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Date May 2016 Marks available 3 Reference code 16M.3.sl.TZ0.16
Level SL Paper 3 Time zone TZ0
Command term Explain Question number 16 Adapted from N/A

Question

Penicillin was one of the first antibiotics to be isolated and identified for its ability to treat bacterial infections.

Explain the importance of the beta-lactam ring in the antibiotic activity of penicillin.

[3]
a.

Identify two dangers of the overuse of antibiotics.

[1]
b.

Markscheme

ring is «sterically» strained
OR
angles of 90° instead of 109.5/109/120° angles
OR
angles smaller than 109.5/109/120°/tetrahedral/trigonal planar/triangular planar angle

ring breaks up/opens/reacts «easily»
OR
amide/amido group «in ring» is «highly» reactive

binds to/reacts with/interferes with/inactivates transpeptidase/enzyme
responsible for bacterial cell wall formation/cross-linking

Do not accept “cell membrane” for “cell wall”.
Accept “bonds to” for “binds to” in M3

a.

Any two for [1 max] from:
leads to «bacterial» resistance «of antiobiotics»
OR

makes antibiotics less effective
OR
increased side effects due to larger dosages 

proportion of resistant bacteria increases

destroys useful/beneficial bacteria
OR
destroyed bacteria replaced by more harmful bacteria 

resistant bacteria pass on their resistance/mutation to next generation
damage to ecosystems

Accept “superbugs such as MRSA develop” but superbug must be identified.

b.

Examiners report

[N/A]
a.
[N/A]
b.

Syllabus sections

Options » D: Medicinal chemistry » D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
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