi et al, 2017, Dube et al, 2003; Social Cognitive Theory: Wakefield et al (2003); Bauman et al (1990); Unger et al (2001)

Critical thinking: Correlation vs cause and effect; often research shows why people start using drugs, but not why they become addicted; lacks information about the possible role of biological factors;

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast with another approach, to what extent

Terms/theories: prevalence, incidence

Research: Smoking: Feigl et al (2015), Park et al (2011); Evans, Farrelly and Montgomery (1999);

Critical thinking: how prevalence is calculated; reliability of self-reported data and clinical diagnoses; use of prevalence rates to show the effectiveness of health programs; factors that affect prevalence rates. Even if the prevalence of a health problem increases or decreases as a result of a societal or environmental change, it is not possible to establish a cause and effect relationship. Comparing prevalence rates over time is problematic because there are so many variables that could account for any difference.

Different command terms: This can only be asked as a "discuss" question.

Terms/theories: research methods = interviews, observations, experiments, correlational studies, questionnaires, and case studies

Research: Any research could be used. For example, Experiments: Setiawan's (2013) quasi-experiment; Alexander's Rat Park (1981); Morgan et al (2002); correlational study: Johnson and White (2003); Choi et al, 2017; case study: Silva et al (2013); Questionnaire: Trumbo and Harper (2013)

Critical thinking: Limitations of research methods.  Problems of operationalization.  The ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast

Terms/theories: Ethical considerations include: informed consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, and debriefing.

Research: Any research could be used to discuss ethical considerations.

Critical thinking: Issues of informed consent with regard to what the researcher is looking for and how the data will be used; undue stress and harm (stigmatization, or providing drugs to animals - for example, Morgan et al (2002) or Olds & Heath's classic study); importance of anonymity in addiction research.

Different command terms: This can only be asked as a "discuss" question.