Terms/theories: Fear arousal; social cognitive theory; Health Belief Model; self-efficacy

Research: Social cognitive theory: Lowe et al (2004) on the Food Dudes program; Sanderson and Yopyk (2007) on promoting condom use;  Fear arousal: Janis and Feshbach (1953) on dental hygiene; Leventhal et al (1965) on vaccinations; Witte and Allen (2000) meta-analysis. Health Belief Model: Quist-Paulsen et al (2003) on smoking and heart disease; Wulfert and Wan (1993) on condom use.

Critical thinking: many variables are difficult to measure: level of fear; perceived seriousness, level of self-efficacy; assumes that behavioural change is a conscious choice; many studies are cross-sectional and do not indicate the long-term effects of health promotion programs; impossible to control for extraneous variables; the success of the application of theories; sampling bias (WEIRD) in many of the studies. 

Different command terms: Evaluate one theory; evaluate research.

Terms/theories: data triangulation; social cognitive theory; Health Belief Model; self-efficacy

Research: Lowe et al (2004) on the Food Dudes program; Sanderson and Yopyk (2007) on SCT and condom use; Gobin et al (2013) on chlamydia campaign; Rosenbaum et al (1994) on the DARE campaign; McAffee (2013) Tips from a former smoker campaign.

Critical thinking: It is not possible to isolate variables when studying a large population being exposed to public media.  Therefore, although a correlation between exposure to the campaign and change in behaviour can be observed, cause and effect cannot be determined. Levels of exposure to the media can only be measured through self-reported data. Even if a public health campaign is judged to be effective, often the findings are not transferable to other populations. Simply measuring health outcomes through hospital or work-related data is not enough to determine that the campaign itself made a difference. Even if a campaign fails, it is difficult to know whether it failed because of the actual campaign or the way that it was delivered. Much of the data obtained is self-reported, leading to potential demand characteristics influencing the final outcome. Strong evaluation requires triangulation.  This is time-consuming and expensive

Different command terms: This question may only be asked as a discuss question.

Terms/theories: research methods = interviews, observations, experiments, correlational studies, and case studies.

Research: Experiments: Lowe et al (2004); Sanderson and Yopyk (2007); Hyland et al (2009); questionnaires (correlation study): Wulfert and Wan (1993); Gobin et al (2013)

Critical thinking: Limitations of research methods.  Problems of operationalization.  The ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast

Terms/theories: Ethical considerations include: informed consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, and debriefing.

Research: Any research could be used to discuss ethical considerations.

Critical thinking: Informed consent: Lowe et al (2004) and the use of children.  Parents should also be informed; Importance of anonymity as well as debriefing with the goal of improving health: Quist-Paulsen et al (2003); use of fear arousal causing potential undue stress: Levinthal et al (1965).

Different command terms: This question may only be asked as a "discuss" question.

Terms/theories: barriers to access; privacy, personal responsibility, digital divide, stigmatization

Research: Any campaign or program could be used to discuss ethical considerations in health promotion.

Critical thinking:  The importance of the individual vs the group (e.g. anti-smoking campaigns); stigma (anti-obesity campaigns); the use of fear arousal as a form of manipulation; making sure that campaigns are not available only to those with digital literacy or a certain income (e.g. pedometer campaigns; condom usage).

Different command terms: This question may only be asked as a "discuss" question.