DP Chemistry Questionbank
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- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8b: Explain how competitive inhibition in an enzyme-catalysed reaction takes place.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8c: Sketch, on the graph on page 13, a curve which shows competitive inhibition occurring in this...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15a.ii: Explain the advantage of converting aspirin into its sodium salt.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.6b: (i) Pepsin is a protein which functions as an enzyme in human stomachs. Describe the...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.11a: Outline the essential features of the structure of a section of one strand of DNA.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.19a.ii: Outline why the colour changes from orange to green.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.28a.ii: State the structural feature of a pheophytin molecule which allows it to absorb visible light.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4a.ii: Identify the amino acid with the empirical formula C3H7ON2
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: The diagram below shows eight molecules in the liquid state. Suggest, with a diagram, a possible...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8b.ii: Suggest how the C5H11 chain contributes to the liquid-crystal properties of the compound.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8b.iii: Explain why a liquid-crystal device may be unreliable at low temperatures.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.9a: Aldosterone is one of the steroid hormones produced in the body from cholesterol. The...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.14a.i: State the meaning of the term therapeutic window.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.i: Explain how penicillins work as antibacterials.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.7a: Thymine (T), whose structure is given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet, is a pyrimidine. Describe...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.10c: Kevlar® is a material used in bullet-proof vests. (i) Deduce the products formed by a...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.4b: In terms of the wavelength of the visible light absorbed, suggest why the coloured form is blue.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.13a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystal.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.3c: Suggest how the chromatography experiment with the same sample could be altered in order to...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.10b: (i) State one difference between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals. (ii) ...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.12a: State the equations for the reactions of magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide and calcium...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: (i) one teaspoon (\({\text{5.00 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)) of Maalox® Extra...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.14b: (i) Identify by chemical formula one other greenhouse gas not mentioned above. (ii) ...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.8b: Another source of power for portable devices is the fuel cell. Compare fuel cells with lead-acid...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.9a: State a balanced equation for the thermal cracking of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.10b: Antacid tablets are often taken for an upset stomach. Identify the reaction involved in this...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17d.iii: Partial hydrogenation can sometimes produce trans fats. Suggest why trans fats are considered...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.12b: When a liquid-crystal display is warmed with a hairdryer, the display loses its clarity and may...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Define the term iodine number.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.9a: State the type of catalysis occurring in reaction I.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.11b: When a liquid-crystal display is warmed with a hairdryer, the display loses its clarity and may...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.16b: Explain how penicillins work and why it is necessary to continually modify the side-chain.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.5: A natural pigment found in cranberries can exist in two forms. Explain, with reference to...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.16c.i: Outline how PPA and not cathine could be synthesized from the same non-chiral starting materials....
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.16c.iii: Suggest how the aqueous solubility of cathine or PPA could be increased to facilitate its...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24c.ii: Draw the structure of a possible trans fatty acid product.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: Cysteine is responsible for a specific type of intra-molecular bonding within a protein molecule....
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b.iii: Explain how the colour of astaxanthin changes to red when cooked.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3b.ii: Suggest one way in which the polarity of doxycycline could be substantially increased.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.A1b: Explain why the value of the retention factor for the same component can be very different if...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b.i: Linoleic acid and stearic acid have similar molecular masses. Explain why linoleic acid has a...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Before the introduction of the electrolytic method by Hall and Héroult in the 1880s it was very...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C2c: Other than selectivity and cost, list three factors which should be considered when choosing a...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a.ii: Explain in terms of their structures how the flexibility of the two forms of poly(ethene) differ.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.ii: The structure of chlorophyll is shown in Table 22 of the Data Booklet. Describe what happens to...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: Describe, by completing the equation below, the condensation of glycerol and the three fatty...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C2: the oil industry surplus long-chain hydrocarbons are converted into shorter, more useful...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which process can produce a polyester? A. Addition polymerization of a dicarboxylic...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b: Explain what happens at a molecular level during the absorption of IR radiation by carbon...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: Define the term nanotechnology, and state why it is of interest to chemists.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4a: State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the negative electrode (anode) and the...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b: Two examples of antacids are aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. State the equations to...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.E4a: State what is meant by the term high-level radioactive waste.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2c.i: Use the graph to determine \({V_{\max }}\) and the Michaelis constant,...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D1c: State the type of hybridization of each of the carbon atoms (I, II, and III) in the \(\beta...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b.i: Identify two functional groups present in the side chain (R) of ampicillin by comparing its...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2b.ii: List the two other methods which can be used to inject drugs into the body.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E1b: Discuss the influence of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases on the environment.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.C2e: Kevlar is an example of a lyotropic liquid crystal. Outline what is meant by lyotropic liquid...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D2c: The active part of penicillins is the beta-lactam ring. Determine the functional group present in...
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.iii: Outline why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance and why the disposal of...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: State the causes of the three deficiency diseases, beriberi, goitre and...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1a: Explain why iron is obtained from its ores using chemical reducing agents but aluminium is...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: Explain why much of the iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steel.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F3a: Give the general structural formula for a fat or oil and describe the difference in structure...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.B4: (a) Outline the function and production of hormones in the body. (b) In many communities...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C3: (a) For two different addition polymers, describe and explain one way in which the properties...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.D2: (a) Outline two differences between bacteria and viruses. (b) Antiviral drugs are used...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b.iii: State two of the bonds or interactions responsible for the 3D shape of myoglobin.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.i: therapeutic window.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.ii: tolerance.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Two of the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are methane and carbon dioxide. State two...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b: Discuss which two gases from the four gases in part (a) are the most significant for global warming.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.D2a: Aspirin is virtually insoluble in water. Use Table 20 in the Data Booklet to explain how aspirin...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2c.i: State what the terms HDL and LDL represent.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Explain how alloying can modify the structure and properties of metals.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a.i: State the oxidation and reduction half-equations that occur in the breathalyser when ethanol is...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D3b: Police use the intoximeter, an infrared spectrophotometer to confirm a roadside breathalyser...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D4a: With reference to the structure above, state what the letter R represents and discuss how...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.F3a: Explain why raw meat changes colour from purplish-red to brown on standing.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F2a: Explain, in terms of their molecular structure, why these compounds are coloured.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F2c: Identify one other coloured compound commonly found in uncooked foods.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2d: Deduce whether the fatty acid obtained in part (c) will have a higher or lower melting point...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C1a.ii: State one public concern regarding the development of nanotechnology.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b: State and explain whether 0.1 mol of magnesium hydroxide is more effective or less effective than...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F3b: Describe two advantages and one concern about the use of genetically modified food.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.C3c.ii: Explain the strength of Kevlar in terms of its structure and bonding.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B3c: The structure of one form of vitamin E is shown below. State and explain whether vitamin E is...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2c: Discuss two factors which need to be considered when selecting a catalyst for a particular...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2d.i: Identify the catalyst used in the catalytic cracking of long chain hydrocarbons and state one...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C3a: Outline the difference in the way in which polymerization occurs, stating a specific example of a...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3b: Describe one environmental problem that can result from the combustion of these fuels in the...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b: Suggest why carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas most frequently connected with the effect of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.E1c: Other than carbon dioxide and water, identify one other greenhouse gas and state its source.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.F2a: Rancidity can occur as a result of two separate processes. State these processes and explain the...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.B3b: When an inhibitor is added it decreases the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. State the...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3c: Describe what happens to bacteria when they come into contact with penicillin.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C2c: (i) Explain why fuel cells are less damaging to the environment than nickel–cadmium...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B5a: Explain how enzymes, such as hexokinase, are able to catalyse reactions.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F6a: Explain why these natural pigments are coloured.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.B2a: State the name of the linkage that is broken during the hydrolysis of a protein and draw its...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C2c: State one environmental impact of the disposal of these polyethenes by using incineration.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C4b: Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the nematic liquid crystal.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.D4b: Discuss two problems associated with the overprescription of penicillin and explain how these are...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.6b: Explain why the nitrile group enables these molecules to be used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs).
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Fatty acids react with glycerol to form fats and oils. State the name of the chemical link formed...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Identify one concern of using nanoscale catalysts.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28d: Outline the nature of the radioactive waste that is generated by the use of technetium-99m in...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.10d: The fibrous protein keratin has a secondary structure with a helical arrangement. (i) State the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.9c: Amylose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of repeating units of glucose. (i) Draw the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Zanamivir must be taken by inhalation, not orally. Deduce what this suggests about the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the use of omeprazole (Prilosec) and magnesium hydroxide.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.14a: Outline how the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is affected by changes in the blood plasma.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.15b: In 2010, scientists claimed that they had discovered a species of bacteria capable of...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.10c: (i) Serine is a chiral amino acid. Draw both enantiomers of serine. (ii) State the enantiomeric...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4b: Calculate the amount, in mol, of electrons passed using section 2 of the data booklet.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.9a: State the raw materials and source of energy used in the process described above.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.19a: Ranitidine (Zantac) is a drug that inhibits stomach acid production. Outline why the development...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.14a: (i) Estimate the Km values of the two enzymes. (ii) Suggest, with a reason, which enzyme will...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.16b: With reference to its chemical structure, outline whether this pigment is found in aqueous...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.29a: Suggest what may have led to these changes in acceptable concentrations.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: Determine the type of bond present in SbBr3, showing your method. Use sections 8 and 29 of the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.i: Describe the difference in their structures.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.ii: Using the partial structure given, complete the structural formula of the molecule formed from...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.i: Identify the name of the amino acid that does not move under the influence of the applied voltage.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17d: Many combustion processes also release particulate matter into the atmosphere. Suggest, giving...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.20b: Explain the effect of a large amount of aspirin on the pH of blood.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.21a: Outline how oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) works.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.8a: Lanthanum has a hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure. State the coordination number of...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: Deduce the repeating unit of the polymer and the other product of the reaction.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.9b: State the class of polymer to which PETE belongs.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15a: Deduce the pH range in which glycine is an effective buffer in basic solution.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15c: Outline the action of a non-competitive inhibitor on the enzyme-catalysed reaction.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15d: The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines hereditary characteristics. Calculate the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.17: Vision is dependent on retinol (vitamin A) present in retina cells. Retinol is oxidized to...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29a: Yttrium-90 is used in treating certain cancers. Formulate a nuclear equation for the beta decay...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10c: Starch is a constituent of many plastics. Suggest one reason for including starch in plastics.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.12b: Coloured molecules absorb sunlight. Identify the bonding characteristics of such molecules.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.13a: State one advantage and one disadvantage for each energy source in the table.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.13b.ii: Hydrogen has a higher specific energy than petrol (gasoline) but is not used as a primary fuel...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.15a.iii: State two techniques which could be used to confirm the identity of aspirin.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.15b.ii: Compare, giving a reason, the bioavailability of soluble aspirin with aspirin.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.22a: Outline how ranitidine (Zantac) functions to reduce stomach acidity.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8c: Outline the importance of linoleic acid for human health.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.18d: Outline how nuclear ionising radiation can damage DNA and enzymes in living cells.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.14a: State the half-equation for the reduction of molecular oxygen to water in acidic conditions.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4b.ii: At present, composite fillings are more expensive than amalgam fillings. Suggest why a patient...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4c: Explain how Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy could be used to determine the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: Discuss one possible risk associated with the use of nanotechnology.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Explain how ranitidine (Zantac) reduces stomach acid production.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.i: Describe how the structures of LDPE and HDPE affect one mechanical property of the plastics.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.4c.i: Draw the structure of the monomer from which nylon-6 is produced by a condensation reaction.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4b.i: Vanadium and other transition metals can interfere with cell metabolism. State and explain one...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.13a: Outline the major technical problem affecting the direct use of vegetable oils as fuels...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.13b: State the formula of a fuel that might be produced from the vegetable oil whose formula is...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.14b.ii: Explain how the proportion of 235U in natural uranium is increased.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5c: When X-rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are directed at a crystal of aluminium, the first order...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.10b: Explain how the structure of vitamin A is important to vision using section 35 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.iv: Determine the volume, in cm3, of a vanadium unit cell.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5d.ii: Outline why the resistance of aluminium increases above 1.2 K.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4b.ii: Vanadium(IV) ions can create free radicals by a Fenton reaction. Deduce the equation for the...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10c.ii: Outline why the energy available from an engine will be less than these theoretical values.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.ii: Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.iv: State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13d.ii: Suggest one reason why codeine is more widely used than morphine as an analgesic.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.5a: State the source of carbon for MWCNT produced by arc discharge and by CVD.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4b.ii: Compare two ways in which recycling differs from reusing plastics.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6a: Identify the type of chemical reaction that occurs between fatty acids and glycerol to form...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.8: Green Chemistry reduces the production of hazardous materials and chemical waste. Outline two...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4c: Civilizations are often characterized by the materials they use. Suggest an advantage polymers...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10c.ii: The performance of hydrocarbons as fuels can be improved by catalytic reforming. Outline how...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16a.i: Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.19a: Identify the names of two functional groups present in zanamivir using section 37 of the data...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.8b: Calculate the iodine number for linolenic acid,...
- 15M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: Aluminium can also be obtained by electrolysis. Suggest one reason why aluminium is often used...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.5b.i: Vitamin D is produced from cholesterol. The structures of both molecules are given in table 21 of...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.5b.ii: Distinguish between HDL and LDL cholesterol in terms of their composition and their effect on...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: A number of famous athletes have been banned from competition for using hormone F. Explain, with...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.iii: Outline why iron is obtained from its ores using chemical reducing agents but aluminium is...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8b.i: Suggest, with reference to the structure, why the molecule is able to change orientation in an...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: Outline the technique used to manipulate the atoms in this way.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.10b: Discuss two advantages and one disadvantage of using the expanded form as a packaging...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.13a: Deduce which drugs could be morphine, aspirin and codeine. Morphine: Aspirin: Codeine:
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.11b: A lot of feedstock is used in the production of plastics. Discuss two advantages and one...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.12a: Identify the structural feature of cholesteryl benzoate which makes it suitable for use as a...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.13b: Distinguish between the arrangement of carbon atoms at the sides and at the ends of carbon...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.14a.ii: Suggest why a narrow therapeutic window may be a problem.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: State the energy change conversion involved in a fuel cell.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.9b: (i) Identify the two half-equations that take place at the positive electrode (cathode) and...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.8a: Explain the double helical structure of DNA, including the importance of hydrogen bonding.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.15a: Describe how mild analgesics function.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.19a: State an ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction taking place when an aqueous...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.19b: The solubility product, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of lead(II) chloride is \(1.7 \times {10^{ - 5}}\)...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.3a: Calculate the \({R_{\text{f}}}\) values for the two spots. Spot 1: Spot 2:
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: (i) Identify the two half-equations that take place at the positive electrode (cathode) and...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.11d: A normal aspirin tablet taken to relieve pain contains about 300 mg of aspirin. Certain adults...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.14a: Describe how these gases contribute to the greenhouse effect.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18e: Other than the fact that it is a solid at room temperature, discuss two advantages and two...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.8a: (i) State equations for the reactions that occur at each electrode in a lead-acid battery...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which combination of monomers produces a condensation polymer with the repeating unit...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.7a: Describe how genetic information is encoded within the double helical structure of DNA.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.8: Describe three characteristics of enzymes.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.18a: State two ways in which viruses are different from bacteria.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.18b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.18c: Discuss three of the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Deduce an equation for the discharge of the ions at each electrode. Positive electrode...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.10: The diagrams below show a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an alkaline electrolyte and a lead-acid...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: Explain the way that mild and strong analgesics prevent pain. Mild...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6a: Identify by name two functional groups that are common to all three of these vitamins.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6b.ii: Explain why this vitamin is soluble in water.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.8a: Draw a possible structure for the triglyceride.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.14a.i: Use Table 17 of the Data Booklet to identify the wavenumber range used in the determination.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: Explain why this vitamin is soluble in water.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9a.i: Polyacrylonitrile is similar to polypropene and can exist in two forms. Draw the structure of...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9c.ii: State a property of these nanotubes that makes them suitable for this use.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.10: Liquid-crystal displays are used in many electronic appliances. The molecule below has...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.D3b: The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are given in Table 20 of the Data Booklet....
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: State the expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of lead sulfate.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2d: State one advantage of using a heterogeneous catalyst rather than a homogeneous catalyst.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C3a: State the property of the liquid-crystal molecules that allows them to align when a voltage is...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c: State a reason why it is dangerous to use aspirin while consuming alcohol.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1a.i: Olive oil contains a triglyceride (glyceryl trioleate) which, on hydrolysis, yields...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.i: State how the sodium hydrogencarbonate maintains the green colour of the peas.
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.B4: State two differences in composition and one difference in structure between RNA and DNA.
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4c: Kevlar is five times as strong as steel, partly due to its strong intermolecular forces. State...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4d: (i) Suggest how the sulfuric acid is able to separate the Kevlar chains. (ii) Evaluate...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.D1c: The efficiency of certain drugs is strongly dependent on the frequency and regularity of their...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.B4a: (i) Explain how the two helices are linked in the structure of DNA. (ii) Describe the...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B2a: Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid whose formula is given in Table 22 of the Data Booklet....
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: (i) Describe the structure of carbon nanotubes. (ii) State one physical property of...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.C5a: Explain how the three different parts of the molecule contribute to the properties of the...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.E5b: Explain how the addition of hydrogen sulfide decreases the concentration of...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F2d: \({{\text{(EDTA)}}^{4 - }}\), the ethylenediaminetetraacetate anion, is a chelate ligand with the...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1a: State the general formula of 2-amino acids.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1d.ii: State the predominant interaction responsible for the secondary structure.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.i: Explain why the molten electrolyte also contains cryolite.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.iii: Oxygen is produced at the positive electrode (anode). State the name of another gas produced at...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C4b: Identify a physical property of Cd(OH)2 which allows this process to be reversed and the battery...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b.ii: Explain why it is important to continue to develop semi-synthetic penicillins.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2b.iii: Identify the method of administration used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E1a: Describe how carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E4b: Suggest why some biodegradable plastics do not decompose in landfill sites.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D3a: Identify the two chiral carbon atoms in the structure above with an asterisk (*).
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B3: (a) Define the term iodine number. (b) Linoleic acid (\({M_{\text{r}}} = 281\)) has the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1f: Explain what is meant by the term tolerance and suggest why this is a particular problem for...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.E2b: State the characteristics and sources of low-level nuclear waste.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b: (i) Explain what effect, if any, the absorption at 375 nm will have on the colour of the...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.B6: The nucleic acids, RNA and DNA, are polymers which are formed from nucleotides. Distinguish...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.D1: State the differences between the structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin). State the...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C2b: Describe the composition of the electrodes and state the overall cell equation of the...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E3a: Assuming chromium is present as \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\), state an equation for its...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.E1c: Discuss two effects of global warming.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b: Explain why two cyclic isomers are formed from the straight-chain glucose and name both isomers.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b: Calcium carbonate can also neutralize stomach acid. The same amounts (in moles) of sodium...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C1a.i: State the scale at which nanotechnology takes place and outline the importance of working at this...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b.ii: Identify one disadvantage of using heterogeneous catalysts.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D2a: State an equation to represent a neutralization reaction with one of the above antacids.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D3b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1a: Identify the compounds X and Y. X: Y:
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1a.ii: Explain why it is dangerous to take aspirin when ethanol has also been consumed.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b.ii: Explain how a strong analgesic such as morphine prevents pain.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b.iii: The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet....
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a: Explain the meaning of the term therapeutic window and discuss its importance in drug...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1c: The following graph shows the annual increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2d: The electrodes of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries have a feature in common with...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3d: One product that is made from crude oil is the chemical feedstock that can be used to synthesize...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Explain how the interaction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere with radiation could lead to an...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D3c: Explain how penicillin works and why it is necessary to continue to develop new forms of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.F2a: State two major differences in their structures.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D5b: Chiral auxiliaries are used in drug design. Describe how a chiral auxiliary works.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.E2b: Compare the contributions of carbon dioxide and methane to the enhanced greenhouse effect.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F1a: State the empirical formula and structural features of monosaccharides.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F1b.ii: Deduce the structural formula of a triester formed from three long-chain carboxylic acid...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.11b: (i) Octane, C8H18, can undergo complete combustion under suitable conditions. Calculate the...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.20a: One type of fuel cell contains a proton exchange membrane between electrodes and uses aqueous...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4e: Deduce the charge on the indium ion and the formula of indium sulfate.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.3d: (i) Outline the cause of electrical resistance in metallic conductors. (ii) The resistance of...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.10b: Adsorption and chelation are two methods of removing heavy metal ion pollution from the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.12b: Deduce the equation for the reaction that occurs assuming that the vegetable oil has the formula...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.20b: Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of a fuel cell over a lead–acid battery as an energy...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.19c: A different approach to treating excess stomach acid is to neutralize it with antacids. Formulate...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.9b: Outline one difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25b: Lead-212 is a radioisotope that is used in the treatment of cancer. It is produced from another...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.16c: A student investigated the ability of anthocyanins to act as pH indicators. He extracted juice...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: A concentration cell is an example of an electrochemical cell. (i) State the difference between...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.13b: The pigments from spinach were separated using chromatography. Identify Z by calculating its Rf...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15d: Determine the specific energy, in kJ\(\,\)g−1, and energy density, in kJ\(\,\)cm−3, of a...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.18a: Dose response curves are determined for each drug. Outline the significance of range “a”.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19c: A student prepares aspirin from salicylic acid in the laboratory, extracts it from the reaction...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.16a: Explain the shape of the curve at low oxygen partial pressure up to about 5 kPa.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.ii: Outline the effect of decreasing pH on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.25d: Some mild analgesics contain a solid mixture of acidic aspirin and a non-acidic organic chemical...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.i: Explain how the structure of plasticizers enables them to soften PVC.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.6a: Two important properties of a liquid crystal molecule are being a polar molecule and having a...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.6b: Metal impurities during the production of LCoS can be analysed using ICP-MS. Each metal has a...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7c: Deduce the structural formula of the predominant form of cysteine at pH 1.0.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.8a: Explain which one of these fatty acids has the highest boiling point.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10d: Suggest one of the challenges scientists face when scaling up the synthesis of a new compound.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.17a: Two drugs are ranitidine (Zantac) and omeprazole (Prilosec). Outline how they function to reduce...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.ii: Deduce the wavenumber of one absorbance seen in the IR spectrum of only one of the compounds,...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.8c.ii: Calculate the pH of a buffer solution which contains 0.700 mol dm–3 of the zwitterion and 0.500...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.13b: Sketch a second graph on the same axes to show how the reaction rate varies when a competitive...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.17c.iii: Explain how the flow of ions allows for the operation of the fuel cell.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.19b: Suggest one advantage a DSSC has over a silicon based photovoltaic cell.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.11b.i: The malonate ion acts as an inhibitor for the enzyme. Suggest, on the molecular level, how the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: The half-life of lutetium-177 is 6.73 days. Determine the percentage of a sample of lutetium-177...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.ii: Deduce which spectrum belongs to paracetamol, giving two reasons for your choice. Use section 26...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Aspirin is a mild analgesic derived from salicylic acid found in willow bark. Describe how mild...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.10b: State one function of vitamin D in the body.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.15a: State the structural feature of chlorophyll that enables it to absorb visible light.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8b.i: State the type of reaction occurring during the titration.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.15b: Dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs, use a dye to absorb the sunlight. State two advantages that...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.15a: Early photovoltaic cells were based on silicon containing traces of other elements. State the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.13c: Fuel cells have a higher thermodynamic efficiency than octane. The following table gives some...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.18a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for an appropriate doping element in the box in the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.12: DNA is a biopolymer made up of nucleotides. List two components of a nucleotide.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8d: Calculate the pH of a buffer system with a concentration of 1.25 × 10−3 mol dm−3 carbonic acid...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8c: Draw the structures of the main form of glycine in buffer solutions of pH 1.0 and 6.0. The pKa...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4c.ii: Trace amounts of metal from the catalysts used in the production of HDPE sometimes remain in the...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4e: Suggest why there are so many different ways in which plastics can be classified. HDPE can, for...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.15b: Shikimic acid, the precursor for oseltamivir (Tamiflu), was originally extracted from star anise,...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.11a.ii: State the formula of a fuel that might be produced from the vegetable oil whose formula is...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10b: Petroleum contains many hydrocarbons. Explain how these are separated by fractional distillation.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.iii: Outline two consequences of prescribing antibiotics such as penicillin unnecessarily.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.i: Identify the purpose of each graph.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.ii: Calculate, to four significant figures, the concentration, in μg kg−1, of vanadium in oil giving...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.11a: Explain the molecular mechanism by which carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6f: Explain why lipids provide more energy than carbohydrates and proteins.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.7c: Outline why amino acids have high melting points.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.14b: Outline why the ester product of this reaction is a better diesel fuel than pentyl octanoate.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8e: Sketch the wedge and dash (3-D) representations of alanine enantiomers.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.iii: Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15a.i: The structure of aspirin is shown in table 20 of the data booklet. Suggest a suitable reagent for...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15c: Explain why diamorphine is a more potent drug than morphine.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.21b.i: Cytovaricin is an antibiotic that is produced using a chiral auxiliary. Suggest why it may be...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.i: Explain why oleic acid, cis-9-octadecenoic acid, has a lower melting point than its trans isomer,...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4b: Deduce the primary structures of the tripeptides formed by reacting together one molecule of each...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.17b.i: Describe one similarity and one difference between the structure of a saturated and an...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Explain how individual amino acids can be obtained from proteins for chromatographic separation.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.15b: The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are shown in table 20 of the data booklet....
