Describe how this is overcome in the lithium-ion battery.

Describe the migration of ions taking place at the two electrodes in the lithium-ion battery when it produces electricity.

Anode (–):

Cathode (+):

Discuss one similarity and one difference between fuel cells and rechargeable batteries.

Similarity:

Difference:

contains no lithium/metal / uses lithium salt in an organic solvent (as electrolyte);

involves movement of lithium ions (between electrodes);

Anode (–):

${\text{Li}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}} \to {\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {\text{6C}} + {{\text{e}}^ - }/{\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }$ ions dissociate from anode (and migrate to cathode);

Cathode (+):

${\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to {\text{LiMn}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$ / ${\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{Co}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to {\text{LiCo}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$ / ${\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{FeP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \to {\text{LiFeP}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}$ / ${\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + } + {{\text{e}}^ - } + {\text{Ni}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \to {\text{LiNi}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}$ / ${\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }$ ions are inserted into metal oxide/phosphate (structure);

Award [1] if electrodes are reversed.

Similarity:

both convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy / both use spontaneous redox reactions (to produce energy) / both are electrochemical cells/voltaic cells/galvanic cells;

Difference:

fuel cells are energy conversion devices and rechargeable batteries are energy storage devices / fuel cells require constant supply of reactants and batteries have stored chemical energy/provide power until stored chemicals are used up / batteries can be recharged and fuel cells do not need recharging (have a continuous supply of fuel) / fuel cells are more expensive than rechargeable batteries / the reactions in a rechargeable battery are reversible and in a fuel cell are not;

Only the better candidates described how the lithium-ion battery overcomes the reactivity of lithium.

The description of the migration of ions was poor.

The similarity and difference of fuel cells and rechargeable cells had better resposes.