Terms/theories: Prisoner's dilemma, cooperation, social comparison, normative social influence, social exchange, deindividuation

Research: Kerr (1983); Sattler and Kerr (1991); Dawes (1986), Hamburger et al (1975), Gabrenya et al (1985)

Critical thinking: Ecological validity of lab-based studies; operationalization of "cooperation" vs "competition;" sampling bias and cross-cultural validity; potential applications of findings. 

Different command terms: Discuss cooperation and/or competition; Evaluate

Terms/theories: In-group favoritism; Theory of Threatened Egotism; Integrated Threat Theory, conformity

Research: Fein and Spencer (1997); Croucher (2013); Novotny and Polansky (2011); Tausch et al (2009); Rogers and Frantz (1961); Phelps et al (2000); Harris & Fiske (2006) 

Critical thinking: Limitations of SIT in explaining prejudice and discrimination, operationalization of variables (such as threat); difficult to measure in the field; reliance on self-reported data open to demand characteristics; difficult to isolate variables.

Different command terms: Evaluate research; evaluate one theory of...

Terms/theories: Resource stress; Realistic Conflict Theory; Social Identity Theory; group polarization; contact hypothesis; social cognitive theory

Research: Diab (1963); Sherif (1954); Esses et al (2001); Stott et al (2001); Novotny and Polansky (2011); Paluck (2005)

Critical thinking: Reliance on self-reported data through questionnaires and surveys; using cross-sectional designs instead of longitudinal; the difficulty of replicating studies like Sherif; ethical considerations; temporal validity; applications of findings.

Different command terms: Evaluate research ...Evaluate one theory of ...

Terms/theories: Amgydala; frontal lobe, fMRI

Research: Phelps et al (2000); Harris & Fiske (2006) 

Critical thinking: A reductionist approach to explaining prejudice; deterministic; potential over-interpretation/researcher bias in use of the fMRI; artifacts in the use of the fMRI; low ecological validity of the studies. 

Different command terms: Evaluate; to what extent; contrast a biological approach with a cognitive or sociocultural approach...

Terms/theories:  Theory of Threatened Egotism

Research: Fein and Spencer (1997); Croucher (2013)

Critical thinking: Assumes that the origins of prejudice are multifactorial; use of laboratory experiments leads to low ecological validity; difficult to measure one's sense of threat under natural conditions; appears to explain anti-immigrant feelings, but not clearly applicable to all forms of prejudice (e.g. against people with disabilities).

Different command terms: Evaluate; to what extent; contrast a cognitive approach with a biological or sociocultural approach

Terms/theories: Realistic Conflict Theory; contact hypothesis; social cognitive theory, social identity theory; Integrated Threat Theory

Research: Diab (1963); Sherif (1954); Esses et al (2001); Novotny and Polansky (2011); Paluck (2005); Stott et al (2001); Howarth et al (2002)

Critical thinking: Much of the research is based on surveys and thus cannot establish a cause and effect relationship; open to demand characteristics; ethical considerations in Diab and Sherif's research; application of Paluck's research to create change in behaviour; inconsistent findings in contact hypothesis research; difficulties in using superordinate goals; criticism of Sherif's methodology; questions of temporal validity.

Different command terms: Evaluate; to what extent; contrast a sociocultural approach with a cognitive or biological approach

Terms/theories: research methods = interviews, observations, experiments, correlational studies, and case studies.

Research: Experiments: Sherif et al (1954), Kerr (1983); Phelps (2002) Questionnaires (correlational): Croucher (2013): Novotny and Polansky (2011); Correlational study: Stotts et al (2001) Focus group interview: Howarth (2002)

Critical thinking: Limitations of research methods.  Problems of operationalization.  The ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Different command terms: Evaluate, contrast

Terms/theories: Ethical considerations include: informed consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, and debriefing.

Research: Any research could be used to discuss ethical considerations.

Critical thinking: Informed consent for how the research will be used (e.g. Howarth, 2002); undue stress or harm (Diab, 1963); Sherif (1954); the importance of debriefing (Esses et al, 2001); use of deception (Fein and Spencer, 1997).

Different command terms: This question may only be asked as a "discuss" question.