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.22b.ii: Discuss two effects on health of consuming trans fatty acids such as elaidic acid.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.v: Partial neutralization of chloric(I) acid creates a buffer solution. Given that the...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.7b: Adenine, A, whose structure is also given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet, is a purine found in...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.4a: Explain which of the two structures would be coloured.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.15b: (i) Outline why this substance is more soluble than standard aspirin in water. (ii) ...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.4b: (i) Fructose, a monosaccharide, is found in honey. Draw the straight-chain structure of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.7b: (i) State one advantage of using an alloy rather than the pure metal. (ii) Outline...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17d.iv: Olestra, with one of its structures shown below, has been used to prepare snacks such as crisps...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.28: A buffer solution is formed by mixing equal volumes of...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.7b: State the name of the bond between complementary base pairs of DNA.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.3: (a) State how you could tell whether the ink was a single substance or a mixture of...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: State two ways in which viruses are different from bacteria.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6b.i: Only one of these three vitamins is soluble in water. Identify this vitamin.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6c.ii: Suggest why vitamin D deficiency diseases are becoming increasingly common in young people.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.8b: State the other reactant and one essential condition that would favour this hydrolysis reaction...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.10c: The properties of a metal can be altered by alloying or heat treatment. Explain why alloying can...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.13b: State the physical property of the products that allows this process to be reversed and the cell...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24c.i: Explain the meaning of the term trans.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6b.i: identify a pH value where both amino acids would be positively charged.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6b.ii: describe with a reason what pH value would be suitable to use in an electrophoresis experiment...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: State an equation for the reactions that occur in the stomach for both substances with...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.13b: A typical antacid tablet has a mass of about 1 g. Determine which of the two antacids will...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4a.i: Describe the characteristics of an enzyme (such as catalase).
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b.iii: State how inhibitors affect the values of \({V_{{\text{max}}}}\) and the Michaelis constant,...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.C1a: State how a low operating temperature is achieved when aluminium oxide is electrolysed.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: List two functions of proteins in the body.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.i: Draw the structures of \(\alpha \)-glucose and \(\beta...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.ii: Two \(\alpha \)-glucose molecules condense to form the disaccharide maltose. Draw the structure...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.v: State the name of the organic product formed.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Identify a gas that is both a greenhouse gas and a cause of ozone depletion.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b.ii: Explain why the properties of pigments in the shell of a live lobster can lead to colour...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A3b: When the flavylium cation is placed in alkaline solution the structure changes to the quinoidal...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b.ii: Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are classed as essential fatty acids. State the importance of...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.i: Explain how pure aluminium oxide is obtained from bauxite.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C2a: Distinguish between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous catalyst.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b.ii: State the name of the organic product formed during the reaction.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F2a: List two factors which may affect the colour stability of a pigment.
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4a: State the type of polymerization involved.
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.F1a: (i) all fats. (ii) all fatty acids.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4c: Both fuel cells and rechargeable batteries offer great potential for the future. Compare these...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.F4: (a) Define the term genetically modified (GM) food. (b) Discuss the benefits and...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2b: Describe the mechanism of enzyme action in terms of structure.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.C5b: Describe and explain in molecular terms the workings of a twisted nematic liquid crystal.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1b: State two characteristic properties of 2-amino acids.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: By comparing the structures of vitamins A, C and D given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet, state...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.ii: State a half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C2b: State how PVC can be made more flexible during its manufacture and explain the increase in...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: Deduce the structures of the two different dipeptides that can be formed when one molecule of...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: Apart from their selectivity to form the required product and their cost, discuss two other...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b: Modern penicillins have a similar structure to Penicillin G but a different side-chain. State...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c: The disposal of nuclear waste in the sea is now banned in many countries. Discuss one method of...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F2c: List two factors which could alter the precise colour of a particular anthocyanin.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F3b: Explain why unsaturated fats have a lower melting point than saturated fats.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F3c: Oils can be hydrogenated. One possible problem is that partial hydrogenation may occur which...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.D3c: Explain why heroin is a more potent drug than morphine.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.D3: (a) Describe how mild and strong analgesics provide pain relief. Mild analgesics: Strong...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.E1: (a) Major greenhouse gases are water vapour and carbon dioxide. State two other greenhouse...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.F2: (a) Describe the differences in the structure between the saturated fatty acid...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b: Enzymes are affected by inhibitors. Lead ions are a non-competitive inhibitor, they have been...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.i: Compare the structures of the two fatty acids: linoleic and linolenic acids.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c.ii: Compare the composition of cholesterol with a phospholipid such as lecithin.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals. State and explain which diagram, I or II,...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d: State one advantage and one disadvantage of using morphine as a strong analgesic.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: Explain what occurs at a molecular level during the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation by the...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B2d: Describe one negative effect of a high concentration of LDL cholesterol in blood.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4d: Explain the effect of competitive inhibition on \({V_{{\text{max}}}}\) and \({K_{\text{m}}}\).
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B3b: Describe the effect of deficiency of one of these vitamins and suggest two possible solutions.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a: Describe how this is overcome in the lithium-ion battery.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b: Describe the migration of ions taking place at the two electrodes in the lithium-ion battery when...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b: Determine \({V_{\max }}\) and \({K_{\text{m}}}\) in the absence of the inhibitor and in the...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b: Explain why it is important to include the fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acid in a balanced...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F3a: Explain what is meant by the term genetically modified food.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b: Draw the structural formula of a triglyceride formed from one molecule each of octanoic acid,...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1d: Identify the type of reaction that occurs during the formation of a triglyceride.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b: Explain, using equations, how the amino acid glycine (Gly) can act as a buffer
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b: Discuss three properties a substance should have if it is to be used in liquid-crystal displays.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1d: State one effect of global warming.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: This energy comes mainly from the combustion of triglycerides. State the name of one other type...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: Glucose is mainly present in one of two cyclic forms: \(\alpha \)-glucose and \(\beta \)-glucose....
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c: Outline how the structure of cellulose is related to that of glucose.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B3a: State the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: Plastic litter is an environmental problem that results from the use of petroleum as a chemical...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D1b: List three methods, other than orally, that can be used for the administration of a drug.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D3a: (i) State the name of one disease caused by each. Bacteria: Viruses: (ii) Discuss the...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D3d: It is much more difficult to produce effective antiviral drugs than drugs that kill bacteria....
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.B3a: State and explain how the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is related to the substrate...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C2c: Lead–acid batteries are heavy. Much lighter rechargeable cells are nickel–cadmium batteries used...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b: Determine which of the two components of the tablet will neutralize the most acid.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.C2c: Kevlar is another example of a condensation polymer. Explain how the great strength of Kevlar...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F5a: Use the CORN rule to determine whether the structure of 2-aminopropanoic acid (alanine)...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.B4a: Compare the structures of starch and cellulose.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.ii: The product formed in part (i) reacts with coke to produce carbon monoxide. Explain, giving an...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a: List two general effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.D4a: Identify the side-chain by drawing a circle around the side-chain in the structure of benzyl...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.4c: Carbon nanotubes, which can be produced by the HIPCO process, show great potential as...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.11c: Coal can be heated with steam to produce synthetic natural gas. Formulate an equation to show the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: Explain the effect of the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the acidity...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict the magnetic properties of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in terms of the electron structure of the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.15b: Radioactive phosphorus, 33P, has a half-life of 25.3 days. (i) Calculate 33P decay constant λ...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.8b: Zinc ions, toxic to aquatic life, may be removed by adding a solution containing hydroxide ions....
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Calculate the charge, in coulombs, passed during the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Outline how a lyotropic liquid crystal differs from a thermotropic liquid crystal.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.18d: State why aspirin is described as a mild analgesic with reference to its site of action.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Two other drugs, omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium), directly prevent the release of...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.16a: Outline why this molecule absorbs visible light.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: Suggest why it is important to know how catalysts function.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: Constructing models that allow visualizations of the stereochemistry of carbohydrates is...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, which amino acid will develop closest to the negative electrode.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13c: The breakdown of a dipeptide in the presence of peptidase was investigated between 18 °C and 43...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14a: Outline how the spectra of light from stars can be used to detect the presence of carbon.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.16b: Outline how the carbon monoxide is then converted to a hydrocarbon fuel.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19a: Suggest why aspirin is slightly soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.20a: Calculate the pH of the buffer from the following data and section 1 of the data...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.i: Sketch a graph on the axes above to show the effect of decreasing pH on the binding of oxygen to...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22b.ii: Outline the difference between primary and rechargeable cells.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.5a: In a catalytic converter, carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide. Outline the process for...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14a: Identify which region, A or B, corresponds to each type of radiation by completing the table.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.15b.i: State how aspirin can be converted to water-soluble aspirin.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.i: Compare and contrast the structures of oseltamivir and zanamivir, stating the names of functional...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.iii: Contrast type 1 and type 2 superconductors by referring to three differences between them.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.8c.i: An aqueous buffer solution contains both the zwitterion and the anionic forms of alanine. Draw...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.12a.i: One fusion reaction occurring in the sun is the fusion of deuterium, \({}_1^2H\), with tritium,...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8a.ii: The empirical formula of fructose is CH2O. Suggest why linoleic acid releases more energy per...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.21: Molecules of antibiotics often contain a beta-lactam ring. Explain the importance of the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.18c.ii: Determine the energy released, in J, by 0.00100 mol of 228Ac over the course of 18 hours.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.20b: Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of the methanol cell (DMFC) compared with a...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.27: Ethanol slows down the reaction time of a driver leading to traffic accidents. Explain how the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.8b.ii: Determine a value for the density of cobalt, in g cm–3, using data from sections 2 and 6 of the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4b.i: Outline why an alloy is usually harder than its components by referring to its structure.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.14a.ii: Suggest two advantages that fusion has over fission.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8b.ii: Calculate the volume of iodine solution used to reach the end-point.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.17b.i: The strong analgesics morphine and codeine are opiates. Outline how codeine can be synthesized...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.25: Taxol was originally obtained from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Outline how Green Chemistry...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.20b: Explain how hexane and propanone may be separated by fractional distillation.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.4c.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, whether the atom economy of a condensation polymerization, such as this,...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5e: The concentration of aluminium in drinking water can be reduced by precipitating aluminium...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.26b: The half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days. Calculate the mass, in g, of 32P remaining after...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5d.i: Deduce what the shape of the graph indicates about aluminium.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.6b: MWCNT are very small in size and can greatly increase switching speeds in a liquid crystal...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.16c.i: Calculate the relative rate of effusion of 235UF6(g) to 238UF6(g) using sections 1 and 6 of the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.18b.i: State the feature of the molecules responsible for the absorption of light.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.16c.ii: Explain, based on molecular structure and bonding, why diffusion or centrifuging can be used for...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4c.i: The production of HDPE involves the use of homogeneous catalysts. Outline how homogeneous...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7b: Butter contains varying proportions of oleic, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. Explain in...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.iii: Explain why sharks and swordfish sometimes contain high concentrations of mercury and...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: Identify an element, other than carbon and hydrogen, found at significant concentrations in...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.ii: Predict the solubility of retinol (vitamin A) in body fat, giving a reason. Use section 35 of the...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.15a: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are used against flu viruses. Explain how these...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.5b: Discuss three properties a substance should have to be suitable for use in liquid crystal displays.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.17: Morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are both opioids. Explain why diamorphine is more potent than...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.12a: Calculate the thermal efficiency of a steam turbine supplied with steam at 540°C and using a...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.18a: Formulate a chemical equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with calcium carbonate.
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.27: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of ethanoic acid is 4.8 at 298 K. Which combination will produce...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8a: Outline the relationship between enzyme activity and concentration of the substrate.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.10c: Describe and explain, in molecular terms, the workings of a twisted nematic liquid crystal.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.24a: Ripe strawberries contain the flavylium cation, an anthocyanin. By referring to table 22 of the...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.24b: Outline the difference in solubility in water between anthocyanins and carotenes, by referring to...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.12c: Discuss two difficulties associated with the development of drugs for the effective treatment of...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: List two benefits of linolenic acid to humans.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: Calculate the iodine number for linolenic acid, C17H29COOH \(({M_{\text{r}}} = 278.48)\). The...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.13d: Discuss two concerns regarding the development of nanotechnology.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.14b: State the meaning of the term side-effects.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.19a.ii: Suggest the two factors that influence the relative greenhouse effect of a gas.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.17a: State an expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), for copper(II)...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: Suggest why crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18b: State the other product formed during this reaction.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.2c: (i) Calculate the \({R_{\text{f}}}\) values of A and B. (ii) Outline why compound B...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Define the term iodine number. (ii) A sample containing...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: (i) Describe the production of aluminium from its purified ore. Explain the role of cryolite...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.11b: (i) Outline why this substance is more soluble than standard aspirin in water. (ii) ...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17b: State two named functional groups present in each of the following molecules found in two...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17c: Butter is an example of a saturated fat and olive oil is an example of an unsaturated fat....
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.11: The photovoltaic cell is a valuable source of energy. Describe its construction and how it...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.12a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: Explain the increased potency of diamorphine (heroin) compared to morphine.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.17c: Explain the importance of the beta-lactam ring in the action of penicillin.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.11d.ii: Explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for the manufacture of strong fibres.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12a: State what the observer would see if the liquid crystal was not present and there was no voltage...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: The concentration of ethanol is determined by passing IR radiation through a breath sample....
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.15c: Outline why some drugs can be less effective when taken orally rather than through other methods...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.20b.i: Determine the concentration of the magnesium and hydroxide ions in a saturated solution of...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: State the structural formula of cysteine as a zwitterion.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7d: People who live in very cold regions need a diet with a higher ratio of fat to carbohydrate than...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.8e.i: Explain why alloying can modify the structure and properties of a metal.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9b.i: Identify the role of the zeolite in the reaction.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9c.i: Outline the structure of the open carbon nanotubes.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.C5b.i: Draw the structures of the monomers that form polyethylene terephthalate.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E4c: Some magnesium sulfate is added to the water sample. Determine the increase in sulfate ion...
- 13M.2.sl.TZ1.8b.ii: Suggest what would happen to the pH of the solution as the reaction proceeds.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: The following reaction occurs during the cracking of tetradecane,...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: Catalytic cracking uses silica as a heterogeneous catalyst. Explain the mode of action of a...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1a: Explain how mild and strong analgesics prevent pain. Mild analgesics: Strong...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b.i: Identify the class of pigment to which astaxanthin belongs.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.B3b.ii: Explain why a low value of \({K_{\text{m}}}\) is significant.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3a.ii: Explain the high reactivity of the part of the drug that is enclosed in the circle.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a: Proteins such as papain are formed by the condensation reactions of 2-amino acids. By referring...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b.ii: Arginine, cysteine and glycine undergo electrophoresis at pH 6.0. Deduce which amino acid moves...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2c.ii: Identify two interactions which are responsible for this type of structure.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.ii: Explain why sodium hexafluoroaluminate,...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.iii: State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive and negative electrodes...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C2b: Other than cost, state one advantage and one disadvantage of using a homogeneous catalyst rather...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b.i: Describe why pentane is sometimes added during the formation ofpoly(phenylethene), also known as...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b.ii: State one use for the product formed from this process.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1a: Other than the benzene (aromatic) ring, state the name of the functional group that is common to...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2c: In order to quantify exactly how much ethanol is present in the blood, a person may be required...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a: Explain how penicillins are able to cure certain diseases caused by bacteria.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E4a: State an ionic equation, including the state symbols, to show how hydrogen sulfide gas,...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A5c: One of the following organic compounds is colourless while the other is orange. Predict, with...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: The polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC), also known as poly(chloroethene), is hard and brittle when...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B1b: (i) Draw the straight chain structure of glucose. (ii) Draw the structural formula of...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: Fats, such as butter, are solid triglycerides. Explain why fats have a higher energy value than...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a: State the name of the acid found in the gastric juices of the stomach.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D4a: State one difference between viruses and bacteria.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2c.ii: Draw a line on the graph to represent the effect of adding a competitive inhibitor.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2d: State and explain the effects of heavy-metal ions and temperature increases on enzyme activity.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.E5a: Calculate the concentration of \({\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}\) ions in a saturated solution of...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C2c: PVC can exist in isotactic and atactic forms. Draw the structure of the isotactic form showing a...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3c.ii: State one potential concern associated with the use of carbon nanotubes.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2a.ii: therapeutic window
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2b.i: One method of injecting drugs into the body results in the drug having a very rapid effect. State...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.F1b.i: fats and oils
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.F1c: Liver is a source of arachidonic acid,...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1b: Explain how morphine can prevent pain.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D3a: (i) Give the equations for the reactions of sodium hydrogencarbonate and magnesium hydroxide...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F1b: State three characteristic features of all monosaccharide molecules.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F2a: Explain why pigments such as anthocyanins are coloured.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.B4: Calculate the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in linolenic acid,...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C4: Detergents are one example of lyotropic liquid crystals. State one other example of a lyotropic...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.B2b.ii: Calculate the iodine number of linoleic...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C2a: State the half-equations occurring at each electrode in the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell in an...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C2c: Compare a fuel cell and a lead-acid battery, with respect to possible concerns about pollution of...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.D1c.iv: Explain the increased potency of heroin (diamorphine) compared to morphine.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: The formulas of some fatty acids are shown in Table 22 of the Data Booklet. State the equation...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: After the discovery of \({{\text{C}}_{60}}\), chemists discovered carbon nanotubes. Describe the...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c.iii: State the name of the functional group found in heroin but not in morphine.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F1a: Explain why naturally-occurring pigments are coloured.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.E2b: (i) Deduce the type of catalysis that occurs. (ii) Outline why the depletion of ozone is...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.F1c: Outline the process of hydrogenating fats and name one catalyst for the process.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.A1c.iii: Calculate the \({R_{\text{f}}}\) of the amino acid.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B1c: State the name of the two polymeric forms of starch.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C3c: Discuss one similarity and one difference between fuel cells and rechargeable...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B5a: Identify the molecule that undergoes oxidation and state the half-equation for the process.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.C2b: Ethene is one of the major products of this process and much of it is converted to polyethene...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.C5: Describe how silicon may be converted into a p-type semiconductor and explain why this leads to...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: Humans can digest starch but cannot digest cellulose. Explain why humans cannot digest cellulose.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: One development has been the production of nanotubes. Describe the way in which the arrangement...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b.i: Explain how these differ from homogeneous catalysts.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.C3c.iii: Explain why a bullet-proof vest made of Kevlar should be stored away from acids.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a.ii: Predict which amino acid is present at spot C. Explain your answer.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.ii: State the half-equations for the reactions that take place at each electrode. Positive electrode...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a: Identify two greenhouse gases not mentioned above. One of the gases that you identify should...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1b: The methane produced by sheep and cows can contribute to global warming. In Australia, it is...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F1a.ii: The hydrolysis of milk products is used in the making of cheese. State two conditions which...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.B1f: Compare the behaviour of enzymes and inorganic catalysts, including reference to the mechanism of...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.D1a: Identify the region of the electromagnetic spectrum used to detect the presence of ethanol.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3a: Name two fuels that are obtained from petroleum.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D3c: Describe two misuses of antibiotics that have led to some bacteria becoming resistant.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c: State the names of two types of nutrient other than those shown in part (b).
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C3a: Distinguish between thermotropic liquid crystals and lyotropic liquid...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.B3a: (i) Identify the major source of low-density lipoproteins. (ii) State the importance of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C2b: Electricity can also be generated from a lead–acid storage battery. The electrolyte is a solution...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b: (i) The repeating unit of poly(propene) has the...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.C2b: Polyurethanes are made from dialcohol (diol) and diisocyanate monomers. By considering the...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.E3a: Raw sewage is the water-carried waste that flows away from a community. If it is discharged...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C2a: Titanium compounds are used as catalysts in the manufacture of high-density polyethene (HDPE)....
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: Describe the composition of the electrodes in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: State the half-equation at each electrode in the hydrogen-oxygen alkaline cell. Positive...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.E2a: Explain how this enhanced greenhouse effect causes the average temperature of the Earth to increase.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.10d: Bioplastics are broken down by enzyme catalysed reactions. Sketch a graph illustrating how the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.7b: (i) Explain, in molecular terms, why PVC becomes more flexible and softer when a plasticizer is...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.13a: Curium, \({}^{240}{\rm{Cm}}\), was synthesized by bombarding thorium nuclei,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.5: Describe how the structures of ceramics differ from those of metals.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.20b: Methadone is sometimes used to help reduce withdrawal symptoms in the treatment of heroin...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.6a: Suggest how changing the size or shape of the hydrocarbon chain would affect the molecule’s...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.18b: Determine the mass of HCl, in g, that can be neutralized by the standard adult dose of 1.00g...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Outline why an element such as thorium, Th, usually undergoes nuclear fission, whereas helium,...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.12a: The graph below shows a Michaelis–Menten plot for an enzyme. Sketch and label two curves on the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: (i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.10b: A mixture of amino acids is separated by gel electrophoresis at pH 6.0. The amino acids are then...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.8b: (i) State the name of the functional group circled in the DHEA molecule shown below. (ii)...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.10a: Deduce the equation for the cellular respiration of glucose.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Outline an ethical implication of using nuclear treatments in medicine.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.17b: The reaction can be monitored by infrared spectroscopy. Using section 26 of the data booklet,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.17c: Discuss how the differences in structure between morphine and diamorphine affect their absorption...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.21a: State how n-type and p-type doping of silicon is achieved and the nature of electric charge...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.9a: Describe the Meissner effect.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4c: Calculate the mass of indium deposited by one mole of electrons.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.7a: State why lanthanum cannot be produced by reducing its oxide with carbon.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.9c: Antimony and its compounds are toxic, so it is important to check that the catalyst is removed...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: Below are the IR spectra of two plastics (A and B); one is PETE, the other is low density...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12c.i: State one advantage of starch based polymers besides being biodegradable.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13e: Pollution from heavy metal ions has become a health concern. Outline how the presence of heavy...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15c: Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.18b.i: Suggest the type of reaction used to convert morphine to codeine.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19e: The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest producers of waste solvents. State a green...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.21b: Oseltamivir was commercially produced from shikimic acid, a precursor which is a metabolite in...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.21c: Suggest why the administration of antibiotics to humans and animals can affect the environment.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.8c: Outline why superconductivity only occurs at low temperatures.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.10b: Hydrogen sulfide could be used to remove antimony(III) ions from a solution. Determine the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15b: Enzymes are biological catalysts. The data shows the effect of substrate concentration, [S], on...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29b: Lutetium-177 is a common isotope used for internal radiation therapy. Suggest why lutetium-177...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: State the two distinct phases of a composite.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: Identify the methods of assembling nanocomposites by completing the table.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.9b: Identify the type of reaction which occurs.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.4a: Identify the other product formed.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.13a: Determine the value of the Michaelis constant, Km, including units, from the graph.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.17c.ii: Outline the function of the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) in the fuel cell.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.i: Identify the type of radiation emitted by these two radioisotopes.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.iii: The half-life of lutetium-177 is 6.75 days. Calculate the percentage remaining after 27 days.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.13: The stability of DNA is due to interactions of its hydrophilic and hydrophobic...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.23b: Explain the role of the chiral auxiliary in the synthesis of Taxol.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.12b: A typical wood has a specific energy of 17 × 103 kJ kg–1. Comment on the usefulness of octane and...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.9c: Explain how the inclusion of carbohydrates in plastics makes them biodegradable.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: Outline the change in oxidation state of the iron ions in heme groups that occurs when molecular...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.20a: Deduce the half-equations and the overall equation for the reactions taking place in a direct...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.i: Both spectra show a peak at wavenumber 1700 cm–1. Identify the bond responsible for this peak.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.7c: Identify the type of intermolecular bonding that is responsible for Kevlar®’s strength.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.5: Catalysts can take many forms and are used in many industrial processes. Suggest two reasons why...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.20b: The pH is maintained in different fluids in the body by the use of buffers. Calculate the pH of...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.14b: The amount of 228Ac in a sample decreases to one eighth \(\left( {\frac{1}{8}} \right)\) of its...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.15b: Vegetable oils are too viscous for use as liquid fuels. Describe, using an equation, how a...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.14a.ii: State the factor that limits the maximum current that can be drawn from this cell and how...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.18b.ii: Outline why complex B absorbs light of longer wavelength than complex A.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.i: Distinguish between the manufacture of polyester and polyethene.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.26a: Phosphorous-32 undergoes beta decay. Formulate a balanced nuclear equation for this process.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: State one physical property of HDPE that will be affected by the incorporation of carbon nanotubes.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.5: Aluminium is produced by the electrolysis of a molten electrolyte containing bauxite. Determine...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13d.i: Morphine and codeine are strong analgesics. Outline how strong analgesics function.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10c.i: Determine the specific energy and energy density of petrol (gasoline), using data from sections 1...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.i: Identify the type of rancidity occurring in saturated lipids and the structural feature that...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.9c: The concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere are much greater than those of...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.ii: Outline how the bioavailability of aspirin may be increased.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: ICP-MS is a reference mode for analysis. The following correlation graphs between ICP-OES and...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4b.i: State the chemical reason why plastics do not degrade easily.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6c: Deduce the structure of the lipid formed by the reaction between lauric acid and glycerol...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.15: Drug testing is necessary to determine safe and effective doses. Distinguish between the lethal...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16a.ii: State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.18b: Calculate the amount, in mol, of stomach acid neutralized by an antacid tablet containing 0.750 g...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8f: UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used to determine the unknown concentration of a substance in a...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.24d: Outline another convention used for specifying a molecule’s spatial configuration and its...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.15a: Explain how the structure of biphenyl nitriles makes them suitable for use in liquid-crystal...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.22b.i: Describe on a molecular level how the greenhouse effect occurs.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.ii: Discuss two effects on health of consuming trans fatty acids such as elaidic acid.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.28b.ii: List two factors which increase the rate of oxidation of carotenoids.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.5a: Compare the structures and polarities of fats and phospholipids, giving one similarity and one...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.13b: Compare the structures of diamorphine (heroin) and morphine. Their structures are given in table...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.13c: Outline why bundles of carbon nanotubes have high tensile strength.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Determine the pH of the buffer solution at 298 K.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8f: (i) Describe the bonding present in magnesium metal. (ii) Suggest why magnesium...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.14b: Thalidomide is currently used to treat several different diseases including certain types of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.4a: State why a professional cyclist would eat pasta before a race.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.7c: Suggest one possible environmental impact that can result from the large-scale production of...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.14a: Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of the medical use of morphine and its...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.4b: Diets that are high in omega-3 fatty acids are recommended as healthy for the heart....
