Terms/theories: symbolic play; convergent vs divergent play; sociometric status

Research: Play: Pepler and Ross (1981); Russ et al (2010); Coie and Dodge (1988)

Critical thinking: studies tend to be cross-sectional rather than longitudinal; potential for research bias; cross-cultural relevance of research; cause and effect is difficult to determine.

Different command terms: Evaluate research

Terms/theories: Adverse childhood experiences;  hospitalism; Bowlby's sensitive period of development

Research:  Koluchova (1972); Chugani et al. (2001); Carion et al (2009); Rutter et al (2007); Curtiss (1974); Kreppner, O’Connor, Dunn & Andersen Wood (1999); Bosquet-Enlow et al (2012)

Critical thinking: Difficulty of establishing cause and effect; ethical considerations in the study of abused children; limitations of using MRI scanning; difficulty in generalizing from specific cases; strengths of a case study model; the value of longitudinal research; contradictory evidence.

Different command terms: Evaluate research

Terms/theories: protective factors; Neuropeptide y

Research: Rutter (2007); Werner and Smith (2001); Coan et al (2006) on the effect of a loving partner; Morgan et al (2000) and Sjdyk et al (2008) on the role of NPY; Walker et al. (2007) on risk factors in developing countries; Mahoney et al. (2005) on after school programs

Critical thinking: Strengths and limitations of natural experiments; questions of cause and effect; potential applications of the research; the use of animal models; limitations of case studies.

Different command terms: Evaluate research

Terms/theories: cognitive load; malnourishment; the role of environmental stimulation

Research: Diet: Pollitt (1995); Kar et al (2008); Cognitive load: Mani (2013); Environmental stimiluation: Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972); Farah et al. (2008)

Critical thinking: Use of animal models; difficulties in the operationalization of variables; difficulty to control for extraneous variables; correlational vs causation; lab vs field experiments; operationalization of poverty; questions of domino causality; limitations in generalizability; applications.

Different command terms: Evaluate research

Terms/theories: research methods = interviews, observations, experiments, correlational studies, and case studies.

Research: Any research may be used.  For example,  Experiments: Coan et al (2006), Pollitt (1995); Morgan et al (2000). Correlational studies: Farah et al (2008); Case studies: Rutter (2007); Curtiss (1994); Koluchova (1972)

Critical thinking: Limitations of research methods.  Problems of operationalization.  The ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect. Issues with generalizability of findings.

Different command terms: Evaluate or contrast.

Terms/theories: Ethical considerations include: informed consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, and debriefing.

Research: Any research could be used to discuss ethical considerations.

Critical thinking: Informed consent in studies of abused children; the importance of anonymity in studies where adopted or abused children are studied; questions of undue stress or harm - for example, in the Curtiss study. Cost-benefit analysis in carrying out research - e.g. Pollitt (1995)

Different command terms: This question may only be asked as a "discuss" question.