Fuel cells use an electrochemical process to determine the concentration of ethanol.

Formulate the overall equation for this process.

Predict the chemical shifts and integration for each signal in the ¹H NMR spectrum for ethanol using section 27 of the data booklet.

C₂H₅OH(g) + O₂(g) → CH₃COOH(aq) + H₂O(l)

Accept any correct formula for reactants and products.

[1 mark]

R–OH:

1.0–6.0 «ppm» AND 1 H

R–O–CH₂–:

3.3–3.7 «ppm» AND 2 H

–CH₃:

0.9–1.0 «ppm» AND 3 H

Award [1] for the ratio of 1:2:3 (in any order).

Award [2] for three correct chemical shifts without integration.

Award [1] for two correct chemical shifts without integration.

For each chemical shift accept a specific value within the range.

Assignment of proton to fragment (eg, R–OH) is not required in each case.

[3 marks]