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: Explain how a given protein can be broken down into its constituent amino acids and how these can...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.8b: (i) Outline why aluminium is alloyed with copper and magnesium when used to construct...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.7b: With reference to the isoelectric points of alanine and cysteine, describe with a reason what pH...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.13c: Pure silicon is a semiconductor but its conductivity can be increased when it is doped with small...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.14a.ii: State why the absorption in the range 3200 to 3600 \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}\) is not used.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.16c.ii: Explain why this is the generally preferred method for the synthesis of optically active drugs.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.18: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease caused by the HIV virus, has resulted in...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24a: Explain which acid has the highest melting point.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7b: State the other reactant and one essential condition that would favour this hydrolysis reaction...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Potassium hydroxide also neutralizes hydrochloric acid. Suggest why it is not used as an antacid.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b.i: State how inhibitors affect the initial rate of reaction of an enzyme with its substrate.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: Deduce why lead sulfate will not precipitate out of the water sample at these concentrations.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a.i: Using Table 19 of the Data Booklet, deduce the structural formulas of the two dipeptides formed...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B3a: The structures of retinol (vitamin A) and vitamin D are given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet....
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: State the main improvement made to the properties of aluminium when it is alloyed.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: State the main type of product obtained from steam cracking.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2e: Discuss two factors that need to be considered when choosing a catalyst for a process.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.ii: Describe the colour change observed during its reaction with ethanol.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.iv: Deduce the full balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction of ethanol with acidified...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.C3b.ii: Explain how the long rigid chains in Kevlar are able to form cross-links to build up a...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3a.i: Identify the class of drugs to which this particular drug belongs.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.A1a: State the meaning of the term retention factor.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.A1c: If the components of the mixture are coloured then they can be seen with the naked eye. Describe...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Determine the pH of a buffer solution, correct to two decimal places, showing your working,...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.B2c: (i) State the names of two other types of lipids present in the human body. (ii) Compare...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b: There are various ways to administer drugs to a patient. One of the common methods, parenteral,...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B1c: One of the major functions of carbohydrates in the human body is as an energy source. State one...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2a: State the major function of enzymes in the human body.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1c: Using Table 19 of the Data Booklet, deduce the structural formula of two dipeptides that could be...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1d.i: Explain the difference between the primary and secondary structure of proteins.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: Describe these ‘test-tubes’ with reference to the structures of carbon allotropes.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: These tubes are believed to be stronger than steel. Explain the strength of these ‘test-tubes’ on...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E4c: High-level and low-level wastes are two types of radioactive waste. Compare the half-lives and...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C3b: Kevlar® is a lyotropic liquid crystal. Explain the strength of Kevlar® and its solubility in...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b.i: State the name of the bond or interaction that is responsible for linking the amino acids...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.ii: State why these two fatty acids are so important in the human diet.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c.i: Distinguish between HDL and LDL cholesterol.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: Discuss the properties needed for a substance to be used in liquid crystal displays.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2a: State one other effect of medicines and drugs on the body.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2c: Outline the major stages in the development of a new drug.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4a: Explain the relationship between enzyme activity and concentration of the substrate.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.F3b: Lycopene, whose structure is shown below, is a carotenoid and is responsible for the red colour...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a: Identify the characteristic structural feature of cholesterol.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a: Describe an alloy.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D4b: Describe and explain one effect of overprescription of antibacterials.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: Many of the compounds produced by cracking are used in the manufacture of addition polymers....
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D2c: Suggest why compounds such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide cannot be used as an antacid.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D3c: Discuss two difficulties associated with the development of drugs for the effective treatment of...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F1a: Deduce which fat or oil from the table could best be described...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C4b: Discuss the additional properties that a substance must have to make it suitable for commercial...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C4c: Explain what is meant by the term lyotropic.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.D2c: Identify the particular structural feature of penicillins that is responsible for their action...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b: (i) Identify the functional group present in glucose, but not fructose. (ii) Identify...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.ii: Deduce the structure of the simplest repeating unit of the polymer formed from the reaction...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F5b: State the (d) or the (l) convention.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F2b.i: Compare the two rancidity processes. Hydrolytic process: Oxidative process:
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.7b: Explain the effect of increasing the temperature of a nematic liquid crystal on its directional...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.15: Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a greenhouse gas. Outline, in molecular terms, how carbon dioxide...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.9b: A tripeptide, X, containing leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys) and glutamic acid (Glu) is hydrolysed and...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) The monomers from which Kevlar® is produced are given below. Deduce the formula of the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.3c: Molten alumina, Al2O3(l), was electrolysed by passing 2.00×106 C through the cell. Calculate the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.16b: Identify two dangers of the overuse of antibiotics.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21c: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) convert solar energy into electrical energy. (i) Describe how...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28a: Deduce equations for the following nuclear reactions: (i) Molybdenum-98 absorbs a neutron. (ii)...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Transesterification reactions allow waste cooking oils to be converted to biofuels. Identify a...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.11a: (i) Calculate the specific energy of the lithium ion battery, in MJ kg−1, when 80.0 kg of fuel in...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: The structures of two molecules, X and Y, are shown below. (i) Justify why both these...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.13b: Uranium-235 has a half-life of 7.038×108 years. (i) Determine the time required for the mass...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.13b: (i) Describe the changes that occur at the molecular level when atmospheric carbon dioxide gas...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.3e: (i) Polonium metal has a simple cubic structure. Construct a unit cell diagram and state the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.8b: The table below shows average figures for the percentage fatty acid composition of some common...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28c: Outline two reasons, other than its half-life, why technetium-99m is so useful in medical diagnosis.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.14b: Outline why the fuel produced by the reaction in (a) is more suitable for use in diesel engines...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.16b: (i) Some antibiotic-resistant bacteria produce a beta-lactamase enzyme which destroys penicillin...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: (i) Outline what is meant by product inhibition as it applies to hexokinase. (ii) Product...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.15a: State the name of the component of DNA responsible for the migration of its fragments to the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: Catalysts reduce the activation energy. Outline how homogeneous catalysts are involved in the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11b.ii: Solid fat triglycerides can also clog kitchen sink drains. Explain how sodium hydroxide unblocks...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.i: Deduce the straight chain structure of ribose from its ring structure drawn in section 34 of the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13d: The solubility of a vitamin depends on its structure. Identify the vitamin given in section 35...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15b: Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.16a: State how these gases are produced, giving the appropriate equation(s).
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17a: Suggest why it is only in recent years that specific predictions of the future effects of fossil...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17b: Carbon dioxide has two different bond stretching modes illustrated below. Predict, with an...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.18b.ii: State and explain the action of opiates as painkillers.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.8b: Lanthanum becomes superconducting below 5 K. Explain, in terms of Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS)...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.10a: Outline the nature of the plasma state and how it is produced in ICP-MS.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.18b.ii: The mass of X is 8.005305 amu and that of \(_2^4{\text{He}}\) is 4.002603 amu. Determine the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.19b: Both photosynthesis and the Grätzel cell use energy from sunlight to bring about reduction....
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22b.i: Suggest a way in which they are similar.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.28b: A mixture of enantiomers shows optical rotation. Suggest a conclusion you can draw from this data.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: Deduce the structural formula of the dipeptide Cys-Lys.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.8b: 10.0 g of sunflower oil reacts completely with 123 cm3 of 0.500 mol\(\,\)dm–3 iodine...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10b: Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from \(\alpha \)-glucose and β-fructose. Deduce the structural...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.11: Suggest, in terms of its structure, why vitamin D is fat-soluble using section 35 of the data...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.i: Oceans can act as a carbon sink, removing some CO2(g) from the atmosphere. CO2(g)...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.16b: Suggest a reagent used to prepare diamorphine from morphine.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.19b: Suggest how the principles of green chemistry can be used to solve the environmental problems...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c: Estimate the atom economy of this first step.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.14a: Explain the shape of the curve from 0 to X kPa.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.15a: Outline how its structure allows it to be negatively charged in the body.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26a.i: Explain why alpha-radiation is particularly suitable for this treatment.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.18c.i: Calculate the loss in mass, in kg, and the energy released, in J, when 0.00100 mol of 228Ac...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.21c: Explain the low environmental impact of most medical nuclear waste.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.22b: Describe how mild analgesics function.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.9a: State the name of one method, other than precipitation, of removing heavy metal ions from...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.16: Radioisotopes are used to diagnose and treat various diseases. Explain the low environmental...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: Draw the structure of galactose on the skeleton provided.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7c: Many plastics used to be incinerated. Deduce an equation for the complete combustion of two...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Explain how oseltamivir and zanamivir can stop the spread of the flu virus in the body.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.i: Deduce the number of atoms per unit cell in vanadium.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.9b: Outline the significance of the value of the Michaelis constant, Km.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.27a: Fuel cells use an electrochemical process to determine the concentration of ethanol. Formulate...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3a: Discuss, in terms of its structure, why an aluminium saucepan is impermeable to water.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4b.i: Compare and contrast the structures of HDPE and LDPE.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4b.ii: State one way in which a physical property of HDPE, other than density, differs from that of LDPE...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.iv: Plastics are another source of marine pollution. Outline one way in which plastics can be made...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.i: Compare and contrast the IR spectrum of aspirin with that of salicylic acid, using section 26 of...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6c.i: State the name of the process used to break down the insulin protein into its constituent amino...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: Draw the structural formula of a dipeptide containing the residues of valine, Val,...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.11a.i: Outline the major technical problem affecting the direct use of vegetable oils as fuels in...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: Suggest one reason why there is opposition to the increased use of nuclear fission reactors.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16b: State the type of reaction used to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10c.i: Outline how higher octane fuels help eliminate “knocking” in engines.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6e: Determine, to the correct number of significant figures, the energy produced by the respiration...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: Draw the dipeptide represented by the formula Ala-Gly using section 33 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: Outline two reasons why oil is one of the world’s significant energy sources.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.18c: Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) regulates pH in the stomach.
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which pairs of compounds can react together to undergo condensation polymerization...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest a reagent that could be used to convert morphine into diamorphine.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.17b.ii: Deduce the expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of calcium...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.19a.i: The breathalyser, one of the earliest tests, uses the reaction between ethanol and acidified...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.28b.i: Carotenoids may lose their colour and develop off odours when they are oxidized. Identify, using...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4a.i: State why they are called 2-amino acids.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes infections. Outline two ways in which...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.18b: Explain, giving their names, the two types of reaction by which foods may become...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: A mixture of amino acids was spotted onto chromatography paper and eluted with a solvent mixture....
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.11a: Suggest two reasons for this shift.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.ii: The R group in the general structure of penicillin shown below represents a side-chain which is...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.22a: State the name of the compound which combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.9b: Outline the role of hemoglobin in transporting diatomic oxygen.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.13b: List two properties needed for a substance to be used in a liquid-crystal display.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: State the energy change conversion involved in a fuel cell.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18a: Identify the structural formula of the triglyceride formed when three molecules of linoleic acid...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.5d: Explain why the metabolism of fats produces much more energy per gram than that of carbohydrates.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: The pH of gastric juice is 1.5. Identify the compound responsible for its acidity and state...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.10c: One active ingredient in a commercial brand of antacid tablets is a complex of aluminium...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.14: Suggest why the temperature decrease of the Earth’s surface after sunset is less when the weather...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10d: Transition metals and their compounds often catalyse reactions. The catalyzed decomposition of...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.9b: (i) Outline why aluminium is alloyed with copper and magnesium when used to construct...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.12b: Discuss two concerns about its development and use.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.19a: Describe how the greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere of the Earth to increase in temperature.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.22c: (i) State the difference in structure between the fatty acids found in an oil and those in a...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.7c: Cysteine is responsible for a specific type of intra-molecular bonding within a protein molecule....
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.11d.i: Draw the structure of the isotactic form of polyacrylonitrile showing three repeating units.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24b: State the equation for the complete hydrogenation of linolenic acid. Describe the conditions used...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Identify this vitamin.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5c.i: State one effect of vitamin D deficiency.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: Suggest why vitamin D deficiency diseases are becoming increasingly common in young people.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Draw a possible structure for the triglyceride.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.12c: The therapeutic window is used as a measure of the safety of a drug. Define the term therapeutic...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: Explain how amino acids can be analysed using electrophoresis.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d.i: Deduce from the structures the names of two functional groups present in all three analgesics.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c: Describe the rancidity of fats.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a.i: Describe how the two forms differ in their chemical structure.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1c: Other than the prevention of pain and/or the reduction of fever, state one reason why aspirin is...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2d: Ethanol may exert a synergistic effect when taken with other medicines. State the meaning of the...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4b: (i) Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force between the two molecules. (ii) ...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: (i) Strongest intermolecular forces: (ii) Highest density: (iii) Greatest flexibility:
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D3: AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide since it...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.E4b: (i) Explain why high-level waste should not be disposed of by landfill or...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C2a: Explain why PVC is less flexible than polyethene.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3c.i: Suggest two reasons why they are effective heterogeneous catalysts.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.F1b.ii: monosaccharides.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D3c: Describe the use of chiral auxiliaries to synthesize the desired enantiomer of a drug.
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.4d: The isotopes of some elements are radioactive. State a radioisotope used in medicine.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: Both carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be used to reduce iron ores. State the equations for the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C3a: State the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C3b: State one advantage and one disadvantage that homogeneous catalysts have over heterogeneous...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d: State one important use for aspirin other than the relief of pain and fever.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D2a: Explain how penicillins are able to act as antibacterials.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.A5: \(\beta \)-carotene is involved in the formation of vitamin A. Its sources include carrots,...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.B2: (a) List four major functions of proteins in the human body. (b) Deduce the structures...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a: State the size range of structures which are involved in nanotechnology.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.B4a: Describe the characteristics of an enzyme such as pepsin, and compare its catalytic behaviour to...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E3b: State an expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), for chromium(III)...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: Nanotechnology could provide new solutions for developing countries where basic services such as...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1b: Compare how mild and strong analgesics relieve pain in the body.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c.i: State the class of pigments that give carrots and tomatoes their colour.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.C4c: Distinguish between addition and condensation polymers in terms of how the monomers react together.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B3a: Compare the solubilities of vitamins A and C in water by referring to the structures provided in...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D5: Describe and explain difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.F1a: Describe the chemical composition of a triglyceride.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B4a: Identify the type of inhibition shown in the graph.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F4b.i: Alanine has the formula...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F4b.ii: State which convention is usually employed to indicate the stereochemistry of molecules other...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: Compare the structural features of starch and cellulose.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c: The partial equation for the enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of a triglyceride is shown below. Draw...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: State one negative impact that the production of iron and steel has on the environment.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: State an equation that shows why rain water is naturally acidic.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2a: Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2d.ii: State an equation for the catalytic cracking of the straight chain hydrocarbon pentadecane,...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a: Describe the liquid-crystal state, in terms of molecular arrangement, and explain what happens as...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F1a.i: Predict the products of hydrolytic rancidity of fats.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.ii: Suggest why blueberries should not be stored in aluminium cans.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: Explain why lipids have a higher energy content than carbohydrates.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.B3c: (i) Sketch a graph to show the effect that a change in pH will have on the rate of an...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C3c: Explain the workings of liquid crystals made up of compounds such as 5CB in liquid-crystal displays.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3d: (i) Identify the \(\beta \)-lactam ring by drawing a circle around it. (ii) Explain why...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3e: Comment on the fact that many bacteria are now resistant to penicillins.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C2a: A fuel cell can be made using an electrolyte of aqueous sodium hydroxide with porous electrodes...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D1d: On the leaflet which comes with the tablets it states that one of the side effects of the tablets...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.F2c: Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of converting oils into fats.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B5b: State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature from 20 °C to 60 °C on an...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F6b: Deduce from their structures whether anthocyanins and carotenes are water-soluble or...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: Explain how electrophoresis is used to analyse a protein.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C2b: Describe a structural feature of low-density polyethene (LDPE) that explains why LDPE has a...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C4a: Describe the nematic liquid-crystal phase in terms of the arrangement of the molecules.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.16a: Explain the importance of the beta-lactam ring in the antibiotic activity of penicillin.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.8a: The presence of iron(III) ions can catalyse the formation of hydroxyl radicals from O2− and H2O2...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.26c: Omeprazole exists as a racemic mixture whereas esomeprazole is a single enantiomer. Outline how,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Sketch the atactic form of polychloroethene showing four units.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.4b: Explain how zeolites act as selective catalysts.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.23c: Using sections 26 and 37 of the data booklet, deduce, giving two reasons, which spectrum is that...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.14a: State the equation for the complete transesterification of the triglyceride given below with...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.8a: (i) The diagram below shows the diffraction of two X-ray beams, y and z of wavelength λ, shining...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.10a: Compare and contrast the Fenton and Haber–Weiss reaction mechanisms.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.13c: Amino acids act as buffers in solution. In aspartic acid, the side chain (R group) carboxyl has...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.29b: One class of performance-enhancing drugs is the anabolic steroids. Detection of these drugs in...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.18a: Formulate the equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with magnesium hydroxide.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.14b: Explain why foetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25c: Identify one advantage of using Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) and one form of cancer commonly...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.5b: Nanocatalysts play an essential role in the manufacture of industrial chemicals. (i) Describe...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.16a: (i) Outline what is meant by the term “ring strain”. (ii) On the diagram above, label with...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.11b: (i) The energy density of gasoline is 34.3 MJ dm−3. Calculate the volume of gasoline, in dm3,...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.15a: (i) Explain why fusion, combining two smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus, releases vast amounts...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.17c: The synthesis of oseltamivir is dependent on a supply of the precursor shikimic acid, which is...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict the predominant type of bonding for a binary compound AB in which the electronegativity...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.6b: Lanthanum has a similar electronegativity to group 2 metals. Explain, in terms of bonding and...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: State the major advantage that nanoparticles have in these applications.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.ii: Explain why the difference in their structures affects their melting points.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13a: Identify the type of metabolic process that occurs in the hydrolysis of the peptide during...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13f: Outline how lead ions could be removed from an individual suffering from lead poisoning.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15a: State two reagents required to convert vegetable oil to biodiesel.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19b: Formulate an equation for the conversion of aspirin to a more water soluble derivative.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19d: Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Compare and contrast...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.19a: Identify two ways in which the structure of the dye shown resembles the chlorophyll molecule. Use...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29c.ii: Calculate the time, in days, for 90% of the sample to decay.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.5c: Another method of obtaining nickel is by electrolysis of a nickel(II) chloride...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.9a: Glycerol is one product of the reaction. Identify the two other organic products.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14c.iii: Suggest a reason why syngas may be considered a viable alternative to crude oil.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.17b: 0.500 g of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), is dissolved in 75.0 cm3 of 0.100...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.18b: Suggest one ethical consideration faced by medical researchers when developing medications.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.19a: Suggest one problem associated with chlorinated organic solvents as chemical waste.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: Suggest, giving one reason, whether this is an addition or condensation reaction.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.4b: Explain why EDTA, a chelating agent, is more effective in removing heavy metal ions from solution...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: Nickel(II) ions are least soluble at pH 10.5. Calculate the molar solubility of nickel(II)...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.i: Rhodium is paramagnetic with an electron configuration of [Kr] 5s14d8. Explain, in terms of...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.12a.ii: Explain why this fusion reaction releases energy by using section 36 of the data booklet.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.18a.ii: The structures of 11-cis-retinal and β-carotene are given in section 35 of the data booklet....
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.19a: Contrast how absorption of photons and charge separation occur in each device.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.25: Taxol is produced using a chiral auxiliary. Describe how the chiral auxiliary functions...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26a.ii: Outline how the alpha-radiation in TAT is directed to cancer cells.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.7b: Describe how the monomers of addition polymers and of condensation polymers differ.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.9b: The solubility product, Ksp , of cadmium sulfide, CdS, is 8.0 × 10–27. Determine the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.8a: Calculate the total number of cobalt atoms within its unit cell.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.11b.ii: Draw a curve on the graph above showing the effect of the presence of the malonate ion inhibitor...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.6b: Explain why Type 2 superconductors are generally more useful than Type 1.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.8b.i: The atomic radius, r, of cobalt is 1.18 × 10–8 cm. Determine the edge length, in cm, of the unit...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.11: Enzyme activity depends on many factors. Explain how pH change causes loss of activity of an enzyme.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.19a: State the names of two functional groups that both compounds contain, using section 37 of the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Outline two properties a substance should have to be used as liquid-crystal in a liquid-crystal...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Calculate the specific energy of octane, C8H18, in kJ kg–1 using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Climate change or global warming is a consequence of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.14a.i: Compare and contrast fission and fusion in terms of binding energy and the types of nuclei involved.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.12c: State the name of one renewable source of energy other than wood.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.6b: Outline why the iron nanoparticle catalysts produced by the HIPCO process are more efficient than...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.14a.i: Complete the half-equations on the diagram and identify the species moving between the electrodes.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.19a: Describe how ionizing radiation destroys cancer cells.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.19b: Outline how Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is used for treating cancers that have spread throughout...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.20a: Hexane and propanone have vapour pressures of 17 kPa and 24 kPa respectively at 20 °C. Calculate...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5b: The diagram illustrates the crystal structure of aluminium metal with the unit cell indicated....
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.26c: Explain the targeted alpha therapy (TAT) technique and why it is useful.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.iii: Describe how carbon nanotubes are produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD).
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: State one factor that increases the rate at which saturated lipids become rancid.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.8b: A person with diabetes suffering very low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) may be advised to consume...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: State the specific type of linkage formed between α-glucose fragments in both maltose and amylose.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.i: State what is meant by the bioavailability of a drug.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: Formulate an equation that shows how aqueous carbon dioxide produces hydrogen ions, H+(aq).
