Terms/theories: Genetic vulnerability or Serotonin Hypothesis or Cortisol Hypothesis

Research: Genetics (Sullivan et al; Caspi et al); Serotonin hypothesis (Moreno and Delgado; Rausch et al; Caspi et al); Cortisol hypothesis (Malberg; Videbech and Ravnkilde)

Holistic points: leads to drug therapy, use of animal research, research is often correlational, cannot explain cultural differences in symptoms, often seen as reductionist.

Different command terms: Evaluate, Contrast one cognitive and one biological aetiology, To what extent does one aetiology effectively explain one disorder.

Terms/theories: Beck's Cognitive Triad, rumination, negative schemas

Research: In support of Beck: Ruiz-Caballero & Gonzalez, Joiner et al, Alloy et al; In support of rumination theory - Nolen Hoeksema, Farb.

Holistic points: The success of CBT; helps to explain differences in prevalence; it is difficult to isolate cognitive factors; questions of bidirectional ambiguity.

Different command terms: Evaluate, Contrast one cognitive and one biological aetiology, To what extent does one aetiology effectively explain one disorder.

Terms/theories: Vulnerability models, explanatory models, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

Research: Vulnerability models ( Brown and Harris, Hays, Turner & Coates, Felitti et al); Explanatory models (Kirmayer, Parker)

Holistic points: a more holistic approach; accounts for culture, class, and gender differences; difficult to isolate variables and establish cause and effect; biological support with modern Diathesis Stress Model; descriptive rather than explanatory.

Different command terms: Evaluate, Contrast one cognitive and one sociocultural aetiology, To what extent does one aetiology effectively explain one disorder.

Terms/theories: Globalization, explanatory models (Kirmayer), prevalence

Research: reporting biases (Amenson & Lewinsohn); Globalization (Watters); Role of stigma (Twenge); prevalence of depression among women ( Nolen Hoeksema); the role of media (example, the case of Sybil and DID); Brown and Harris.

Holistic points: Prevalence may change over time; the role of globalization; problems of studying factors influencing prevalence; different groups have different protective and risk factors; some changes in prevalence may be due to targeted campaigns - may be a positive or negative result.

Different command terms:  Only discuss could be used for this question.

Terms/theories: research methods = interviews, observations, experiments, correlational studies, and case studies.

Research: Any research could be used.  For example, Brown & Harris as semi-structured interviews, Caspi et al or Joiner as a natural experiment, Beck's or Nolen Hoeksema's research using interviews.

Holistic points: Limitations of natural experiments; construct validity in measuring "depressive symptoms," demand characteristics; ability to generalize; ability to replicate.

Different command terms: Evaluate or contrast.

Terms/theories: ethical considerations include: informed consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, and debriefing.

Research: Any research could be used to discuss ethical considerations.

Holistic points: the issue of measuring "depressive symptoms"; the anonymity of an individual's mental health data; attrition rates affect outcomes of research; genetics may be difficult for individuals to understand implications; stigma caused by labeling.

Different command terms: This can only be asked as a "discuss" question.