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.14a.ii: Determine the amount, in mol, of hydrochloric acid neutralized by one antacid tablet.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: ICP-OES/MS can be used to analyse alloys and composites. Distinguish between alloys and composites.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4a: Sketch four repeating units of the polymer to show atactic and isotactic polypropene.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16c: Explain why aspirin is not stored in a hot, humid location.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6b: Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid found in peanut oil. Determine the...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10b.ii: Identify, giving a reason, which product in (b)(i) could be used in petrol (gasoline).
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.ii: Explain how 235U fission results in a chain reaction, including the concept of critical mass.
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Which mixture will form a buffer in aqueous solution? A. ...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.3d: Outline the economic importance of using a catalyst in the Contact process.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.5e.i: A polyester can be formed when ethane-1,2-diol reacts with benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. Deduce...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: Calculate the concentration, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), of sodium...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.21a.ii: The beta-lactam ring is highly reactive and enables penicillins to be effective antibacterials....
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4a.iv: Deduce the structure of valine in a solution with a pH of 4.0.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.12b: Suggest the essential feature a liquid-crystal molecule must have so that the display can be...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.19a.i: Water and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases present in significant quantities in the...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.38: Which two compounds can form a polyester?
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.17b: The solubility product of copper(II) hydroxide is \(4.8 \times {10^{ - 20}}\) at a given...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.12b: State the conditions required to produce HDPE and LDPE and the name of each type of mechanism...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.3b: Suggest a reason why only two spots are present.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.8c: Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking can all be used to convert molecules of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18d: Describe how the triglyceride formed from linoleic acid and glycerol could be converted into a...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.5c: The hydrolysis of tristearin, whose structure is shown below, can be catalysed by the enzyme...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.9b: (i) Other than density, state two differences in the physical properties of HDPE and...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.9c: It has been said that bitumen and heavy fuel oils are too valuable a resource to use for road...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.9a: (i) Suggest why the aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite. (ii) Deduce...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: Outline the mechanism by which each catalyst lowers the activation energy in the reactions above,...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of the medical use of morphine and its...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Identify one greenhouse gas other than \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6c.i: State one effect of vitamin D deficiency.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.8c: Identify which product is polyunsaturated, and outline why foods containing this type of fatty...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.9b.ii: The graph below shows the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of the reaction in the...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.9b.iii: Suggest a reason why it is more likely that NO, rather than \({\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }\), acts...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12c: The molecule below has liquid-crystal display properties. Suggest two reasons why the molecule...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.15a.i: Identify the molecule which is most similar to Antifebrin in terms of size and structure.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.20b.ii: Deduce, with a reason, whether the pH of a saturated solution of aluminium hydroxide, at the same...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.26a: Identify the chiral carbon atom in the structure above with an asterisk, *.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6d: State three functions of proteins in the body and include a named example for each.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7c: Identify which product is polyunsaturated, and outline why foods containing this type of fatty...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9b.ii: Suggest an explanation for its efficiency in favouring the production of the crystalline polymer.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.14: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease caused by the HIV virus, has resulted in...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.C5b.ii: Predict whether polyethylene terephthalate or isotactic poly(propene) has a higher melting point....
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: Describe the structural features of monosaccharides.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C3b: List two substances that can behave as liquid crystals.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C4a: State the difference in the structure of the two polymers. Isotactic: Atactic:
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C4b: Explain how the difference in structure results in the different properties of isotactic and...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d.ii: Deduce the name of one functional group present in diamorphine (heroin) but not in morphine or...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2c: An intoximeter is used to determine an accurate value for the concentration of ethanol in the...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.B3b.iii: State and explain the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the value of \){K_{\text{m}}}\).
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3a.iii: Suggest why the drug is administered as its sodium salt.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1a.ii: Calculate the iodine number for oleic acid (\({M_{\text{r}}}\) of oleic acid \( = 282.52\)).
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1c: The worldwide production of aluminium by electrolysis makes a significant impact on global...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b: Describe the different ways in which aspirin and diamorphine function when they relieve or...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1d: Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of taking diamorphine rather than morphine to relieve...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b.i: Describe the colour change observed when the dichromate ion reacts with the ethanol.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D3b: Sodium piperacillin has a different side chain to the original penicillin developed by Florey and...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D3c: Explain why it may be necessary to give a mixture of several different types of antibacterials...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F3: In recent years, the use of soybean oil by the food industry has increased. A significant...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.D4: The efficiency of a drug depends on the polarity of its molecule. Explain how the polarity of a...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which mixtures act as buffer solutions? I. ...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.D3b: Explain the action of penicillin with reference to your answer in part (a).
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C2: Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking are all used to convert alkane molecules...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4b: A different type of cell has the half-equation...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D4b: Discuss three methods in which the activities of humans has created an increase in the resistance...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D3d: Amphetamine exists as optical isomers. Describe how chiral auxiliaries can be used to synthesize...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D3e: The structures of morphine and heroin are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet. Explain the...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1b.i: State two properties of aluminium that make it suitable for use as an overhead electric cable.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a.ii: Describe the mode of action of penicillins in treating infectious diseases.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3f: (if acid added)...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.C2d: Kevlar can be made by reacting 1,4-diaminobenzene,...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.E3d: Heavy metal ions can be removed by adding hydroxide ions. When hydroxide ions are added to a...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: Deduce the structure of serine at the isoelectric point.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1d: State the materials used for the positive and negative electrodes in the production of aluminium...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: Use high-density poly(ethene) and low-density poly(ethene) as examples to explain the difference...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1a: Aspirin is thought to interfere with the production of prostaglandins. Explain how this produces...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: (i) Deduce the acid and conjugate base ions that make up the phosphate buffer and state the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.A4: (a) Explain why the nitrogen molecule, \({{\text{N}}_2}\), does not absorb infrared...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E3c: The solubility product of chromium(III) hydroxide is...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: Distinguish between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals and state one example of each type.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F3: Genetically modified (GM) foods are now widely available, although in some countries...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4b: Determine the Michaelis constant \({K_{\text{m}}}\) from the graph.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4c: Describe why competitive inhibition may take place.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.C4a: State the type of mechanism occurring in the manufacture of low-density poly(ethene).
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.D4b: Describe the composition and structure of the beta-lactam ring in penicillin and explain its...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b: Identify two other types of lipids found in the human body.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C4a: Compare the positional and directional order in a crystalline solid, nematic phase liquid crystal...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D1: Discuss the term therapeutic window. Your answer should include its meaning, a quantitative...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a.ii: Describe the colour change that occurs to the acidified dichromate(VI) if ethanol is present in...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.F1b: The following two structures represent isomers of a fatty acid. State and explain which isomer...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: The initial products of the fractional distillation of oil often undergo cracking. This can be...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.F2c: Compare the structures of the natural pigments, chlorophyll and heme B using Table 22 of the Data...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1c: Explain whether the triglyceride in part (b) is a solid or a liquid at room temperature.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1e: Explain why fats have a higher energy value per mole than carbohydrates.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a.i: Describe how the amino acid spots may have been developed.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.i: Explain the function of the molten cryolite.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Outline two different ways that carbon dioxide may be produced during the production of aluminium.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b.i: State the meaning of the term parenteral.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.i: Using the abbreviations QB for quinoidal base and \({\text{F}}{{\text{C}}^ + }\) for flavylium...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C3b: Two substances that can be used in liquid crystals are commonly called PAA (4-azoxydianisole) and...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a: Ethene can be polymerized to form high-density poly(ethene), HDPE, or low-density poly(ethene),...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D1a: State the separate equations for the reactions of aluminium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.E1a: Nitrogen dioxide is formed in a two-stage process. Describe one anthropogenic (man-made) source...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Steroid abuse has certain health hazards, some general, some specific to males and some specific...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.8c: The production of banned steroids has ethical implications. Suggest a reason why steroid research...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.9a: Deduce the structures of the most abundant form of glycine in three buffer solutions at pH 1.0,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.19a: Identify examples of two types of medical radioactive waste and how each must be treated for...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.13a: Identify one structural characteristic in vitamins A and D which makes them more similar to each...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21a: The Geobacter species of bacteria can be used in microbial fuel cells to oxidise aqueous...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.11a: (i) Hexane can be converted to different organic products in a reforming process. Identify one of...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28b: Molybdenum-99 has a half-life of 66 hours, while technetium-99m has a half-life of 6 hours....
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.10c: Glucose is the basic building block of starch which can be used to make bioplastics. Outline two...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: (i) Draw the structure of 2-methylpropene. (ii) Deduce the repeating unit of poly(2-methylpropene).
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25e: Outline an ethical implication of using nuclear treatments in medicine.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Discuss how the octane number changes with the molecular structure of the alkanes.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4d: Calculate the number of moles of electrons required to deposit one mole of indium. Relative...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.10c: Determine the number of different tripeptides that can be made from twenty different amino acids.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.12b: Catalytic reforming and cracking reactions are used to produce more efficient fuels. Deduce the...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.6d: Fermentation of sugars from corn starch produces propane-1,3-diol, which can be polymerized with...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.6b: Deduce the percentage atom economy for polymerization of 2-methylpropene.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.7b: Calculate the current (I), in A, required to produce 1.00 kg of lanthanum metal per hour. Use the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.8b: Suggest why nanoparticles need to be handled with care.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11b.i: The drain pipe of a kitchen sink can become clogged by fatty acids, such as linoleic acid,...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11c: The amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates determine the energy content of foods. Explain...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12c.ii: Biodegradable boxes made from polylactic acid, PLA, disintegrate when exposed to water. State...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14b.ii: Outline why this reaction results in a release of energy.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22a: Deduce half-equations for the reactions at the two electrodes and hence the equation for the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.ii: Suggest a reason why nanoparticles can better anchor plasticizers in the polymer.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Nickel is also used as a catalyst. It is processed from an ore until nickel(II) chloride solution...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: Identify the functional groups which are present in only one structure of glucose.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.ii: Describe how large amounts of CO2 could reduce the pH of the ocean using an equation to support...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.16a: Explain why diamorphine passes more readily than morphine through the blood-brain barrier.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.ii: Rhodium is a type 1 superconductor. Sketch graphs of resistance against temperature for a...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.15b: Deduce the nucleotide sequence of a complementary strand of a fragment of DNA with the nucleotide...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.20a.iv: State two techniques, other than IR spectroscopy, which could be used to confirm the identity of...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: State equations for the formation of iron nanoparticles and carbon atoms from Fe(CO)5 in the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.21a: State a nuclear equation to show the decay of lutetium-177.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.18a: Outline the difference between the therapeutic index in animal studies and the therapeutic index...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.9a: Describe what is meant by a condensation reaction.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.18b: State the method of drug administration that gives the maximum bioavailability.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.10b: Explain why the blue colour of a quinoidal base changes to the red colour of a flavylium cation...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.15c: The structure of two dyes used in DSSCs are shown. Predict, giving a reason, which dye will...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.iii: Calculate the average mass, in g, of a vanadium atom by using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.ii: Calculate the expected first order diffraction pattern angle, in degrees, if x-rays of wavelength...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.v: Determine the density, in g cm−3, of vanadium by using your answers to (a)(i), (a)(iii) and (a)(iv).
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.27b: Predict the chemical shifts and integration for each signal in the 1H NMR spectrum for ethanol...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.iv: State the property of carbon nanotubes that enables them to form a nematic liquid crystal phase.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.14a.i: An antacid tablet contains 680 mg of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and 80 mg of magnesium carbonate,...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6b: Deduce the strongest intermolecular forces that would occur between the following amino acid...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Outline how the amino acids may be identified from a paper chromatogram.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.14a: Deduce the equation for the transesterification reaction of pentyl octanoate, C7H15COOC5H11, with...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10b.i: Formulate an equation for the cracking of C16H34 into two products with eight carbon atoms each.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.11b: Discuss the significance of two greenhouse gases, other than carbon dioxide, in causing global...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.13a: Compare and contrast the process of nuclear fusion with nuclear fission.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.13b: Dubnium-261 has a half-life of 27 seconds and rutherfordium-261 has a half-life of 81...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.19b: Distinguish between bacteria and viruses.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8g: A different series of pepsin samples is used to develop a calibration curve. ...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.5e.ii: State the type of polymerization that occurs.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8d: Silver ions bond with sulfur atoms in an enzyme and change its tertiary structure and activity....
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.17b.iii: The solubility product of calcium phosphate is...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.18b.ii: Explain why the change in functional groups makes diamorphine (heroin) more potent than morphine.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.19b: Explain how the ethanol concentration in the breath can be measured by an intoximeter using...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.21b.ii: Describe how a chiral auxiliary is involved in the synthesis of a drug.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.22b.ii: Suggest two factors that influence the relative greenhouse effect of a gas.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4c: Proteins carry out a number of important functions in the body. State the function of collagen.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.i: Magnetite, Fe3O4, is a common ore of iron. Calculate the average oxidation state of iron in the...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: State the equation for the reduction of this ore to iron with carbon monoxide.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: The atomic radius of xenon is \(1.36 \times {10^{ - 10}}{\text{ m}}\). Estimate the approximate...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.10a.i: Identify the two functional groups in the monomer from which this polymer is manufactured.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.10a.ii: An expanded form of the plastic is often used in packaging. Describe how this is manufactured.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.5b: One protein found in the human body is collagen. Identify its function.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: State an equation for the reaction by which iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3, is reduced to iron in the...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.15a: Discuss one advantage and two disadvantages of using morphine as an...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.18b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.7c: (i) Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) result in the double helix...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.9a: Describe the structure of hemoglobin.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.12a: (i) Other than density, state two differences in the physical properties of HDPE and...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: (i) Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals and state which of the representations...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.14c: Many scientists claim that global warming is associated with the increasing concentration of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18c: Explain why the triglyceride formed from linoleic acid and glycerol is a liquid and not a solid...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.11a: Describe how mild analgesics function.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.5: Compare the structures and chemical formulas of the two essential fatty acids linoleic acid and...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.17b: Explain how penicillins work and why it is necessary to continually modify the side-chain.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: Draw the structure of a 2-amino acid.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.11a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Define the term nanotechnology.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.17b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.22b: (i) State the name of the functional group circled in the triglyceride. (ii) Identify...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.7a: State the structural formula of cysteine as a zwitterion.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12b.i: Explain how the addition of a liquid crystal to the cell changes what the observer sees.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12b.ii: Explain how the application of an electric field between the electrodes,...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.13a: State the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that takes place when the cell is...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.15a.ii: State the names of the two functional groups that both molecules have in common.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5a: Identify by name two functional groups that are common to all three of these vitamins.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9a.ii: Polyacrylonitrile is similar to polypropene and can exist in two forms. Explain why the...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Explain which acid has the highest melting point.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b.ii: Explain the action of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on enzymes in terms of where the...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a.ii: State the other substance formed during this reaction.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: Describe what is meant by the term alloy.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: Distinguish between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals. Thermotropic liquid...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.C3b.i: Draw the structural formula of the repeating unit in Kevlar.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.E4b.i: The solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of cadmium(II) sulfide, CdS, is...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.E4b.ii: Explain how the addition of hydrogen sulfide gas can decrease the concentration of cadmium(II)...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b.i: Describe the essential features of electrophoresis.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2c.i: Describe what is meant by the tertiary structure of proteins.
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C4: State three factors which need to be considered when an industrial catalyst is chosen. In...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a: Creating a new pharmaceutical product is a long and complex process. Outline the main stages of...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.D3a: For each of the following drugs, identify which one of these factors is involved. Increased...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C1: “Oil should not be used as a source of energy because it has more important uses.” Suggest...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C3c: Suggest two concerns about the use of nanotechnology.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4d: Suggest two problems associated with using hydrogen gas in a fuel cell.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1e: Explain how a sample of a protein can be analysed by electrophoresis.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1b.ii: Alloys of aluminium with nickel are used to make engine parts. Explain, by referring to the...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2a.i: side-effect
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3e: Determine the pH of a solution formed from adding \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D1f: Suggest a reagent that could be used to convert morphine into diamorphine and state the name of...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D3b: Explain, with an example, the importance of chirality in drug action.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a: (i) a solution with a pH of 2. (ii) a solution with a pH of 12.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: During the formation of poly(styrene), a volatile hydrocarbon such as pentane is often added....
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally considered to be safe to use as an analgesic in small...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.C3: (a) State one other example of a lyotropic liquid crystal and describe the difference between...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.A3: (a) State the stationary phase and an example of a mobile phase used in paper...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C1c: Discuss two implications of nanotechnology.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.E2: (a) State one source of low-level radioactive waste and one source of high-level radioactive...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C3c: Describe the use of silicon in photovoltaic cells. Include the following in your description: •...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a: Describe the characteristic properties of 2-amino acids.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b.ii: State the name of the bond or interaction that is responsible for the secondary structure.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c.ii: Outline why this class of pigment is susceptible to oxidation, and the effect of oxidation on...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4e: On the graph of effect of concentration on rate of reaction on page 10, sketch the expected curve...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.C4d: Describe and explain how the properties of condensation polymers depend on three structural...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2d: Compare the structures of linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D2a: State an equation for the reaction of stomach acid with this antacid.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B5b: Identify the molecule that undergoes reduction and state the half-equation for the process.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F4b.iii: Based on the structure given in part (b) (i) comment on the statement “D-alanine is a +(d)...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: Determine the number of double bonds in linoleic acid,...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2d: The polymers often have other substances added to modify their properties. One group of additives...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D3a: State two differences in structure between viruses and bacteria.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F1d: Hydrogenation can result in the formation of trans fatty acids. Outline the meaning of the term...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.B4a.i: State the names of the sugars in each nucleic acid and outline how their chemical structures differ.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.B4a.ii: State one other structural difference between DNA and RNA.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.D1b: Diamorphine (heroin) is a more effective painkiller than morphine. The structures of morphine and...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.E3a: Industrial effluent is found to be highly contaminated with silver and lead ions. A sample of...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a.iii: The amino acid at spot B is at its isoelectric point. Describe one characteristic of an amino...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C3b: Polymers can either soften when heated or remain rigid until they decompose or combust. Other...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C4a: State the properties that a molecule, such as Kevlar, must have in order to enable it to behave...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: Compare fuel cells and rechargeable batteries giving one similarity and one...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: A common type of fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen with an acidic electrolyte. State the...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D1a: Drugs are most commonly taken orally. (a) State one advantage and one disadvantage of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.F1b: Identify the types of nutrients A, B and C. A B C
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b: Phenolphthalein indicator is colourless in solutions with a pH less than 8.2 but pink in...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.B3b.i: Compare the chemical structures of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, and linolenic acid, an...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B6a: Describe the structure of a nucleotide of DNA.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B6b: Outline how nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotides.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D5a.i: State the equation for the formation of the ionic salt of aspirin,...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a: One type of molecular vibration that occurs when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) molecules...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.i: State the equation for the reaction of coke with air in the blast furnace.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F2a: State the meaning of the term rancidity as it applies to fats.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F4: Foods derived from genetically modified organisms were introduced in the early 1990s. State one...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.12c: Scientists around the world conduct research into alternatives to fossil fuels. Suggest why...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Diamorphine (heroin) can be synthesized from morphine. Identify the reagent necessary for this...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25d: Technetium-99m, used for radioimaging scans, has a half-life of 6.01 hours. Calculate the mass of...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.14: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aqueous carbon dioxide in the oceans form a heterogeneous...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.21b: In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), nanoparticles coated with a black dye are trapped between...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.12b: Enzyme solutions are prepared in buffers. Determine the pH of a buffer solution containing...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.7c: Suggest an environmental issue associated with the use of PVC.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.3a: Magnesium oxide, MgO, and silicon carbide, SiC, are examples of ceramic materials. State the name...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.5a: Explain, with reference to their structure, the great selectivity of zeolites as catalysts.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.8b: (i) The mass of one unit cell of chromium metal is 17.28 × 10−23 g. Calculate the number of unit...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11a: List the building blocks of triglycerides and carbohydrates.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14b.i: Deduce the identity of X.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14c: Nuclear fusion reactors are predicted to become an important source of electrical energy in the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17c: Outline, giving the appropriate equation(s), how increasing levels of carbon dioxide will affect...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.10c: Identify a ligand that could be used to chelate antimony(III) ions in solution.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22c: Identify one factor that affects the voltage of a cell and a different factor that affects the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29c.i: Calculate the rate constant, \(\lambda \), in day−1, for the decay of iodine-131 using section 1...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29d: A breathalyser measures the blood alcohol content from a breath sample. Formulate half-equations...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7b: Identify the type of bond between two cysteine residues in the tertiary structure of a protein.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7d: A mixture of the three amino acids, cysteine, glutamine and lysine, was placed in the centre of a...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.13b.i: Calculate the specific energy of hydrogen, stating its units. Refer to sections 1, 6 and 13 of...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14c.i: Suggest an equation for the production of syngas from coal.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14c.ii: The Fischer-Tropsch process, an indirect coal liquefaction method, converts CO(g) and H2(g) to...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.16c: Suggest one reason why codeine is available without prescription in some countries whilst...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.12a: Identify the structural feature which enables rhodopsin to absorb visible light.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.12b: Outline the change that occurs in the retinal residue during the absorption of visible light.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.13c: Outline the significance of the value of Km.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.14b: Explain why carbon monoxide is toxic to humans.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.16a.iii: Calculate the energy released, in MeV, in this reaction, using section 36 of the data booklet.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.17c.i: Deduce the half-cell equations occurring at each electrode during discharge.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.ii: State an equation for the one-step decay of yttrium-90.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Outline the composition of an alloy and a composite.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.11a: Determine the value of the Michaelis constant, Km, by annotating the graph.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: One of the two infrared (IR) spectra is that of polyethene and the other of polytetrafluoroethene...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.15b: Retinal is the key molecule involved in vision. Explain the roles of cis and trans-retinal in...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.19b: The natural absorption of light by chlorophyll has been copied by those developing dye-sensitized...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.17b.ii: Explain why opiates are addictive.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: Explain, at the molecular level, why vitamin D is soluble in fats. Use section 35 of the data...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: “Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13d: Outline how water and carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13b: Many like to refer to our “carbon footprint”. Outline one difficulty in quantifying such a concept.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.10a: Outline why anthocyanins are coloured.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.16e: Many drugs are chiral. Explain how a polarimeter can be used to determine the relative proportion...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.11a: Hemoglobin’s oxygen dissociation curve is shown at a given temperature. Sketch the curve on the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.6d: Describe how DNA determines the primary structure of a protein such as insulin.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.8b: Outline why cellulose fibres are strong.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.11b: Outline two differences between normal hemoglobin and foetal hemoglobin.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: Explain with reference to the binding site on the enzyme how a non-competitive inhibitor lowers...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.i: State the name given to a material composed of two distinct solid phases.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4a: Both of these are thermoplastic polymers. Outline what this term means.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4d: Suggest two of the major obstacles, other than collection and economic factors, which have to be...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.14b: Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) reduces stomach acidity.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.i: Fish oil is an excellent dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids. Outline one impact on health of...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: Identify one naturally occurring greenhouse gas, other than carbon dioxide or water vapour, and...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.11b: Outline why biofuels are considered more environmentally friendly, even though they produce more...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13a: Aspirin is often taken to reduce pain, swelling or fever. State one other use of aspirin.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.iii: Vanadium(V) oxide is used as the catalyst in the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6d: Outline one impact food labelling has had on the consumption of foods containing different types...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.9: Explain the solubility of vitamins A and C using section 35 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.12b: Power plants generating electricity by burning coal to boil water operate at approximately 35%...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.20: Drug synthesis often involves solvents. Identify a common hazardous solvent and a Green solvent...
Sub sections and their related questions
A: Materials
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which pairs of compounds can react together to undergo condensation polymerization...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.3d: Outline the economic importance of using a catalyst in the Contact process.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.5e.i: A polyester can be formed when ethane-1,2-diol reacts with benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid. Deduce...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.5e.ii: State the type of polymerization that occurs.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.10c: Describe and explain, in molecular terms, the workings of a twisted nematic liquid crystal.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.17b.ii: Deduce the expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of calcium...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.17b.iii: The solubility product of calcium phosphate is...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.15a: Explain how the structure of biphenyl nitriles makes them suitable for use in liquid-crystal...
- 15M.2.sl.TZ2.3c: Aluminium can also be obtained by electrolysis. Suggest one reason why aluminium is often used...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.i: Magnetite, Fe3O4, is a common ore of iron. Calculate the average oxidation state of iron in the...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: State the equation for the reduction of this ore to iron with carbon monoxide.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.iii: Outline why iron is obtained from its ores using chemical reducing agents but aluminium is...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: The diagram below shows eight molecules in the liquid state. Suggest, with a diagram, a possible...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8b.i: Suggest, with reference to the structure, why the molecule is able to change orientation in an...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8b.ii: Suggest how the C5H11 chain contributes to the liquid-crystal properties of the compound.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.8b.iii: Explain why a liquid-crystal device may be unreliable at low temperatures.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: Outline the technique used to manipulate the atoms in this way.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: The atomic radius of xenon is \(1.36 \times {10^{ - 10}}{\text{ m}}\). Estimate the approximate...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.10a.i: Identify the two functional groups in the monomer from which this polymer is manufactured.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.10a.ii: An expanded form of the plastic is often used in packaging. Describe how this is manufactured.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.10b: Discuss two advantages and one disadvantage of using the expanded form as a packaging...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: State an equation for the reaction by which iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3, is reduced to iron in the...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.11b: A lot of feedstock is used in the production of plastics. Discuss two advantages and one...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.12a: Identify the structural feature of cholesteryl benzoate which makes it suitable for use as a...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.12b: Suggest the essential feature a liquid-crystal molecule must have so that the display can be...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.13b: Distinguish between the arrangement of carbon atoms at the sides and at the ends of carbon...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.13c: Outline why bundles of carbon nanotubes have high tensile strength.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.13d: Discuss two concerns regarding the development of nanotechnology.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.38: Which two compounds can form a polyester?
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8f: (i) Describe the bonding present in magnesium metal. (ii) Suggest why magnesium...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.10c: Kevlar® is a material used in bullet-proof vests. (i) Deduce the products formed by a...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.17a: State an expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), for copper(II)...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.17b: The solubility product of copper(II) hydroxide is \(4.8 \times {10^{ - 20}}\) at a given...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.12a: (i) Other than density, state two differences in the physical properties of HDPE and...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.12b: State the conditions required to produce HDPE and LDPE and the name of each type of mechanism...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.13a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystal.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.13b: List two properties needed for a substance to be used in a liquid-crystal display.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.19a: State an ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction taking place when an aqueous...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.19b: The solubility product, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of lead(II) chloride is \(1.7 \times {10^{ - 5}}\)...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: (i) Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals and state which of the representations...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.10b: (i) State one difference between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals. (ii) ...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: (i) Describe the production of aluminium from its purified ore. Explain the role of cryolite...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.7b: (i) State one advantage of using an alloy rather than the pure metal. (ii) Outline...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.7c: Suggest one possible environmental impact that can result from the large-scale production of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.8a: (i) State equations for the reactions that occur at each electrode in a lead-acid battery...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.8b: Another source of power for portable devices is the fuel cell. Compare fuel cells with lead-acid...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.9a: State a balanced equation for the thermal cracking of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.9b: (i) Other than density, state two differences in the physical properties of HDPE and...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.9c: It has been said that bitumen and heavy fuel oils are too valuable a resource to use for road...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which combination of monomers produces a condensation polymer with the repeating unit...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10d: Transition metals and their compounds often catalyse reactions. The catalyzed decomposition of...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.9a: (i) Suggest why the aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite. (ii) Deduce...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.9b: (i) Outline why aluminium is alloyed with copper and magnesium when used to construct...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.12b: When a liquid-crystal display is warmed with a hairdryer, the display loses its clarity and may...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.12a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Deduce an equation for the discharge of the ions at each electrode. Positive electrode...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.8b: (i) Outline why aluminium is alloyed with copper and magnesium when used to construct...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.9a: State the type of catalysis occurring in reaction I.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: Outline the mechanism by which each catalyst lowers the activation energy in the reactions above,...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.11a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.11b: When a liquid-crystal display is warmed with a hairdryer, the display loses its clarity and may...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Define the term nanotechnology.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.12b: Discuss two concerns about its development and use.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.10c: The properties of a metal can be altered by alloying or heat treatment. Explain why alloying can...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.11d.i: Draw the structure of the isotactic form of polyacrylonitrile showing three repeating units.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.11d.ii: Explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for the manufacture of strong fibres.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12a: State what the observer would see if the liquid crystal was not present and there was no voltage...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12b.i: Explain how the addition of a liquid crystal to the cell changes what the observer sees.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12b.ii: Explain how the application of an electric field between the electrodes,...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.12c: The molecule below has liquid-crystal display properties. Suggest two reasons why the molecule...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.20b.i: Determine the concentration of the magnesium and hydroxide ions in a saturated solution of...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.20b.ii: Deduce, with a reason, whether the pH of a saturated solution of aluminium hydroxide, at the same...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.8e.i: Explain why alloying can modify the structure and properties of a metal.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9a.i: Polyacrylonitrile is similar to polypropene and can exist in two forms. Draw the structure of...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9a.ii: Polyacrylonitrile is similar to polypropene and can exist in two forms. Explain why the...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9b.i: Identify the role of the zeolite in the reaction.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9b.ii: Suggest an explanation for its efficiency in favouring the production of the crystalline polymer.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9c.i: Outline the structure of the open carbon nanotubes.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.9c.ii: State a property of these nanotubes that makes them suitable for this use.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.10: Liquid-crystal displays are used in many electronic appliances. The molecule below has...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.C1a: State how a low operating temperature is achieved when aluminium oxide is electrolysed.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.C5b.i: Draw the structures of the monomers that form polyethylene terephthalate.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.C5b.ii: Predict whether polyethylene terephthalate or isotactic poly(propene) has a higher melting point....
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: State the expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of lead sulfate.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: Deduce why lead sulfate will not precipitate out of the water sample at these concentrations.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E4c: Some magnesium sulfate is added to the water sample. Determine the increase in sulfate ion...
- 13M.2.sl.TZ1.8b.ii: Suggest what would happen to the pH of the solution as the reaction proceeds.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: Describe what is meant by the term alloy.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: State the main improvement made to the properties of aluminium when it is alloyed.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: Catalytic cracking uses silica as a heterogeneous catalyst. Explain the mode of action of a...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2d: State one advantage of using a heterogeneous catalyst rather than a homogeneous catalyst.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2e: Discuss two factors that need to be considered when choosing a catalyst for a process.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C3a: State the property of the liquid-crystal molecules that allows them to align when a voltage is...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C3b: List two substances that can behave as liquid crystals.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: Distinguish between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals. Thermotropic liquid...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C4a: State the difference in the structure of the two polymers. Isotactic: Atactic:
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C4b: Explain how the difference in structure results in the different properties of isotactic and...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.C3b.i: Draw the structural formula of the repeating unit in Kevlar.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.C3b.ii: Explain how the long rigid chains in Kevlar are able to form cross-links to build up a...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.E4b.i: The solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), of cadmium(II) sulfide, CdS, is...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.E4b.ii: Explain how the addition of hydrogen sulfide gas can decrease the concentration of cadmium(II)...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.i: Explain how pure aluminium oxide is obtained from bauxite.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.ii: Explain why sodium hexafluoroaluminate,...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.iii: State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive and negative electrodes...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Before the introduction of the electrolytic method by Hall and Héroult in the 1880s it was very...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C2a: Distinguish between a homogeneous and a heterogeneous catalyst.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C2b: Other than cost, state one advantage and one disadvantage of using a homogeneous catalyst rather...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C2c: Other than selectivity and cost, list three factors which should be considered when choosing a...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a.i: Describe how the two forms differ in their chemical structure.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a.ii: Explain in terms of their structures how the flexibility of the two forms of poly(ethene) differ.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b.i: Describe why pentane is sometimes added during the formation ofpoly(phenylethene), also known as...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b.ii: State one use for the product formed from this process.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E4a: State an ionic equation, including the state symbols, to show how hydrogen sulfide gas,...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4a: State the type of polymerization involved.
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4b: (i) Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force between the two molecules. (ii) ...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4c: Kevlar is five times as strong as steel, partly due to its strong intermolecular forces. State...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.C4d: (i) Suggest how the sulfuric acid is able to separate the Kevlar chains. (ii) Evaluate...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: (i) Strongest intermolecular forces: (ii) Highest density: (iii) Greatest flexibility:
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C4: State three factors which need to be considered when an industrial catalyst is chosen. In...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which process can produce a polyester? A. Addition polymerization of a dicarboxylic...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: Define the term nanotechnology, and state why it is of interest to chemists.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: (i) Describe the structure of carbon nanotubes. (ii) State one physical property of...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C3c: Suggest two concerns about the use of nanotechnology.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.C5a: Explain how the three different parts of the molecule contribute to the properties of the...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.C5b: Describe and explain in molecular terms the workings of a twisted nematic liquid crystal.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.E5a: Calculate the concentration of \({\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}\) ions in a saturated solution of...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.E5b: Explain how the addition of hydrogen sulfide decreases the concentration of...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F2d: \({{\text{(EDTA)}}^{4 - }}\), the ethylenediaminetetraacetate anion, is a chelate ligand with the...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.i: Explain why the molten electrolyte also contains cryolite.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.ii: State a half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.iii: Oxygen is produced at the positive electrode (anode). State the name of another gas produced at...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1b.i: State two properties of aluminium that make it suitable for use as an overhead electric cable.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C1b.ii: Alloys of aluminium with nickel are used to make engine parts. Explain, by referring to the...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C2a: Explain why PVC is less flexible than polyethene.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C2b: State how PVC can be made more flexible during its manufacture and explain the increase in...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C2c: PVC can exist in isotactic and atactic forms. Draw the structure of the isotactic form showing a...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: Describe these ‘test-tubes’ with reference to the structures of carbon allotropes.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: These tubes are believed to be stronger than steel. Explain the strength of these ‘test-tubes’ on...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3c.i: Suggest two reasons why they are effective heterogeneous catalysts.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C3c.ii: State one potential concern associated with the use of carbon nanotubes.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E4b: Suggest why some biodegradable plastics do not decompose in landfill sites.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.C2d: Kevlar can be made by reacting 1,4-diaminobenzene,...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.C2e: Kevlar is an example of a lyotropic liquid crystal. Outline what is meant by lyotropic liquid...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.E3d: Heavy metal ions can be removed by adding hydroxide ions. When hydroxide ions are added to a...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1a: Explain why iron is obtained from its ores using chemical reducing agents but aluminium is...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: Both carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be used to reduce iron ores. State the equations for the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: Explain why much of the iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steel.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C1d: State the materials used for the positive and negative electrodes in the production of aluminium...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: Use high-density poly(ethene) and low-density poly(ethene) as examples to explain the difference...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: During the formation of poly(styrene), a volatile hydrocarbon such as pentane is often added....
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C3a: State the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C3b: State one advantage and one disadvantage that homogeneous catalysts have over heterogeneous...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: Apart from their selectivity to form the required product and their cost, discuss two other...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.C3: (a) State one other example of a lyotropic liquid crystal and describe the difference between...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a: State the size range of structures which are involved in nanotechnology.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C1c: Discuss two implications of nanotechnology.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C3: (a) For two different addition polymers, describe and explain one way in which the properties...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.C4: Detergents are one example of lyotropic liquid crystals. State one other example of a lyotropic...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C3b: Kevlar® is a lyotropic liquid crystal. Explain the strength of Kevlar® and its solubility in...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E3a: Assuming chromium is present as \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\), state an equation for its...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E3b: State an expression for the solubility product constant, \({K_{{\text{sp}}}}\), for chromium(III)...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E3c: The solubility product of chromium(III) hydroxide is...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: After the discovery of \({{\text{C}}_{60}}\), chemists discovered carbon nanotubes. Describe the...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C1c: Nanotechnology could provide new solutions for developing countries where basic services such as...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals. State and explain which diagram, I or II,...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: Distinguish between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals and state one example of each type.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: Discuss the properties needed for a substance to be used in liquid crystal displays.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.C4a: State the type of mechanism occurring in the manufacture of low-density poly(ethene).
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.C4c: Distinguish between addition and condensation polymers in terms of how the monomers react together.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.C4d: Describe and explain how the properties of condensation polymers depend on three structural...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.E2b: (i) Deduce the type of catalysis that occurs. (ii) Outline why the depletion of ozone is...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a: Describe an alloy.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Explain how alloying can modify the structure and properties of metals.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C4a: Compare the positional and directional order in a crystalline solid, nematic phase liquid crystal...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.C2b: Ethene is one of the major products of this process and much of it is converted to polyethene...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C1a.i: State the scale at which nanotechnology takes place and outline the importance of working at this...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C1a.ii: State one public concern regarding the development of nanotechnology.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C1b: One development has been the production of nanotubes. Describe the way in which the arrangement...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b.i: Explain how these differ from homogeneous catalysts.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b.ii: Identify one disadvantage of using heterogeneous catalysts.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: Many of the compounds produced by cracking are used in the manufacture of addition polymers....
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2d: The polymers often have other substances added to modify their properties. One group of additives...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: State one negative impact that the production of iron and steel has on the environment.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: State an equation that shows why rain water is naturally acidic.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.C3c.ii: Explain the strength of Kevlar in terms of its structure and bonding.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.C3c.iii: Explain why a bullet-proof vest made of Kevlar should be stored away from acids.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.E3a: Industrial effluent is found to be highly contaminated with silver and lead ions. A sample of...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.i: Explain the function of the molten cryolite.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C1a.ii: State the half-equations for the reactions that take place at each electrode. Positive electrode...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C1b: Outline two different ways that carbon dioxide may be produced during the production of aluminium.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2a: Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2c: Discuss two factors which need to be considered when selecting a catalyst for a particular...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a: Describe the liquid-crystal state, in terms of molecular arrangement, and explain what happens as...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b: Discuss three properties a substance should have if it is to be used in liquid-crystal displays.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C3a: Outline the difference in the way in which polymerization occurs, stating a specific example of a...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C3b: Polymers can either soften when heated or remain rigid until they decompose or combust. Other...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C4a: State the properties that a molecule, such as Kevlar, must have in order to enable it to behave...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C4b: Discuss the additional properties that a substance must have to make it suitable for commercial...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.C4c: Explain what is meant by the term lyotropic.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3d: One product that is made from crude oil is the chemical feedstock that can be used to synthesize...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.10a.ii: Deduce the structure of the simplest repeating unit of the polymer formed from the reaction...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C3a: Distinguish between thermotropic liquid crystals and lyotropic liquid...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C3b: Two substances that can be used in liquid crystals are commonly called PAA (4-azoxydianisole) and...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C3c: Explain the workings of liquid crystals made up of compounds such as 5CB in liquid-crystal displays.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a: Ethene can be polymerized to form high-density poly(ethene), HDPE, or low-density poly(ethene),...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b: (i) The repeating unit of poly(propene) has the...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.C2b: Polyurethanes are made from dialcohol (diol) and diisocyanate monomers. By considering the...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.C2c: Kevlar is another example of a condensation polymer. Explain how the great strength of Kevlar...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.E3a: Raw sewage is the water-carried waste that flows away from a community. If it is discharged...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.i: State the equation for the reaction of coke with air in the blast furnace.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C1a.ii: The product formed in part (i) reacts with coke to produce carbon monoxide. Explain, giving an...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C2a: Titanium compounds are used as catalysts in the manufacture of high-density polyethene (HDPE)....
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C2b: Describe a structural feature of low-density polyethene (LDPE) that explains why LDPE has a...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C2c: State one environmental impact of the disposal of these polyethenes by using incineration.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C4a: Describe the nematic liquid-crystal phase in terms of the arrangement of the molecules.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C4b: Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the nematic liquid crystal.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.E1a: Nitrogen dioxide is formed in a two-stage process. Describe one anthropogenic (man-made) source...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict the magnetic properties of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in terms of the electron structure of the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.3c: Molten alumina, Al2O3(l), was electrolysed by passing 2.00×106 C through the cell. Calculate the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Identify one concern of using nanoscale catalysts.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.4b: Explain how zeolites act as selective catalysts.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.4c: Carbon nanotubes, which can be produced by the HIPCO process, show great potential as...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.5: Describe how the structures of ceramics differ from those of metals.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.6a: Suggest how changing the size or shape of the hydrocarbon chain would affect the molecule’s...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.6b: Explain why the nitrile group enables these molecules to be used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs).
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Sketch the atactic form of polychloroethene showing four units.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.7b: (i) Explain, in molecular terms, why PVC becomes more flexible and softer when a plasticizer is...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.7c: Suggest an environmental issue associated with the use of PVC.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.3d: (i) Outline the cause of electrical resistance in metallic conductors. (ii) The resistance of...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.3e: (i) Polonium metal has a simple cubic structure. Construct a unit cell diagram and state the...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) The monomers from which Kevlar® is produced are given below. Deduce the formula of the...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.8a: The presence of iron(III) ions can catalyse the formation of hydroxyl radicals from O2− and H2O2...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.8b: Zinc ions, toxic to aquatic life, may be removed by adding a solution containing hydroxide ions....
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.3a: Magnesium oxide, MgO, and silicon carbide, SiC, are examples of ceramic materials. State the name...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.3b: Predict the predominant type of bonding for a binary compound AB in which the electronegativity...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Calculate the charge, in coulombs, passed during the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4b: Calculate the amount, in mol, of electrons passed using section 2 of the data booklet.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4c: Calculate the mass of indium deposited by one mole of electrons.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4d: Calculate the number of moles of electrons required to deposit one mole of indium. Relative...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.4e: Deduce the charge on the indium ion and the formula of indium sulfate.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.5a: Explain, with reference to their structure, the great selectivity of zeolites as catalysts.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.5b: Nanocatalysts play an essential role in the manufacture of industrial chemicals. (i) Describe...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: (i) Draw the structure of 2-methylpropene. (ii) Deduce the repeating unit of poly(2-methylpropene).
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.6b: Deduce the percentage atom economy for polymerization of 2-methylpropene.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: (i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Outline how a lyotropic liquid crystal differs from a thermotropic liquid crystal.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.7b: Explain the effect of increasing the temperature of a nematic liquid crystal on its directional...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.6d: Fermentation of sugars from corn starch produces propane-1,3-diol, which can be polymerized with...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.8a: (i) The diagram below shows the diffraction of two X-ray beams, y and z of wavelength λ, shining...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.8b: (i) The mass of one unit cell of chromium metal is 17.28 × 10−23 g. Calculate the number of unit...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.9a: Describe the Meissner effect.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.9b: Outline one difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.10a: Compare and contrast the Fenton and Haber–Weiss reaction mechanisms.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.10b: Adsorption and chelation are two methods of removing heavy metal ion pollution from the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: Determine the type of bond present in SbBr3, showing your method. Use sections 8 and 29 of the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.6b: Lanthanum has a similar electronegativity to group 2 metals. Explain, in terms of bonding and...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.7a: State why lanthanum cannot be produced by reducing its oxide with carbon.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.7b: Calculate the current (I), in A, required to produce 1.00 kg of lanthanum metal per hour. Use the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: State the major advantage that nanoparticles have in these applications.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.8b: Suggest why nanoparticles need to be handled with care.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: Catalysts reduce the activation energy. Outline how homogeneous catalysts are involved in the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: Suggest why it is important to know how catalysts function.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.9c: Antimony and its compounds are toxic, so it is important to check that the catalyst is removed...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: Below are the IR spectra of two plastics (A and B); one is PETE, the other is low density...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.i: Describe the difference in their structures.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.10b.ii: Explain why the difference in their structures affects their melting points.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.8a: Lanthanum has a hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure. State the coordination number of...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.8b: Lanthanum becomes superconducting below 5 K. Explain, in terms of Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS)...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.8c: Outline why superconductivity only occurs at low temperatures.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: Deduce the repeating unit of the polymer and the other product of the reaction.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.9b: State the class of polymer to which PETE belongs.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.10a: Outline the nature of the plasma state and how it is produced in ICP-MS.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.10b: Hydrogen sulfide could be used to remove antimony(III) ions from a solution. Determine the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.10c: Identify a ligand that could be used to chelate antimony(III) ions in solution.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: State the two distinct phases of a composite.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: Identify the methods of assembling nanocomposites by completing the table.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.i: Explain how the structure of plasticizers enables them to soften PVC.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.ii: Suggest a reason why nanoparticles can better anchor plasticizers in the polymer.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.5a: In a catalytic converter, carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide. Outline the process for...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.5b.i: Nickel is also used as a catalyst. It is processed from an ore until nickel(II) chloride solution...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.5c: Another method of obtaining nickel is by electrolysis of a nickel(II) chloride...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.6a: Two important properties of a liquid crystal molecule are being a polar molecule and having a...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.6b: Metal impurities during the production of LCoS can be analysed using ICP-MS. Each metal has a...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c: Estimate the atom economy of this first step.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: Suggest, giving one reason, whether this is an addition or condensation reaction.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.4a: Identify the other product formed.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.4b: Explain why EDTA, a chelating agent, is more effective in removing heavy metal ions from solution...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: Nickel(II) ions are least soluble at pH 10.5. Calculate the molar solubility of nickel(II)...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.i: Rhodium is paramagnetic with an electron configuration of [Kr] 5s14d8. Explain, in terms of...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.ii: Rhodium is a type 1 superconductor. Sketch graphs of resistance against temperature for a...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.iii: Contrast type 1 and type 2 superconductors by referring to three differences between them.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Outline the composition of an alloy and a composite.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4b.i: Outline why an alloy is usually harder than its components by referring to its structure.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4b.ii: At present, composite fillings are more expensive than amalgam fillings. Suggest why a patient...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.4c: Explain how Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy could be used to determine the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.5: Catalysts can take many forms and are used in many industrial processes. Suggest two reasons why...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: State equations for the formation of iron nanoparticles and carbon atoms from Fe(CO)5 in the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.6b: Outline why the iron nanoparticle catalysts produced by the HIPCO process are more efficient than...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: Discuss one possible risk associated with the use of nanotechnology.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Outline two properties a substance should have to be used as liquid-crystal in a liquid-crystal...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.i: Describe how the structures of LDPE and HDPE affect one mechanical property of the plastics.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7b.ii: One of the two infrared (IR) spectra is that of polyethene and the other of polytetrafluoroethene...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.7c: Many plastics used to be incinerated. Deduce an equation for the complete combustion of two...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.6b: Explain why Type 2 superconductors are generally more useful than Type 1.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.7b: Describe how the monomers of addition polymers and of condensation polymers differ.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.7c: Identify the type of intermolecular bonding that is responsible for Kevlar®’s strength.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.8a: Calculate the total number of cobalt atoms within its unit cell.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.8b.i: The atomic radius, r, of cobalt is 1.18 × 10–8 cm. Determine the edge length, in cm, of the unit...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.8b.ii: Determine a value for the density of cobalt, in g cm–3, using data from sections 2 and 6 of the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.9a: State the name of one method, other than precipitation, of removing heavy metal ions from...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.9b: The solubility product, Ksp , of cadmium sulfide, CdS, is 8.0 × 10–27. Determine the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.4c.i: Draw the structure of the monomer from which nylon-6 is produced by a condensation reaction.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.4c.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, whether the atom economy of a condensation polymerization, such as this,...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5b: The diagram illustrates the crystal structure of aluminium metal with the unit cell indicated....
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5c: When X-rays of wavelength 0.154 nm are directed at a crystal of aluminium, the first order...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5d.i: Deduce what the shape of the graph indicates about aluminium.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5d.ii: Outline why the resistance of aluminium increases above 1.2 K.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.5e: The concentration of aluminium in drinking water can be reduced by precipitating aluminium...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.i: Deduce the number of atoms per unit cell in vanadium.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.ii: Calculate the expected first order diffraction pattern angle, in degrees, if x-rays of wavelength...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.iii: Calculate the average mass, in g, of a vanadium atom by using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.iv: Determine the volume, in cm3, of a vanadium unit cell.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4a.v: Determine the density, in g cm−3, of vanadium by using your answers to (a)(i), (a)(iii) and (a)(iv).
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4b.i: Vanadium and other transition metals can interfere with cell metabolism. State and explain one...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.4b.ii: Vanadium(IV) ions can create free radicals by a Fenton reaction. Deduce the equation for the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.5c.i: Distinguish between the manufacture of polyester and polyethene.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.6b: MWCNT are very small in size and can greatly increase switching speeds in a liquid crystal...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3a: Discuss, in terms of its structure, why an aluminium saucepan is impermeable to water.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.i: State the name given to a material composed of two distinct solid phases.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.ii: State one physical property of HDPE that will be affected by the incorporation of carbon nanotubes.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.iii: Describe how carbon nanotubes are produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD).
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.3b.iv: State the property of carbon nanotubes that enables them to form a nematic liquid crystal phase.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4a: Both of these are thermoplastic polymers. Outline what this term means.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4b.i: Compare and contrast the structures of HDPE and LDPE.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4b.ii: State one way in which a physical property of HDPE, other than density, differs from that of LDPE...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4c.i: The production of HDPE involves the use of homogeneous catalysts. Outline how homogeneous...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4c.ii: Trace amounts of metal from the catalysts used in the production of HDPE sometimes remain in the...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4d: Suggest two of the major obstacles, other than collection and economic factors, which have to be...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.4e: Suggest why there are so many different ways in which plastics can be classified. HDPE can, for...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.5: Aluminium is produced by the electrolysis of a molten electrolyte containing bauxite. Determine...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3a: ICP-OES/MS can be used to analyse alloys and composites. Distinguish between alloys and composites.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3b: ICP-MS is a reference mode for analysis. The following correlation graphs between ICP-OES and...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.i: Identify the purpose of each graph.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.ii: Calculate, to four significant figures, the concentration, in μg kg−1, of vanadium in oil giving...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.3c.iii: Vanadium(V) oxide is used as the catalyst in the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4a: Sketch four repeating units of the polymer to show atactic and isotactic polypropene.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4b.i: State the chemical reason why plastics do not degrade easily.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4b.ii: Compare two ways in which recycling differs from reusing plastics.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.4c: Civilizations are often characterized by the materials they use. Suggest an advantage polymers...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.5a: State the source of carbon for MWCNT produced by arc discharge and by CVD.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.5b: Discuss three properties a substance should have to be suitable for use in liquid crystal displays.
B: Biochemistry
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Which mixture will form a buffer in aqueous solution? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.27: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of ethanoic acid is 4.8 at 298 K. Which combination will produce...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.iii: Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: Calculate the concentration, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), of sodium...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8a: Outline the relationship between enzyme activity and concentration of the substrate.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8b: Explain how competitive inhibition in an enzyme-catalysed reaction takes place.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8c: Sketch, on the graph on page 13, a curve which shows competitive inhibition occurring in this...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.8d: Silver ions bond with sulfur atoms in an enzyme and change its tertiary structure and activity....
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.24a: Ripe strawberries contain the flavylium cation, an anthocyanin. By referring to table 22 of the...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.24b: Outline the difference in solubility in water between anthocyanins and carotenes, by referring to...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.24d: Outline another convention used for specifying a molecule’s spatial configuration and its...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.6b: (i) Pepsin is a protein which functions as an enzyme in human stomachs. Describe the...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.8b: Calculate the iodine number for linolenic acid,...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.11a: Outline the essential features of the structure of a section of one strand of DNA.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.i: Explain why oleic acid, cis-9-octadecenoic acid, has a lower melting point than its trans isomer,...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.ii: Discuss two effects on health of consuming trans fatty acids such as elaidic acid.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.28a.ii: State the structural feature of a pheophytin molecule which allows it to absorb visible light.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.28b.i: Carotenoids may lose their colour and develop off odours when they are oxidized. Identify, using...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.28b.ii: List two factors which increase the rate of oxidation of carotenoids.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4a.i: State why they are called 2-amino acids.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4a.ii: Identify the amino acid with the empirical formula C3H7ON2
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4a.iv: Deduce the structure of valine in a solution with a pH of 4.0.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4b: Deduce the primary structures of the tripeptides formed by reacting together one molecule of each...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.4c: Proteins carry out a number of important functions in the body. State the function of collagen.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.5a: Compare the structures and polarities of fats and phospholipids, giving one similarity and one...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.5b.i: Vitamin D is produced from cholesterol. The structures of both molecules are given in table 21 of...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.5b.ii: Distinguish between HDL and LDL cholesterol in terms of their composition and their effect on...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: A number of famous athletes have been banned from competition for using hormone F. Explain, with...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.17b.i: Describe one similarity and one difference between the structure of a saturated and an...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.18b: Explain, giving their names, the two types of reaction by which foods may become...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.5a.i: Explain how individual amino acids can be obtained from proteins for chromatographic separation.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.5a.ii: A mixture of amino acids was spotted onto chromatography paper and eluted with a solvent mixture....
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.5b: One protein found in the human body is collagen. Identify its function.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: List two benefits of linolenic acid to humans.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.7b.ii: Calculate the iodine number for linolenic acid, C17H29COOH \(({M_{\text{r}}} = 278.48)\). The...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.9a: Aldosterone is one of the steroid hormones produced in the body from cholesterol. The...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.22a: State the name of the compound which combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.22b.ii: Discuss two effects on health of consuming trans fatty acids such as elaidic acid.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Determine the pH of the buffer solution at 298 K.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.v: Partial neutralization of chloric(I) acid creates a buffer solution. Given that the...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.7a: Thymine (T), whose structure is given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet, is a pyrimidine. Describe...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.7b: Adenine, A, whose structure is also given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet, is a purine found in...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.7c: (i) Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) result in the double helix...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.8a: Explain the double helical structure of DNA, including the importance of hydrogen bonding.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.9a: Describe the structure of hemoglobin.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.9b: Outline the role of hemoglobin in transporting diatomic oxygen.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.3a: Calculate the \({R_{\text{f}}}\) values for the two spots. Spot 1: Spot 2:
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.3b: Suggest a reason why only two spots are present.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.3c: Suggest how the chromatography experiment with the same sample could be altered in order to...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18a: Identify the structural formula of the triglyceride formed when three molecules of linoleic acid...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18b: State the other product formed during this reaction.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18c: Explain why the triglyceride formed from linoleic acid and glycerol is a liquid and not a solid...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18d: Describe how the triglyceride formed from linoleic acid and glycerol could be converted into a...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.18e: Other than the fact that it is a solid at room temperature, discuss two advantages and two...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.2c: (i) Calculate the \({R_{\text{f}}}\) values of A and B. (ii) Outline why compound B...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.4a: State why a professional cyclist would eat pasta before a race.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.4b: (i) Fructose, a monosaccharide, is found in honey. Draw the straight-chain structure of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.5a: (i) Define the term iodine number. (ii) A sample containing...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.5c: The hydrolysis of tristearin, whose structure is shown below, can be catalysed by the enzyme...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.5d: Explain why the metabolism of fats produces much more energy per gram than that of carbohydrates.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17b: State two named functional groups present in each of the following molecules found in two...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17c: Butter is an example of a saturated fat and olive oil is an example of an unsaturated fat....
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17d.iii: Partial hydrogenation can sometimes produce trans fats. Suggest why trans fats are considered...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.17d.iv: Olestra, with one of its structures shown below, has been used to prepare snacks such as crisps...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.28: A buffer solution is formed by mixing equal volumes of...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.5: Compare the structures and chemical formulas of the two essential fatty acids linoleic acid and...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.7a: Describe how genetic information is encoded within the double helical structure of DNA.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.7b: State the name of the bond between complementary base pairs of DNA.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.8: Describe three characteristics of enzymes.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.3: (a) State how you could tell whether the ink was a single substance or a mixture of...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.4a: Define the term iodine number.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.4b: Diets that are high in omega-3 fatty acids are recommended as healthy for the heart....
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: Draw the structure of a 2-amino acid.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: Explain how a given protein can be broken down into its constituent amino acids and how these can...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.22b: (i) State the name of the functional group circled in the triglyceride. (ii) Identify...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.22c: (i) State the difference in structure between the fatty acids found in an oil and those in a...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.5: A natural pigment found in cranberries can exist in two forms. Explain, with reference to...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6a: Identify by name two functional groups that are common to all three of these vitamins.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6b.i: Only one of these three vitamins is soluble in water. Identify this vitamin.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6b.ii: Explain why this vitamin is soluble in water.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6c.i: State one effect of vitamin D deficiency.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.6c.ii: Suggest why vitamin D deficiency diseases are becoming increasingly common in young people.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.7a: State the structural formula of cysteine as a zwitterion.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.7b: With reference to the isoelectric points of alanine and cysteine, describe with a reason what pH...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.7c: Cysteine is responsible for a specific type of intra-molecular bonding within a protein molecule....
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.8a: Draw a possible structure for the triglyceride.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.8b: State the other reactant and one essential condition that would favour this hydrolysis reaction...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.8c: Identify which product is polyunsaturated, and outline why foods containing this type of fatty...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.9b.ii: The graph below shows the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of the reaction in the...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.9b.iii: Suggest a reason why it is more likely that NO, rather than \({\text{C}}{{\text{N}}^ - }\), acts...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24a: Explain which acid has the highest melting point.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24b: State the equation for the complete hydrogenation of linolenic acid. Describe the conditions used...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24c.i: Explain the meaning of the term trans.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.24c.ii: Draw the structure of a possible trans fatty acid product.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.26a: Identify the chiral carbon atom in the structure above with an asterisk, *.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5a: Identify by name two functional groups that are common to all three of these vitamins.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5b.i: Identify this vitamin.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5b.ii: Explain why this vitamin is soluble in water.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5c.i: State one effect of vitamin D deficiency.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.5c.ii: Suggest why vitamin D deficiency diseases are becoming increasingly common in young people.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6a: State the structural formula of cysteine as a zwitterion.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6b.i: identify a pH value where both amino acids would be positively charged.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6b.ii: describe with a reason what pH value would be suitable to use in an electrophoresis experiment...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6c: Cysteine is responsible for a specific type of intra-molecular bonding within a protein molecule....
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.6d: State three functions of proteins in the body and include a named example for each.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7a: Draw a possible structure for the triglyceride.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7b: State the other reactant and one essential condition that would favour this hydrolysis reaction...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7c: Identify which product is polyunsaturated, and outline why foods containing this type of fatty...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.7d: People who live in very cold regions need a diet with a higher ratio of fat to carbohydrate than...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Explain which acid has the highest melting point.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4a.i: Describe the characteristics of an enzyme (such as catalase).
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b.i: State how inhibitors affect the initial rate of reaction of an enzyme with its substrate.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b.ii: Explain the action of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on enzymes in terms of where the...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b.iii: State how inhibitors affect the values of \({V_{{\text{max}}}}\) and the Michaelis constant,...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a.i: Using Table 19 of the Data Booklet, deduce the structural formulas of the two dipeptides formed...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a.ii: State the other substance formed during this reaction.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: Explain how amino acids can be analysed using electrophoresis.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: List two functions of proteins in the body.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: Describe the structural features of monosaccharides.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.i: Draw the structures of \(\alpha \)-glucose and \(\beta...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.ii: Two \(\alpha \)-glucose molecules condense to form the disaccharide maltose. Draw the structure...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.B3a: The structures of retinol (vitamin A) and vitamin D are given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet....
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c: Describe the rancidity of fats.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b.i: Identify the class of pigment to which astaxanthin belongs.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b.ii: Explain why the properties of pigments in the shell of a live lobster can lead to colour...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b.iii: Explain how the colour of astaxanthin changes to red when cooked.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A3b: When the flavylium cation is placed in alkaline solution the structure changes to the quinoidal...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.B3b.ii: Explain why a low value of \({K_{\text{m}}}\) is significant.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.B3b.iii: State and explain the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the value of \){K_{\text{m}}}\).
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.A1a: State the meaning of the term retention factor.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.A1b: Explain why the value of the retention factor for the same component can be very different if...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.A1c: If the components of the mixture are coloured then they can be seen with the naked eye. Describe...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1a.i: Olive oil contains a triglyceride (glyceryl trioleate) which, on hydrolysis, yields...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1a.ii: Calculate the iodine number for oleic acid (\({M_{\text{r}}}\) of oleic acid \( = 282.52\)).
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b.i: Linoleic acid and stearic acid have similar molecular masses. Explain why linoleic acid has a...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b.ii: Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are classed as essential fatty acids. State the importance of...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a: Proteins such as papain are formed by the condensation reactions of 2-amino acids. By referring...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b.i: Describe the essential features of electrophoresis.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b.ii: Arginine, cysteine and glycine undergo electrophoresis at pH 6.0. Deduce which amino acid moves...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2c.i: Describe what is meant by the tertiary structure of proteins.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.B2c.ii: Identify two interactions which are responsible for this type of structure.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F2a: List two factors which may affect the colour stability of a pigment.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.i: State how the sodium hydrogencarbonate maintains the green colour of the peas.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.ii: The structure of chlorophyll is shown in Table 22 of the Data Booklet. Describe what happens to...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.F3: In recent years, the use of soybean oil by the food industry has increased. A significant...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Determine the pH of a buffer solution, correct to two decimal places, showing your working,...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.B4: State two differences in composition and one difference in structure between RNA and DNA.
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: Describe, by completing the equation below, the condensation of glycerol and the three fatty...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.B2c: (i) State the names of two other types of lipids present in the human body. (ii) Compare...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: The polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC), also known as poly(chloroethene), is hard and brittle when...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.F1a: (i) all fats. (ii) all fatty acids.
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which mixtures act as buffer solutions? I. ...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.B4a: (i) Explain how the two helices are linked in the structure of DNA. (ii) Describe the...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B1b: (i) Draw the straight chain structure of glucose. (ii) Draw the structural formula of...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B1c: One of the major functions of carbohydrates in the human body is as an energy source. State one...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B2a: Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid whose formula is given in Table 22 of the Data Booklet....
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: Fats, such as butter, are solid triglycerides. Explain why fats have a higher energy value than...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.F4: (a) Define the term genetically modified (GM) food. (b) Discuss the benefits and...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2a: State the major function of enzymes in the human body.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2b: Describe the mechanism of enzyme action in terms of structure.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2c.i: Use the graph to determine \({V_{\max }}\) and the Michaelis constant,...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2c.ii: Draw a line on the graph to represent the effect of adding a competitive inhibitor.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.B2d: State and explain the effects of heavy-metal ions and temperature increases on enzyme activity.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1a: State the general formula of 2-amino acids.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1b: State two characteristic properties of 2-amino acids.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1c: Using Table 19 of the Data Booklet, deduce the structural formula of two dipeptides that could be...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1d.i: Explain the difference between the primary and secondary structure of proteins.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1d.ii: State the predominant interaction responsible for the secondary structure.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B1e: Explain how a sample of a protein can be analysed by electrophoresis.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: By comparing the structures of vitamins A, C and D given in Table 21 of the Data Booklet, state...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.F1b.i: fats and oils
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.F1b.ii: monosaccharides.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.F1c: Liver is a source of arachidonic acid,...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3e: Determine the pH of a solution formed from adding \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3f: (if acid added)...
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.3a.iii: Outline why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance and why the disposal of...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a: (i) a solution with a pH of 2. (ii) a solution with a pH of 12.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: Deduce the structure of serine at the isoelectric point.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: Deduce the structures of the two different dipeptides that can be formed when one molecule of...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: State the causes of the three deficiency diseases, beriberi, goitre and...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.B3: (a) Define the term iodine number. (b) Linoleic acid (\({M_{\text{r}}} = 281\)) has the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F1b: State three characteristic features of all monosaccharide molecules.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F2a: Explain why pigments such as anthocyanins are coloured.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F2b: (i) Explain what effect, if any, the absorption at 375 nm will have on the colour of the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F2c: List two factors which could alter the precise colour of a particular anthocyanin.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F3a: Give the general structural formula for a fat or oil and describe the difference in structure...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F3b: Explain why unsaturated fats have a lower melting point than saturated fats.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.F3c: Oils can be hydrogenated. One possible problem is that partial hydrogenation may occur which...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: (i) Deduce the acid and conjugate base ions that make up the phosphate buffer and state the...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.B4: Calculate the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in linolenic acid,...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.B6: The nucleic acids, RNA and DNA, are polymers which are formed from nucleotides. Distinguish...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.A3: (a) State the stationary phase and an example of a mobile phase used in paper...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.B2: (a) List four major functions of proteins in the human body. (b) Deduce the structures...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.B4: (a) Outline the function and production of hormones in the body. (b) In many communities...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.F2: (a) Describe the differences in the structure between the saturated fatty acid...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.B2b.ii: Calculate the iodine number of linoleic...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.B4a: Describe the characteristics of an enzyme such as pepsin, and compare its catalytic behaviour to...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b: Enzymes are affected by inhibitors. Lead ions are a non-competitive inhibitor, they have been...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1a: Describe the characteristic properties of 2-amino acids.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b.i: State the name of the bond or interaction that is responsible for linking the amino acids...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b.ii: State the name of the bond or interaction that is responsible for the secondary structure.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b.iii: State two of the bonds or interactions responsible for the 3D shape of myoglobin.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: The formulas of some fatty acids are shown in Table 22 of the Data Booklet. State the equation...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.i: Compare the structures of the two fatty acids: linoleic and linolenic acids.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b.ii: State why these two fatty acids are so important in the human diet.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c.i: Distinguish between HDL and LDL cholesterol.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c.ii: Compare the composition of cholesterol with a phospholipid such as lecithin.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F1a: Explain why naturally-occurring pigments are coloured.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c.i: State the class of pigments that give carrots and tomatoes their colour.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c.ii: Outline why this class of pigment is susceptible to oxidation, and the effect of oxidation on...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.F3: Genetically modified (GM) foods are now widely available, although in some countries...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B2d: Describe one negative effect of a high concentration of LDL cholesterol in blood.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4a: Explain the relationship between enzyme activity and concentration of the substrate.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4b: Determine the Michaelis constant \({K_{\text{m}}}\) from the graph.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4c: Describe why competitive inhibition may take place.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4d: Explain the effect of competitive inhibition on \({V_{{\text{max}}}}\) and \({K_{\text{m}}}\).
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.B4e: On the graph of effect of concentration on rate of reaction on page 10, sketch the expected curve...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.F1c: Outline the process of hydrogenating fats and name one catalyst for the process.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.F3b: Lycopene, whose structure is shown below, is a carotenoid and is responsible for the red colour...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.A1c.iii: Calculate the \({R_{\text{f}}}\) of the amino acid.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b: Explain why two cyclic isomers are formed from the straight-chain glucose and name both isomers.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B1c: State the name of the two polymeric forms of starch.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a: Identify the characteristic structural feature of cholesterol.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b: Identify two other types of lipids found in the human body.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2c.i: State what the terms HDL and LDL represent.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B2d: Compare the structures of linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B3a: Compare the solubilities of vitamins A and C in water by referring to the structures provided in...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.B3b: Describe the effect of deficiency of one of these vitamins and suggest two possible solutions.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.F1a: Describe the chemical composition of a triglyceride.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.F1b: The following two structures represent isomers of a fatty acid. State and explain which isomer...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.F3a: Explain why raw meat changes colour from purplish-red to brown on standing.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B4a: Identify the type of inhibition shown in the graph.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B4b: Determine \({V_{\max }}\) and \({K_{\text{m}}}\) in the absence of the inhibitor and in the...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B5a: Identify the molecule that undergoes oxidation and state the half-equation for the process.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.B5b: Identify the molecule that undergoes reduction and state the half-equation for the process.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F2a: Explain, in terms of their molecular structure, why these compounds are coloured.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F2c: Identify one other coloured compound commonly found in uncooked foods.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F4b.i: Alanine has the formula...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F4b.ii: State which convention is usually employed to indicate the stereochemistry of molecules other...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.F4b.iii: Based on the structure given in part (b) (i) comment on the statement “D-alanine is a +(d)...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: Compare the structural features of starch and cellulose.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: Humans can digest starch but cannot digest cellulose. Explain why humans cannot digest cellulose.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: Determine the number of double bonds in linoleic acid,...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b: Explain why it is important to include the fatty acids linoleic and linolenic acid in a balanced...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c: The partial equation for the enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of a triglyceride is shown below. Draw...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.B2d: Deduce whether the fatty acid obtained in part (c) will have a higher or lower melting point...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F1a: Deduce which fat or oil from the table could best be described...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F1d: Hydrogenation can result in the formation of trans fatty acids. Outline the meaning of the term...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F3a: Explain what is meant by the term genetically modified food.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.F3b: Describe two advantages and one concern about the use of genetically modified food.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.B4a.i: State the names of the sugars in each nucleic acid and outline how their chemical structures differ.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.B4a.ii: State one other structural difference between DNA and RNA.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.F2c: Compare the structures of the natural pigments, chlorophyll and heme B using Table 22 of the Data...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1a: Identify the compounds X and Y. X: Y:
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1b: Draw the structural formula of a triglyceride formed from one molecule each of octanoic acid,...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1c: Explain whether the triglyceride in part (b) is a solid or a liquid at room temperature.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1d: Identify the type of reaction that occurs during the formation of a triglyceride.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B1e: Explain why fats have a higher energy value per mole than carbohydrates.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a.i: Describe how the amino acid spots may have been developed.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a.ii: Predict which amino acid is present at spot C. Explain your answer.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2a.iii: The amino acid at spot B is at its isoelectric point. Describe one characteristic of an amino...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B2b: Explain, using equations, how the amino acid glycine (Gly) can act as a buffer
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.B3c: The structure of one form of vitamin E is shown below. State and explain whether vitamin E is...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F1a.i: Predict the products of hydrolytic rancidity of fats.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F1a.ii: The hydrolysis of milk products is used in the making of cheese. State two conditions which...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.i: Using the abbreviations QB for quinoidal base and \({\text{F}}{{\text{C}}^ + }\) for flavylium...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.F2b.ii: Suggest why blueberries should not be stored in aluminium cans.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.B1f: Compare the behaviour of enzymes and inorganic catalysts, including reference to the mechanism of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B1b: This energy comes mainly from the combustion of triglycerides. State the name of one other type...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B1c: Explain why lipids have a higher energy content than carbohydrates.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B2a: Glucose is mainly present in one of two cyclic forms: \(\alpha \)-glucose and \(\beta \)-glucose....
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B2b: (i) Identify the functional group present in glucose, but not fructose. (ii) Identify...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B2c: Outline how the structure of cellulose is related to that of glucose.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.B3a: State the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3c: Plastic litter is an environmental problem that results from the use of petroleum as a chemical...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.F1b: Identify the types of nutrients A, B and C. A B C
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.F1c: State the names of two types of nutrient other than those shown in part (b).
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.F2a: Rancidity can occur as a result of two separate processes. State these processes and explain the...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.B3a: State and explain how the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is related to the substrate...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.B3b: When an inhibitor is added it decreases the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. State the...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.B3c: (i) Sketch a graph to show the effect that a change in pH will have on the rate of an...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.B3a: (i) Identify the major source of low-density lipoproteins. (ii) State the importance of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.B3b.i: Compare the chemical structures of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, and linolenic acid, an...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.F2a: State two major differences in their structures.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.F2c: Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of converting oils into fats.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B5a: Explain how enzymes, such as hexokinase, are able to catalyse reactions.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B5b: State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature from 20 °C to 60 °C on an...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B6a: Describe the structure of a nucleotide of DNA.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.B6b: Outline how nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotides.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F5a: Use the CORN rule to determine whether the structure of 2-aminopropanoic acid (alanine)...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F5b: State the (d) or the (l) convention.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F6a: Explain why these natural pigments are coloured.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.F6b: Deduce from their structures whether anthocyanins and carotenes are water-soluble or...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.B2a: State the name of the linkage that is broken during the hydrolysis of a protein and draw its...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.B2b: Explain how electrophoresis is used to analyse a protein.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.B4a: Compare the structures of starch and cellulose.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F1a: State the empirical formula and structural features of monosaccharides.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F1b.ii: Deduce the structural formula of a triester formed from three long-chain carboxylic acid...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F2a: State the meaning of the term rancidity as it applies to fats.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F2b.i: Compare the two rancidity processes. Hydrolytic process: Oxidative process:
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.F4: Foods derived from genetically modified organisms were introduced in the early 1990s. State one...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Steroid abuse has certain health hazards, some general, some specific to males and some specific...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.8b: (i) State the name of the functional group circled in the DHEA molecule shown below. (ii)...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.8c: The production of banned steroids has ethical implications. Suggest a reason why steroid research...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.9a: Deduce the structures of the most abundant form of glycine in three buffer solutions at pH 1.0,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.9b: A tripeptide, X, containing leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys) and glutamic acid (Glu) is hydrolysed and...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.10a: Deduce the equation for the cellular respiration of glucose.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.10c: Glucose is the basic building block of starch which can be used to make bioplastics. Outline two...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.10d: Bioplastics are broken down by enzyme catalysed reactions. Sketch a graph illustrating how the...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.10c: (i) Serine is a chiral amino acid. Draw both enantiomers of serine. (ii) State the enantiomeric...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.12a: The graph below shows a Michaelis–Menten plot for an enzyme. Sketch and label two curves on the...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.12b: Enzyme solutions are prepared in buffers. Determine the pH of a buffer solution containing...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.13a: Identify one structural characteristic in vitamins A and D which makes them more similar to each...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.13b: The pigments from spinach were separated using chromatography. Identify Z by calculating its Rf...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.14a: Outline how the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is affected by changes in the blood plasma.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.14b: Explain why foetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.8a: Fatty acids react with glycerol to form fats and oils. State the name of the chemical link formed...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.8b: The table below shows average figures for the percentage fatty acid composition of some common...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.9a: State the raw materials and source of energy used in the process described above.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: The structures of two molecules, X and Y, are shown below. (i) Justify why both these...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.9c: Amylose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of repeating units of glucose. (i) Draw the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.10b: A mixture of amino acids is separated by gel electrophoresis at pH 6.0. The amino acids are then...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.10c: Determine the number of different tripeptides that can be made from twenty different amino acids.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.10d: The fibrous protein keratin has a secondary structure with a helical arrangement. (i) State the...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.13c: Amino acids act as buffers in solution. In aspartic acid, the side chain (R group) carboxyl has...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.14a: (i) Estimate the Km values of the two enzymes. (ii) Suggest, with a reason, which enzyme will...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: (i) Outline what is meant by product inhibition as it applies to hexokinase. (ii) Product...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.15a: State the name of the component of DNA responsible for the migration of its fragments to the...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.15b: In 2010, scientists claimed that they had discovered a species of bacteria capable of...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.16a: Outline why this molecule absorbs visible light.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.16b: With reference to its chemical structure, outline whether this pigment is found in aqueous...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.16c: A student investigated the ability of anthocyanins to act as pH indicators. He extracted juice...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11a: List the building blocks of triglycerides and carbohydrates.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11b.i: The drain pipe of a kitchen sink can become clogged by fatty acids, such as linoleic acid,...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11b.ii: Solid fat triglycerides can also clog kitchen sink drains. Explain how sodium hydroxide unblocks...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.11c: The amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates determine the energy content of foods. Explain...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.i: Deduce the straight chain structure of ribose from its ring structure drawn in section 34 of the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.ii: Using the partial structure given, complete the structural formula of the molecule formed from...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: Constructing models that allow visualizations of the stereochemistry of carbohydrates is...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12c.i: State one advantage of starch based polymers besides being biodegradable.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.12c.ii: Biodegradable boxes made from polylactic acid, PLA, disintegrate when exposed to water. State...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13a: Identify the type of metabolic process that occurs in the hydrolysis of the peptide during...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.i: Identify the name of the amino acid that does not move under the influence of the applied voltage.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, which amino acid will develop closest to the negative electrode.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13c: The breakdown of a dipeptide in the presence of peptidase was investigated between 18 °C and 43...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13d: The solubility of a vitamin depends on its structure. Identify the vitamin given in section 35...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13e: Pollution from heavy metal ions has become a health concern. Outline how the presence of heavy...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.13f: Outline how lead ions could be removed from an individual suffering from lead poisoning.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15a: Deduce the pH range in which glycine is an effective buffer in basic solution.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15b: Enzymes are biological catalysts. The data shows the effect of substrate concentration, [S], on...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15c: Outline the action of a non-competitive inhibitor on the enzyme-catalysed reaction.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.15d: The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines hereditary characteristics. Calculate the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.16a: Explain the shape of the curve at low oxygen partial pressure up to about 5 kPa.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.i: Sketch a graph on the axes above to show the effect of decreasing pH on the binding of oxygen to...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.16b.ii: Outline the effect of decreasing pH on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.17: Vision is dependent on retinol (vitamin A) present in retina cells. Retinol is oxidized to...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: Deduce the structural formula of the dipeptide Cys-Lys.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7b: Identify the type of bond between two cysteine residues in the tertiary structure of a protein.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7c: Deduce the structural formula of the predominant form of cysteine at pH 1.0.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.7d: A mixture of the three amino acids, cysteine, glutamine and lysine, was placed in the centre of a...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.8a: Explain which one of these fatty acids has the highest boiling point.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.8b: 10.0 g of sunflower oil reacts completely with 123 cm3 of 0.500 mol\(\,\)dm–3 iodine...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.9a: Glycerol is one product of the reaction. Identify the two other organic products.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.9b: Identify the type of reaction which occurs.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: Identify the functional groups which are present in only one structure of glucose.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10b: Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from \(\alpha \)-glucose and β-fructose. Deduce the structural...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10c: Starch is a constituent of many plastics. Suggest one reason for including starch in plastics.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.10d: Suggest one of the challenges scientists face when scaling up the synthesis of a new compound.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.11: Suggest, in terms of its structure, why vitamin D is fat-soluble using section 35 of the data...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.8c.i: An aqueous buffer solution contains both the zwitterion and the anionic forms of alanine. Draw...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.8c.ii: Calculate the pH of a buffer solution which contains 0.700 mol dm–3 of the zwitterion and 0.500...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.12a: Identify the structural feature which enables rhodopsin to absorb visible light.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.12b: Outline the change that occurs in the retinal residue during the absorption of visible light.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.13a: Determine the value of the Michaelis constant, Km, including units, from the graph.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.13b: Sketch a second graph on the same axes to show how the reaction rate varies when a competitive...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.13c: Outline the significance of the value of Km.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.14a: Explain the shape of the curve from 0 to X kPa.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.14b: Explain why carbon monoxide is toxic to humans.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.15a: Outline how its structure allows it to be negatively charged in the body.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.15b: Deduce the nucleotide sequence of a complementary strand of a fragment of DNA with the nucleotide...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8a.ii: The empirical formula of fructose is CH2O. Suggest why linoleic acid releases more energy per...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8b.i: State the type of reaction occurring during the titration.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8b.ii: Calculate the volume of iodine solution used to reach the end-point.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.8c: Outline the importance of linoleic acid for human health.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.9a: Describe what is meant by a condensation reaction.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.9b: Draw the structure of galactose on the skeleton provided.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.9c: Explain how the inclusion of carbohydrates in plastics makes them biodegradable.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.10a: Explain, at the molecular level, why vitamin D is soluble in fats. Use section 35 of the data...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.10b: State one function of vitamin D in the body.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.11: Enzyme activity depends on many factors. Explain how pH change causes loss of activity of an enzyme.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.11a: Determine the value of the Michaelis constant, Km, by annotating the graph.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.11b.i: The malonate ion acts as an inhibitor for the enzyme. Suggest, on the molecular level, how the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.11b.ii: Draw a curve on the graph above showing the effect of the presence of the malonate ion inhibitor...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.13: The stability of DNA is due to interactions of its hydrophilic and hydrophobic...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.14a: State the half-equation for the reduction of molecular oxygen to water in acidic conditions.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: Outline the change in oxidation state of the iron ions in heme groups that occurs when molecular...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.15b: Retinal is the key molecule involved in vision. Explain the roles of cis and trans-retinal in...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.6d: Describe how DNA determines the primary structure of a protein such as insulin.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.8b: Outline why cellulose fibres are strong.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: Explain with reference to the binding site on the enzyme how a non-competitive inhibitor lowers...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.9b: Outline the significance of the value of the Michaelis constant, Km.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.10a: Outline why anthocyanins are coloured.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.10b: Explain why the blue colour of a quinoidal base changes to the red colour of a flavylium cation...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8c: Draw the structures of the main form of glycine in buffer solutions of pH 1.0 and 6.0. The pKa...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8d: Calculate the pH of a buffer system with a concentration of 1.25 × 10−3 mol dm−3 carbonic acid...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.10b: Explain how the structure of vitamin A is important to vision using section 35 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.11a: Hemoglobin’s oxygen dissociation curve is shown at a given temperature. Sketch the curve on the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.11b: Outline two differences between normal hemoglobin and foetal hemoglobin.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.12: DNA is a biopolymer made up of nucleotides. List two components of a nucleotide.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6a: Draw the structural formula of a dipeptide containing the residues of valine, Val,...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6b: Deduce the strongest intermolecular forces that would occur between the following amino acid...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6c.i: State the name of the process used to break down the insulin protein into its constituent amino...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.6c.ii: Outline how the amino acids may be identified from a paper chromatogram.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.i: Identify the type of rancidity occurring in saturated lipids and the structural feature that...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7a.ii: State one factor that increases the rate at which saturated lipids become rancid.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7b: Butter contains varying proportions of oleic, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. Explain in...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.i: Fish oil is an excellent dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids. Outline one impact on health of...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.ii: Predict the solubility of retinol (vitamin A) in body fat, giving a reason. Use section 35 of the...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.iii: Explain why sharks and swordfish sometimes contain high concentrations of mercury and...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.7c.iv: Plastics are another source of marine pollution. Outline one way in which plastics can be made...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: State the specific type of linkage formed between α-glucose fragments in both maltose and amylose.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.8b: A person with diabetes suffering very low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) may be advised to consume...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6a: Identify the type of chemical reaction that occurs between fatty acids and glycerol to form...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6b: Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid found in peanut oil. Determine the...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6c: Deduce the structure of the lipid formed by the reaction between lauric acid and glycerol...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6d: Outline one impact food labelling has had on the consumption of foods containing different types...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6e: Determine, to the correct number of significant figures, the energy produced by the respiration...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.6f: Explain why lipids provide more energy than carbohydrates and proteins.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.7a: Draw the dipeptide represented by the formula Ala-Gly using section 33 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.7c: Outline why amino acids have high melting points.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.8: Green Chemistry reduces the production of hazardous materials and chemical waste. Outline two...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.9: Explain the solubility of vitamins A and C using section 35 of the data booklet.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8e: Sketch the wedge and dash (3-D) representations of alanine enantiomers.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8f: UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used to determine the unknown concentration of a substance in a...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8g: A different series of pepsin samples is used to develop a calibration curve. ...
C: Energy
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.22b.i: Describe on a molecular level how the greenhouse effect occurs.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.22b.ii: Suggest two factors that influence the relative greenhouse effect of a gas.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.11a: Suggest two reasons for this shift.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.19a.i: Water and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases present in significant quantities in the...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.19a.ii: Suggest the two factors that influence the relative greenhouse effect of a gas.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.9a: State the energy change conversion involved in a fuel cell.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.9b: (i) Identify the two half-equations that take place at the positive electrode (cathode) and...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.4a: Explain which of the two structures would be coloured.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.4b: In terms of the wavelength of the visible light absorbed, suggest why the coloured form is blue.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.8a: Suggest why crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.8c: Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking can all be used to convert molecules of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: State the energy change conversion involved in a fuel cell.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: (i) Identify the two half-equations that take place at the positive electrode (cathode) and...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.14a: Describe how these gases contribute to the greenhouse effect.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.14b: (i) Identify by chemical formula one other greenhouse gas not mentioned above. (ii) ...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.14c: Many scientists claim that global warming is associated with the increasing concentration of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.14: Suggest why the temperature decrease of the Earth’s surface after sunset is less when the weather...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.11: The photovoltaic cell is a valuable source of energy. Describe its construction and how it...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.10: The diagrams below show a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an alkaline electrolyte and a lead-acid...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.19a: Describe how the greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere of the Earth to increase in temperature.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Identify one greenhouse gas other than \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.13a: State the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that takes place when the cell is...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.13b: State the physical property of the products that allows this process to be reversed and the cell...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.13c: Pure silicon is a semiconductor but its conductivity can be increased when it is doped with small...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: The following reaction occurs during the cracking of tetradecane,...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.C2b: State the main type of product obtained from steam cracking.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Identify a gas that is both a greenhouse gas and a cause of ozone depletion.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.C1c: The worldwide production of aluminium by electrolysis makes a significant impact on global...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A5c: One of the following organic compounds is colourless while the other is orange. Predict, with...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.C2: the oil industry surplus long-chain hydrocarbons are converted into shorter, more useful...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.A2b: Explain what happens at a molecular level during the absorption of IR radiation by carbon...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C1: “Oil should not be used as a source of energy because it has more important uses.” Suggest...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C2: Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking are all used to convert alkane molecules...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4a: State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the negative electrode (anode) and the...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4b: A different type of cell has the half-equation...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4c: Both fuel cells and rechargeable batteries offer great potential for the future. Compare these...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.C4d: Suggest two problems associated with using hydrogen gas in a fuel cell.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.E4a: State what is meant by the term high-level radioactive waste.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.E4b: (i) Explain why high-level waste should not be disposed of by landfill or...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.C4b: Identify a physical property of Cd(OH)2 which allows this process to be reversed and the battery...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E1a: Describe how carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E1b: Discuss the influence of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases on the environment.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.E4c: High-level and low-level wastes are two types of radioactive waste. Compare the half-lives and...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.E2b: State the characteristics and sources of low-level nuclear waste.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.E2c: The disposal of nuclear waste in the sea is now banned in many countries. Discuss one method of...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.A5: \(\beta \)-carotene is involved in the formation of vitamin A. Its sources include carrots,...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.A4: (a) Explain why the nitrogen molecule, \({{\text{N}}_2}\), does not absorb infrared...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.E1: (a) Major greenhouse gases are water vapour and carbon dioxide. State two other greenhouse...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.E2: (a) State one source of low-level radioactive waste and one source of high-level radioactive...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C2a: State the half-equations occurring at each electrode in the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell in an...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C2b: Describe the composition of the electrodes and state the overall cell equation of the...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C2c: Compare a fuel cell and a lead-acid battery, with respect to possible concerns about pollution of...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.C3c: Describe the use of silicon in photovoltaic cells. Include the following in your description: •...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Two of the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are methane and carbon dioxide. State two...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b: Discuss which two gases from the four gases in part (a) are the most significant for global warming.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.E1c: Discuss two effects of global warming.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.A1b: Explain what occurs at a molecular level during the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation by the...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C3a: Describe how this is overcome in the lithium-ion battery.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C3b: Describe the migration of ions taking place at the two electrodes in the lithium-ion battery when...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.C3c: Discuss one similarity and one difference between fuel cells and rechargeable...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.C5: Describe how silicon may be converted into a p-type semiconductor and explain why this leads to...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: The initial products of the fractional distillation of oil often undergo cracking. This can be...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2d.i: Identify the catalyst used in the catalytic cracking of long chain hydrocarbons and state one...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.C2d.ii: State an equation for the catalytic cracking of the straight chain hydrocarbon pentadecane,...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1a: Identify two greenhouse gases not mentioned above. One of the gases that you identify should...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1b: The methane produced by sheep and cows can contribute to global warming. In Australia, it is...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1d: State one effect of global warming.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.E1c: The following graph shows the annual increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2a: Compare fuel cells and rechargeable batteries giving one similarity and one...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2c: A common type of fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen with an acidic electrolyte. State the...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C2d: The electrodes of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries have a feature in common with...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3a: Name two fuels that are obtained from petroleum.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.C3b: Describe one environmental problem that can result from the combustion of these fuels in the...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Explain how the interaction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere with radiation could lead to an...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.E1b: Suggest why carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas most frequently connected with the effect of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.E1c: Other than carbon dioxide and water, identify one other greenhouse gas and state its source.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b: Phenolphthalein indicator is colourless in solutions with a pH less than 8.2 but pink in...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.C2c: Lead–acid batteries are heavy. Much lighter rechargeable cells are nickel–cadmium batteries used...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C2a: A fuel cell can be made using an electrolyte of aqueous sodium hydroxide with porous electrodes...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C2b: Electricity can also be generated from a lead–acid storage battery. The electrolyte is a solution...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.C2c: (i) Explain why fuel cells are less damaging to the environment than nickel–cadmium...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.A2a: One type of molecular vibration that occurs when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) molecules...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C3a: Describe the composition of the electrodes in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.C3b: State the half-equation at each electrode in the hydrogen-oxygen alkaline cell. Positive...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.E2a: Explain how this enhanced greenhouse effect causes the average temperature of the Earth to increase.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.E2b: Compare the contributions of carbon dioxide and methane to the enhanced greenhouse effect.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.11a: (i) Hexane can be converted to different organic products in a reforming process. Identify one of...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.11b: (i) Octane, C8H18, can undergo complete combustion under suitable conditions. Calculate the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.11c: Coal can be heated with steam to produce synthetic natural gas. Formulate an equation to show the...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Transesterification reactions allow waste cooking oils to be converted to biofuels. Identify a...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.12b: Deduce the equation for the reaction that occurs assuming that the vegetable oil has the formula...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.12c: Scientists around the world conduct research into alternatives to fossil fuels. Suggest why...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.13a: Curium, \({}^{240}{\rm{Cm}}\), was synthesized by bombarding thorium nuclei,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.13b: Uranium-235 has a half-life of 7.038×108 years. (i) Determine the time required for the mass...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.14: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aqueous carbon dioxide in the oceans form a heterogeneous...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Outline why an element such as thorium, Th, usually undergoes nuclear fission, whereas helium,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.15: Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a greenhouse gas. Outline, in molecular terms, how carbon dioxide...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.20a: One type of fuel cell contains a proton exchange membrane between electrodes and uses aqueous...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.20b: Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of a fuel cell over a lead–acid battery as an energy...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.21a: State how n-type and p-type doping of silicon is achieved and the nature of electric charge...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.21b: In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), nanoparticles coated with a black dye are trapped between...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.11a: (i) Calculate the specific energy of the lithium ion battery, in MJ kg−1, when 80.0 kg of fuel in...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.11b: (i) The energy density of gasoline is 34.3 MJ dm−3. Calculate the volume of gasoline, in dm3,...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Discuss how the octane number changes with the molecular structure of the alkanes.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.12b: Catalytic reforming and cracking reactions are used to produce more efficient fuels. Deduce the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: Explain the effect of the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the acidity...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.13b: (i) Describe the changes that occur at the molecular level when atmospheric carbon dioxide gas...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.14a: State the equation for the complete transesterification of the triglyceride given below with...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.14b: Outline why the fuel produced by the reaction in (a) is more suitable for use in diesel engines...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.15a: (i) Explain why fusion, combining two smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus, releases vast amounts...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.15b: Radioactive phosphorus, 33P, has a half-life of 25.3 days. (i) Calculate 33P decay constant λ...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21a: The Geobacter species of bacteria can be used in microbial fuel cells to oxidise aqueous...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: A concentration cell is an example of an electrochemical cell. (i) State the difference between...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21c: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) convert solar energy into electrical energy. (i) Describe how...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14a: Outline how the spectra of light from stars can be used to detect the presence of carbon.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14b.i: Deduce the identity of X.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14b.ii: Outline why this reaction results in a release of energy.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.14c: Nuclear fusion reactors are predicted to become an important source of electrical energy in the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15a: State two reagents required to convert vegetable oil to biodiesel.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15b: Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15c: Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.15d: Determine the specific energy, in kJ\(\,\)g−1, and energy density, in kJ\(\,\)cm−3, of a...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.16a: State how these gases are produced, giving the appropriate equation(s).
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.16b: Outline how the carbon monoxide is then converted to a hydrocarbon fuel.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17a: Suggest why it is only in recent years that specific predictions of the future effects of fossil...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17b: Carbon dioxide has two different bond stretching modes illustrated below. Predict, with an...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17c: Outline, giving the appropriate equation(s), how increasing levels of carbon dioxide will affect...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.17d: Many combustion processes also release particulate matter into the atmosphere. Suggest, giving...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.18b.ii: The mass of X is 8.005305 amu and that of \(_2^4{\text{He}}\) is 4.002603 amu. Determine the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.19a: Identify two ways in which the structure of the dye shown resembles the chlorophyll molecule. Use...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.19b: Both photosynthesis and the Grätzel cell use energy from sunlight to bring about reduction....
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22a: Deduce half-equations for the reactions at the two electrodes and hence the equation for the...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22b.i: Suggest a way in which they are similar.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22b.ii: Outline the difference between primary and rechargeable cells.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.22c: Identify one factor that affects the voltage of a cell and a different factor that affects the...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.12b: Coloured molecules absorb sunlight. Identify the bonding characteristics of such molecules.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.13a: State one advantage and one disadvantage for each energy source in the table.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.13b.i: Calculate the specific energy of hydrogen, stating its units. Refer to sections 1, 6 and 13 of...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.13b.ii: Hydrogen has a higher specific energy than petrol (gasoline) but is not used as a primary fuel...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14a: Identify which region, A or B, corresponds to each type of radiation by completing the table.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.i: Oceans can act as a carbon sink, removing some CO2(g) from the atmosphere. CO2(g)...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14b.ii: Describe how large amounts of CO2 could reduce the pH of the ocean using an equation to support...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14c.i: Suggest an equation for the production of syngas from coal.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14c.ii: The Fischer-Tropsch process, an indirect coal liquefaction method, converts CO(g) and H2(g) to...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.14c.iii: Suggest a reason why syngas may be considered a viable alternative to crude oil.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.12a.i: One fusion reaction occurring in the sun is the fusion of deuterium, \({}_1^2H\), with tritium,...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.12a.ii: Explain why this fusion reaction releases energy by using section 36 of the data booklet.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.16a.iii: Calculate the energy released, in MeV, in this reaction, using section 36 of the data booklet.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.17c.i: Deduce the half-cell equations occurring at each electrode during discharge.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.17c.ii: Outline the function of the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) in the fuel cell.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.17c.iii: Explain how the flow of ions allows for the operation of the fuel cell.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.18a.ii: The structures of 11-cis-retinal and β-carotene are given in section 35 of the data booklet....
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.19a: Contrast how absorption of photons and charge separation occur in each device.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.19b: Suggest one advantage a DSSC has over a silicon based photovoltaic cell.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.12a: Calculate the specific energy of octane, C8H18, in kJ kg–1 using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.12b: A typical wood has a specific energy of 17 × 103 kJ kg–1. Comment on the usefulness of octane and...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.12c: State the name of one renewable source of energy other than wood.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: “Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13b: Many like to refer to our “carbon footprint”. Outline one difficulty in quantifying such a concept.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Climate change or global warming is a consequence of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.13d: Outline how water and carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.14a.i: Compare and contrast fission and fusion in terms of binding energy and the types of nuclei involved.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.14a.ii: Suggest two advantages that fusion has over fission.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.14b: The amount of 228Ac in a sample decreases to one eighth \(\left( {\frac{1}{8}} \right)\) of its...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.15a: State the structural feature of chlorophyll that enables it to absorb visible light.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.15b: Vegetable oils are too viscous for use as liquid fuels. Describe, using an equation, how a...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.18c.i: Calculate the loss in mass, in kg, and the energy released, in J, when 0.00100 mol of 228Ac...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.18c.ii: Determine the energy released, in J, by 0.00100 mol of 228Ac over the course of 18 hours.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.18d: Outline how nuclear ionising radiation can damage DNA and enzymes in living cells.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.19b: The natural absorption of light by chlorophyll has been copied by those developing dye-sensitized...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.20a: Deduce the half-equations and the overall equation for the reactions taking place in a direct...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.20b: Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of the methanol cell (DMFC) compared with a...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.13a: Outline the major technical problem affecting the direct use of vegetable oils as fuels...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.13b: State the formula of a fuel that might be produced from the vegetable oil whose formula is...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.14a.i: Complete the half-equations on the diagram and identify the species moving between the electrodes.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.14a.ii: State the factor that limits the maximum current that can be drawn from this cell and how...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.14b.ii: Explain how the proportion of 235U in natural uranium is increased.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.15a: Early photovoltaic cells were based on silicon containing traces of other elements. State the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.15b: Dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs, use a dye to absorb the sunlight. State two advantages that...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.15c: The structure of two dyes used in DSSCs are shown. Predict, giving a reason, which dye will...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.13c: Fuel cells have a higher thermodynamic efficiency than octane. The following table gives some...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.16c.i: Calculate the relative rate of effusion of 235UF6(g) to 238UF6(g) using sections 1 and 6 of the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.16c.ii: Explain, based on molecular structure and bonding, why diffusion or centrifuging can be used for...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.18a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for an appropriate doping element in the box in the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.18b.i: State the feature of the molecules responsible for the absorption of light.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.18b.ii: Outline why complex B absorbs light of longer wavelength than complex A.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.9a: Identify one naturally occurring greenhouse gas, other than carbon dioxide or water vapour, and...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.9b: Formulate an equation that shows how aqueous carbon dioxide produces hydrogen ions, H+(aq).
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.9c: The concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere are much greater than those of...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10a: Identify an element, other than carbon and hydrogen, found at significant concentrations in...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10b: Petroleum contains many hydrocarbons. Explain how these are separated by fractional distillation.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10c.i: Determine the specific energy and energy density of petrol (gasoline), using data from sections 1...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.10c.ii: Outline why the energy available from an engine will be less than these theoretical values.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.11a.i: Outline the major technical problem affecting the direct use of vegetable oils as fuels in...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.11a.ii: State the formula of a fuel that might be produced from the vegetable oil whose formula is...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.11b: Outline why biofuels are considered more environmentally friendly, even though they produce more...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.12a.ii: Explain how 235U fission results in a chain reaction, including the concept of critical mass.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: Suggest one reason why there is opposition to the increased use of nuclear fission reactors.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: Outline two reasons why oil is one of the world’s significant energy sources.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10b.i: Formulate an equation for the cracking of C16H34 into two products with eight carbon atoms each.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10b.ii: Identify, giving a reason, which product in (b)(i) could be used in petrol (gasoline).
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10c.i: Outline how higher octane fuels help eliminate “knocking” in engines.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.10c.ii: The performance of hydrocarbons as fuels can be improved by catalytic reforming. Outline how...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.11a: Explain the molecular mechanism by which carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.11b: Discuss the significance of two greenhouse gases, other than carbon dioxide, in causing global...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.12a: Calculate the thermal efficiency of a steam turbine supplied with steam at 540°C and using a...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.12b: Power plants generating electricity by burning coal to boil water operate at approximately 35%...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.13a: Compare and contrast the process of nuclear fusion with nuclear fission.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.13b: Dubnium-261 has a half-life of 27 seconds and rutherfordium-261 has a half-life of 81...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.14a: Deduce the equation for the transesterification reaction of pentyl octanoate, C7H15COOC5H11, with...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.14b: Outline why the ester product of this reaction is a better diesel fuel than pentyl octanoate.
D: Medicinal chemistry
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Which mixture will form a buffer in aqueous solution? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.27: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of ethanoic acid is 4.8 at 298 K. Which combination will produce...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.iii: Determine the pH of the solution resulting when \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: Calculate the concentration, in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\), of sodium...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15a.i: The structure of aspirin is shown in table 20 of the data booklet. Suggest a suitable reagent for...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15a.ii: Explain the advantage of converting aspirin into its sodium salt.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest a reagent that could be used to convert morphine into diamorphine.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.15c: Explain why diamorphine is a more potent drug than morphine.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.18b.ii: Explain why the change in functional groups makes diamorphine (heroin) more potent than morphine.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.19a.i: The breathalyser, one of the earliest tests, uses the reaction between ethanol and acidified...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.19a.ii: Outline why the colour changes from orange to green.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.19b: Explain how the ethanol concentration in the breath can be measured by an intoximeter using...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.21a.ii: The beta-lactam ring is highly reactive and enables penicillins to be effective antibacterials....
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.21b.i: Cytovaricin is an antibiotic that is produced using a chiral auxiliary. Suggest why it may be...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.21b.ii: Describe how a chiral auxiliary is involved in the synthesis of a drug.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: Acyclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes infections. Outline two ways in which...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.12c: Discuss two difficulties associated with the development of drugs for the effective treatment of...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.13a: Deduce which drugs could be morphine, aspirin and codeine. Morphine: Aspirin: Codeine:
- 15M.3.sl.TZ1.13b: Compare the structures of diamorphine (heroin) and morphine. Their structures are given in table...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.14a.i: State the meaning of the term therapeutic window.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.14a.ii: Suggest why a narrow therapeutic window may be a problem.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.14b: State the meaning of the term side-effects.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.15a: Discuss one advantage and two disadvantages of using morphine as an...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.15b: The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are shown in table 20 of the data booklet....
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.i: Explain how penicillins work as antibacterials.
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.ii: The R group in the general structure of penicillin shown below represents a side-chain which is...
- 15M.3.sl.TZ2.18b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Determine the pH of the buffer solution at 298 K.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.14b: Thalidomide is currently used to treat several different diseases including certain types of...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.15a: Describe how mild analgesics function.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.15b: (i) Outline why this substance is more soluble than standard aspirin in water. (ii) ...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.11d: A normal aspirin tablet taken to relieve pain contains about 300 mg of aspirin. Certain adults...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.12a: State the equations for the reactions of magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide and calcium...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.12b: (i) one teaspoon (\({\text{5.00 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\)) of Maalox® Extra...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.10a: The pH of gastric juice is 1.5. Identify the compound responsible for its acidity and state...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.10b: Antacid tablets are often taken for an upset stomach. Identify the reaction involved in this...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.10c: One active ingredient in a commercial brand of antacid tablets is a complex of aluminium...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.11a: Describe how mild analgesics function.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ2.11b: (i) Outline why this substance is more soluble than standard aspirin in water. (ii) ...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.28: A buffer solution is formed by mixing equal volumes of...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.14a: Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of the medical use of morphine and its...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: Explain the increased potency of diamorphine (heroin) compared to morphine.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.17b: Explain how penicillins work and why it is necessary to continually modify the side-chain.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.17c: Explain the importance of the beta-lactam ring in the action of penicillin.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.18a: State two ways in which viruses are different from bacteria.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.18b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.18c: Discuss three of the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: Explain the way that mild and strong analgesics prevent pain. Mild...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of the medical use of morphine and its...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.16b: Explain how penicillins work and why it is necessary to continually modify the side-chain.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: State two ways in which viruses are different from bacteria.
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.17b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.14a.i: Use Table 17 of the Data Booklet to identify the wavenumber range used in the determination.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.14a.ii: State why the absorption in the range 3200 to 3600 \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}\) is not used.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.14b: The concentration of ethanol is determined by passing IR radiation through a breath sample....
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.15a.i: Identify the molecule which is most similar to Antifebrin in terms of size and structure.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.15a.ii: State the names of the two functional groups that both molecules have in common.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.15c: Outline why some drugs can be less effective when taken orally rather than through other methods...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.16c.i: Outline how PPA and not cathine could be synthesized from the same non-chiral starting materials....
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.16c.ii: Explain why this is the generally preferred method for the synthesis of optically active drugs.
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.16c.iii: Suggest how the aqueous solubility of cathine or PPA could be increased to facilitate its...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.18: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease caused by the HIV virus, has resulted in...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.12c: The therapeutic window is used as a measure of the safety of a drug. Define the term therapeutic...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.13a: State an equation for the reactions that occur in the stomach for both substances with...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.13b: A typical antacid tablet has a mass of about 1 g. Determine which of the two antacids will...
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.13c: Potassium hydroxide also neutralizes hydrochloric acid. Suggest why it is not used as an antacid.
- 13N.3.sl.TZ0.14: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease caused by the HIV virus, has resulted in...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.D3b: The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are given in Table 20 of the Data Booklet....
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1a: Explain how mild and strong analgesics prevent pain. Mild analgesics: Strong...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c: State a reason why it is dangerous to use aspirin while consuming alcohol.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d.i: Deduce from the structures the names of two functional groups present in all three analgesics.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d.ii: Deduce the name of one functional group present in diamorphine (heroin) but not in morphine or...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.ii: Describe the colour change observed during its reaction with ethanol.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.iv: Deduce the full balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction of ethanol with acidified...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.v: State the name of the organic product formed.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.D2c: An intoximeter is used to determine an accurate value for the concentration of ethanol in the...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3a.i: Identify the class of drugs to which this particular drug belongs.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3a.ii: Explain the high reactivity of the part of the drug that is enclosed in the circle.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3a.iii: Suggest why the drug is administered as its sodium salt.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.D3b.ii: Suggest one way in which the polarity of doxycycline could be substantially increased.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1a: Other than the benzene (aromatic) ring, state the name of the functional group that is common to...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b: Describe the different ways in which aspirin and diamorphine function when they relieve or...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1c: Other than the prevention of pain and/or the reduction of fever, state one reason why aspirin is...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D1d: Discuss one advantage and one disadvantage of taking diamorphine rather than morphine to relieve...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b.i: Describe the colour change observed when the dichromate ion reacts with the ethanol.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b.ii: State the name of the organic product formed during the reaction.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2c: In order to quantify exactly how much ethanol is present in the blood, a person may be required...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D2d: Ethanol may exert a synergistic effect when taken with other medicines. State the meaning of the...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a: Explain how penicillins are able to cure certain diseases caused by bacteria.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D3b: Sodium piperacillin has a different side chain to the original penicillin developed by Florey and...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.D3c: Explain why it may be necessary to give a mixture of several different types of antibacterials...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Determine the pH of a buffer solution, correct to two decimal places, showing your working,...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.D4: The efficiency of a drug depends on the polarity of its molecule. Explain how the polarity of a...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a: Creating a new pharmaceutical product is a long and complex process. Outline the main stages of...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b: There are various ways to administer drugs to a patient. One of the common methods, parenteral,...
- 12N.3.sl.TZ0.D1c: The efficiency of certain drugs is strongly dependent on the frequency and regularity of their...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which mixtures act as buffer solutions? I. ...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.D3a: For each of the following drugs, identify which one of these factors is involved. Increased...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.D3b: Explain the action of penicillin with reference to your answer in part (a).
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a: State the name of the acid found in the gastric juices of the stomach.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b: Two examples of antacids are aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. State the equations to...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D3: AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide since it...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D4a: State one difference between viruses and bacteria.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.D4b: Discuss three methods in which the activities of humans has created an increase in the resistance...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D1c: State the type of hybridization of each of the carbon atoms (I, II, and III) in the \(\beta...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D3d: Amphetamine exists as optical isomers. Describe how chiral auxiliaries can be used to synthesize...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D3e: The structures of morphine and heroin are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet. Explain the...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a.ii: Describe the mode of action of penicillins in treating infectious diseases.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b.i: Identify two functional groups present in the side chain (R) of ampicillin by comparing its...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D1b.ii: Explain why it is important to continue to develop semi-synthetic penicillins.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2a.i: side-effect
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2a.ii: therapeutic window
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2b.i: One method of injecting drugs into the body results in the drug having a very rapid effect. State...
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2b.ii: List the two other methods which can be used to inject drugs into the body.
- 09N.3.sl.TZ0.D2b.iii: Identify the method of administration used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3e: Determine the pH of a solution formed from adding \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3f: (if acid added)...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D1f: Suggest a reagent that could be used to convert morphine into diamorphine and state the name of...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D2c: The active part of penicillins is the beta-lactam ring. Determine the functional group present in...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D3a: Identify the two chiral carbon atoms in the structure above with an asterisk (*).
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D3b: Explain, with an example, the importance of chirality in drug action.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.D3c: Describe the use of chiral auxiliaries to synthesize the desired enantiomer of a drug.
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.4d: The isotopes of some elements are radioactive. State a radioisotope used in medicine.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1a: Aspirin is thought to interfere with the production of prostaglandins. Explain how this produces...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1b: Explain how morphine can prevent pain.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally considered to be safe to use as an analgesic in small...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d: State one important use for aspirin other than the relief of pain and fever.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D1f: Explain what is meant by the term tolerance and suggest why this is a particular problem for...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D2a: Explain how penicillins are able to act as antibacterials.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b: Modern penicillins have a similar structure to Penicillin G but a different side-chain. State...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.D3a: (i) Give the equations for the reactions of sodium hydrogencarbonate and magnesium hydroxide...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: (i) Deduce the acid and conjugate base ions that make up the phosphate buffer and state the...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ2.D3c: Explain why heroin is a more potent drug than morphine.
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.D1: State the differences between the structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin). State the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.D2: (a) Outline two differences between bacteria and viruses. (b) Antiviral drugs are used...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.D3: (a) Describe how mild and strong analgesics provide pain relief. Mild analgesics: Strong...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.D1c.iv: Explain the increased potency of heroin (diamorphine) compared to morphine.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1b: Compare how mild and strong analgesics relieve pain in the body.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1c.iii: State the name of the functional group found in heroin but not in morphine.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D1d: State one advantage and one disadvantage of using morphine as a strong analgesic.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2a: State one other effect of medicines and drugs on the body.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.i: therapeutic window.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b.ii: tolerance.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ1.D2c: Outline the major stages in the development of a new drug.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.D2a: Aspirin is virtually insoluble in water. Use Table 20 in the Data Booklet to explain how aspirin...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.D4b: Describe the composition and structure of the beta-lactam ring in penicillin and explain its...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D1: Discuss the term therapeutic window. Your answer should include its meaning, a quantitative...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D2a: State an equation for the reaction of stomach acid with this antacid.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D2b: Calcium carbonate can also neutralize stomach acid. The same amounts (in moles) of sodium...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a.i: State the oxidation and reduction half-equations that occur in the breathalyser when ethanol is...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a.ii: Describe the colour change that occurs to the acidified dichromate(VI) if ethanol is present in...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D3b: Police use the intoximeter, an infrared spectrophotometer to confirm a roadside breathalyser...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D4a: With reference to the structure above, state what the letter R represents and discuss how...
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D4b: Describe and explain one effect of overprescription of antibacterials.
- 09M.3.sl.TZ2.D5: Describe and explain difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D2a: State an equation to represent a neutralization reaction with one of the above antacids.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D2b: State and explain whether 0.1 mol of magnesium hydroxide is more effective or less effective than...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D2c: Suggest why compounds such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide cannot be used as an antacid.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D3a: State two differences in structure between viruses and bacteria.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D3b: Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ1.D3c: Discuss two difficulties associated with the development of drugs for the effective treatment of...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.D1b: Diamorphine (heroin) is a more effective painkiller than morphine. The structures of morphine and...
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1a.ii: Explain why it is dangerous to take aspirin when ethanol has also been consumed.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b.i: State the meaning of the term parenteral.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b.ii: Explain how a strong analgesic such as morphine prevents pain.
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b.iii: The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet....
- 11M.3.sl.TZ2.D3a: Explain the meaning of the term therapeutic window and discuss its importance in drug...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.D1a: Identify the region of the electromagnetic spectrum used to detect the presence of ethanol.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.D2c: Identify the particular structural feature of penicillins that is responsible for their action...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D1a: Drugs are most commonly taken orally. (a) State one advantage and one disadvantage of...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D1b: List three methods, other than orally, that can be used for the administration of a drug.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D3a: (i) State the name of one disease caused by each. Bacteria: Viruses: (ii) Discuss the...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D3c: Describe two misuses of antibiotics that have led to some bacteria becoming resistant.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ1.D3d: It is much more difficult to produce effective antiviral drugs than drugs that kill bacteria....
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3c: Describe what happens to bacteria when they come into contact with penicillin.
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3d: (i) Identify the \(\beta \)-lactam ring by drawing a circle around it. (ii) Explain why...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.D3e: Comment on the fact that many bacteria are now resistant to penicillins.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D1a: State the separate equations for the reactions of aluminium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D1b: Determine which of the two components of the tablet will neutralize the most acid.
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D1d: On the leaflet which comes with the tablets it states that one of the side effects of the tablets...
- 12M.3.sl.TZ2.D3c: Explain how penicillin works and why it is necessary to continue to develop new forms of...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D5a.i: State the equation for the formation of the ionic salt of aspirin,...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D5b: Chiral auxiliaries are used in drug design. Describe how a chiral auxiliary works.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.D1a: List two general effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the body.
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.D4a: Identify the side-chain by drawing a circle around the side-chain in the structure of benzyl...
- 11N.3.sl.TZ0.D4b: Discuss two problems associated with the overprescription of penicillin and explain how these are...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.16a: Explain the importance of the beta-lactam ring in the antibiotic activity of penicillin.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.16b: Identify two dangers of the overuse of antibiotics.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Diamorphine (heroin) can be synthesized from morphine. Identify the reagent necessary for this...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.17b: The reaction can be monitored by infrared spectroscopy. Using section 26 of the data booklet,...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.17c: Discuss how the differences in structure between morphine and diamorphine affect their absorption...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.18a: Formulate the equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with magnesium hydroxide.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.18b: Determine the mass of HCl, in g, that can be neutralized by the standard adult dose of 1.00g...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the use of omeprazole (Prilosec) and magnesium hydroxide.
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.19a: Identify examples of two types of medical radioactive waste and how each must be treated for...
- 16M.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Outline an ethical implication of using nuclear treatments in medicine.
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.23c: Using sections 26 and 37 of the data booklet, deduce, giving two reasons, which spectrum is that...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25b: Lead-212 is a radioisotope that is used in the treatment of cancer. It is produced from another...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25c: Identify one advantage of using Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) and one form of cancer commonly...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25d: Technetium-99m, used for radioimaging scans, has a half-life of 6.01 hours. Calculate the mass of...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.25e: Outline an ethical implication of using nuclear treatments in medicine.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.16a: (i) Outline what is meant by the term “ring strain”. (ii) On the diagram above, label with...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.16b: (i) Some antibiotic-resistant bacteria produce a beta-lactamase enzyme which destroys penicillin...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Zanamivir must be taken by inhalation, not orally. Deduce what this suggests about the...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.17c: The synthesis of oseltamivir is dependent on a supply of the precursor shikimic acid, which is...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.18d: State why aspirin is described as a mild analgesic with reference to its site of action.
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.19a: Ranitidine (Zantac) is a drug that inhibits stomach acid production. Outline why the development...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Two other drugs, omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium), directly prevent the release of...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.19c: A different approach to treating excess stomach acid is to neutralize it with antacids. Formulate...
- 16N.3.sl.TZ0.20b: Methadone is sometimes used to help reduce withdrawal symptoms in the treatment of heroin...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.26c: Omeprazole exists as a racemic mixture whereas esomeprazole is a single enantiomer. Outline how,...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28a: Deduce equations for the following nuclear reactions: (i) Molybdenum-98 absorbs a neutron. (ii)...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28b: Molybdenum-99 has a half-life of 66 hours, while technetium-99m has a half-life of 6 hours....
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28c: Outline two reasons, other than its half-life, why technetium-99m is so useful in medical diagnosis.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.28d: Outline the nature of the radioactive waste that is generated by the use of technetium-99m in...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.29a: Suggest what may have led to these changes in acceptable concentrations.
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.29b: One class of performance-enhancing drugs is the anabolic steroids. Detection of these drugs in...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.18a: Dose response curves are determined for each drug. Outline the significance of range “a”.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.18b.i: Suggest the type of reaction used to convert morphine to codeine.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.18b.ii: State and explain the action of opiates as painkillers.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19a: Suggest why aspirin is slightly soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19b: Formulate an equation for the conversion of aspirin to a more water soluble derivative.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19c: A student prepares aspirin from salicylic acid in the laboratory, extracts it from the reaction...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19d: Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Compare and contrast...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.19e: The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest producers of waste solvents. State a green...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.20a: Calculate the pH of the buffer from the following data and section 1 of the data...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.20b: Explain the effect of a large amount of aspirin on the pH of blood.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.21a: Outline how oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) works.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.21b: Oseltamivir was commercially produced from shikimic acid, a precursor which is a metabolite in...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ1.21c: Suggest why the administration of antibiotics to humans and animals can affect the environment.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.25d: Some mild analgesics contain a solid mixture of acidic aspirin and a non-acidic organic chemical...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.28b: A mixture of enantiomers shows optical rotation. Suggest a conclusion you can draw from this data.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29a: Yttrium-90 is used in treating certain cancers. Formulate a nuclear equation for the beta decay...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29b: Lutetium-177 is a common isotope used for internal radiation therapy. Suggest why lutetium-177...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29c.i: Calculate the rate constant, \(\lambda \), in day−1, for the decay of iodine-131 using section 1...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29c.ii: Calculate the time, in days, for 90% of the sample to decay.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.29d: A breathalyser measures the blood alcohol content from a breath sample. Formulate half-equations...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.15a.iii: State two techniques which could be used to confirm the identity of aspirin.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.15b.i: State how aspirin can be converted to water-soluble aspirin.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.15b.ii: Compare, giving a reason, the bioavailability of soluble aspirin with aspirin.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.16a: Explain why diamorphine passes more readily than morphine through the blood-brain barrier.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.16b: Suggest a reagent used to prepare diamorphine from morphine.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.16c: Suggest one reason why codeine is available without prescription in some countries whilst...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.17a: Two drugs are ranitidine (Zantac) and omeprazole (Prilosec). Outline how they function to reduce...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.17b: 0.500 g of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), is dissolved in 75.0 cm3 of 0.100...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.i: Compare and contrast the structures of oseltamivir and zanamivir, stating the names of functional...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.18a.ii: Deduce the wavenumber of one absorbance seen in the IR spectrum of only one of the compounds,...
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.18b: Suggest one ethical consideration faced by medical researchers when developing medications.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.19a: Suggest one problem associated with chlorinated organic solvents as chemical waste.
- 17M.3.sl.TZ2.19b: Suggest how the principles of green chemistry can be used to solve the environmental problems...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.20a.iv: State two techniques, other than IR spectroscopy, which could be used to confirm the identity of...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.22a: Outline how ranitidine (Zantac) functions to reduce stomach acidity.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.25: Taxol is produced using a chiral auxiliary. Describe how the chiral auxiliary functions...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26a.i: Explain why alpha-radiation is particularly suitable for this treatment.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26a.ii: Outline how the alpha-radiation in TAT is directed to cancer cells.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.i: Identify the type of radiation emitted by these two radioisotopes.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.ii: State an equation for the one-step decay of yttrium-90.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.26b.iii: The half-life of lutetium-177 is 6.75 days. Calculate the percentage remaining after 27 days.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.16: Radioisotopes are used to diagnose and treat various diseases. Explain the low environmental...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.17a: Aspirin is a mild analgesic derived from salicylic acid found in willow bark. Describe how mild...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.17b.i: The strong analgesics morphine and codeine are opiates. Outline how codeine can be synthesized...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.17b.ii: Explain why opiates are addictive.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.18a: Outline the difference between the therapeutic index in animal studies and the therapeutic index...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.18b: State the method of drug administration that gives the maximum bioavailability.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.19a: State the names of two functional groups that both compounds contain, using section 37 of the...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.19b: Explain how oseltamivir and zanamivir can stop the spread of the flu virus in the body.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Explain how ranitidine (Zantac) reduces stomach acid production.
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.20b: The pH is maintained in different fluids in the body by the use of buffers. Calculate the pH of...
- 17N.3.sl.TZ0.21: Molecules of antibiotics often contain a beta-lactam ring. Explain the importance of the...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.21a: State a nuclear equation to show the decay of lutetium-177.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: The half-life of lutetium-177 is 6.73 days. Determine the percentage of a sample of lutetium-177...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.21c: Explain the low environmental impact of most medical nuclear waste.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.i: Both spectra show a peak at wavenumber 1700 cm–1. Identify the bond responsible for this peak.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.22a.ii: Deduce which spectrum belongs to paracetamol, giving two reasons for your choice. Use section 26...
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.22b: Describe how mild analgesics function.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.23b: Explain the role of the chiral auxiliary in the synthesis of Taxol.
- 17N.3.hl.TZ0.27: Ethanol slows down the reaction time of a driver leading to traffic accidents. Explain how the...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.16e: Many drugs are chiral. Explain how a polarimeter can be used to determine the relative proportion...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.19a: Describe how ionizing radiation destroys cancer cells.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.19b: Outline how Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is used for treating cancers that have spread throughout...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.20a: Hexane and propanone have vapour pressures of 17 kPa and 24 kPa respectively at 20 °C. Calculate...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ1.20b: Explain how hexane and propanone may be separated by fractional distillation.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.25: Taxol was originally obtained from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Outline how Green Chemistry...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.26a: Phosphorous-32 undergoes beta decay. Formulate a balanced nuclear equation for this process.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.26b: The half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days. Calculate the mass, in g, of 32P remaining after...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.26c: Explain the targeted alpha therapy (TAT) technique and why it is useful.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.27a: Fuel cells use an electrochemical process to determine the concentration of ethanol. Formulate...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.27b: Predict the chemical shifts and integration for each signal in the 1H NMR spectrum for ethanol...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13a: Aspirin is often taken to reduce pain, swelling or fever. State one other use of aspirin.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.i: State what is meant by the bioavailability of a drug.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13b.ii: Outline how the bioavailability of aspirin may be increased.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.i: Compare and contrast the IR spectrum of aspirin with that of salicylic acid, using section 26 of...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.ii: Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.iii: Outline two consequences of prescribing antibiotics such as penicillin unnecessarily.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13c.iv: State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13d.i: Morphine and codeine are strong analgesics. Outline how strong analgesics function.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.13d.ii: Suggest one reason why codeine is more widely used than morphine as an analgesic.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.14a.i: An antacid tablet contains 680 mg of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and 80 mg of magnesium carbonate,...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.14a.ii: Determine the amount, in mol, of hydrochloric acid neutralized by one antacid tablet.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.14b: Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) reduces stomach acidity.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.15a: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are used against flu viruses. Explain how these...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ1.15b: Shikimic acid, the precursor for oseltamivir (Tamiflu), was originally extracted from star anise,...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.15: Drug testing is necessary to determine safe and effective doses. Distinguish between the lethal...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16a.i: Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16a.ii: State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16b: State the type of reaction used to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.16c: Explain why aspirin is not stored in a hot, humid location.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.17: Morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are both opioids. Explain why diamorphine is more potent than...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.18a: Formulate a chemical equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with calcium carbonate.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.18b: Calculate the amount, in mol, of stomach acid neutralized by an antacid tablet containing 0.750 g...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.18c: Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) regulates pH in the stomach.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.19a: Identify the names of two functional groups present in zanamivir using section 37 of the data...
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.19b: Distinguish between bacteria and viruses.
- 18M.3.sl.TZ2.20: Drug synthesis often involves solvents. Identify a common hazardous solvent and a Green solvent...
