DP Chemistry Questionbank
Additional higher level (AHL)
Description
[N/A]Directly related questions
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.32: Which signs are correct for a spontaneous redox reaction?
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.5: What is the electron configuration of the copper(I) ion, \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\)? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Which species cannot act as a ligand? A. \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) B. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.28: Which compound forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.39: How many four-membered ring isomers are there of dichlorocyclobutane,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: State the full electron configuration of \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\).
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: 2-bromobutane exists as optical isomers. State the essential feature of optical isomers.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7f: Describe the formation of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds in an alkene.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.ii: Identify, using table 16 of the data booklet, a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.ii: A student hypothesized that the order of reaction with respect to \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) is...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.7g: (i) Sketch the pH titration curve obtained when \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.iii: Explain why both \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.ii: Deduce the hybridization of the oxygen atoms labelled \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \). \(\alpha...
- 15M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which species cannot function as a Lewis acid? A. \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) B....
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.12: The diagrams below show \(s\) and \(p\) orbitals in different positions. Which combinations can...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.18: Which change must be negative when a reaction occurs spontaneously? A. \(\Delta H\) B. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which combination shows a second-order rate expression with the correct rate constant units?
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.8e: (i) Outline the meaning of the term stereoisomers. (ii) Draw the structures of...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8d: Consider the lattice enthalpies of \({\text{Mg}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}}\),...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.2b: The mass spectrum, infrared spectrum and details of the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\)...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.17a: Describe, using chemical equations, the two-step mechanism of photochemical decomposition of...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.24a: State the equation for the reaction of ethylamine with water.
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.17: The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium oxide is shown below. What is a correct...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Consider the values of \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\) and \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) À for the reaction of...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.32: Consider the following standard electrode potentials. ...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.2d: Predict the sign of the entropy change of the reaction, \(\Delta S\), giving a reason.
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: (i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10g: Describe how electrolysis can be used to electroplate a bracelet with a layer of silver metal....
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.2c: (i) Describe why adding excess ammonia to aqueous copper(II) ions causes the shade of the...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy? A. Sodium chloride B. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.33: Consider the following two standard electrode potentials at 298 K. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.34: What happens during the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous potassium chloride? I. ...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.iii: Optical activity can be detected using a polarimeter. Explain how this works.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.18: When solid potassium chlorate, \({\text{KCl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), dissolves in distilled...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.29: The colours of three indicators are shown in the table below. Equal volumes of these three...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.31: An aqueous solution of a metal salt is electrolysed. Which factor will have no effect on the mass...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which factors affect the rate of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes? I. The nature...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Explain the delocalization of \(\pi \) electrons using the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) molecule...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.37: Which halogenoalkane reacts the fastest with hydroxide ions in a nucleophilic substitution...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: State how the rate constant, k , varies with temperature, T.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.i: Deduce the sign of the standard free energy change, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), for any...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: (i) Deduce the rate expression. (ii) Determine the rate constant, \(k\), and state its...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.8: In which complexes does iron have an oxidation number of \( + 3\)? I. ...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.ii: Determine the value of the equilibrium constant, \({K_{\text{c}}}\).
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.iii: Determine the value of the enthalpy change, E.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: Predict, stating a reason, whether the sign of \({\Delta {S^\Theta }}\) for the above reaction...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.v: Suggest an appropriate indicator for this titration.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.i: Draw the structural formulas of the two geometrical isomers of 1-chloro-but-2-ene.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.ii: Explain why 1-chloro-but-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.ii: Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D1c: State the type of hybridization of each of the carbon atoms (I, II, and III) in the \(\beta...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.iii: Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential for this cell.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: The standard electrode potentials for three other electrode systems are given below. (i) ...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7e: Identify the isomer of C4H9Br that can exist as stereoisomers. Outline how a polarimeter will...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.E3a: Stratospheric ozone is in dynamic equilibrium with oxygen. Give the equations that describe the...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6d: The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of sodium. The vertical axis plots...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.E3: (a) Ozone decomposition can proceed photochemically. Describe, using chemical equations, the...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.ii: \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: Compare the formation of a sigma \((\sigma )\) and a pi \((\pi )\) bond between two carbon atoms...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: \({{\text{[Co(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iv: Explain the mechanism for the preparation of 1-aminobutane from 1-bromobutane using curly arrows...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: Explain how the dissociation of \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.32: What is the cell potential, in V, for the reaction that occurs when the following two half-cells...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii: Define the term ligand.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: The standard entropy for \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH(g)}}\) at 298 K is...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iv: State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.iii: Determine the value of the rate constant for the reaction from Experiment 3 and state its units.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.ii: Propene to propanone.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.E2a: State the equations that represent the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere which is catalysed...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.21: Bromine and nitrogen(II) oxide react according to the following...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.28: The \({K_{\text{b}}}\) value for a base is...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: 2-chloro-3-methylbutane reacts with sodium hydroxide via an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\)...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.15: In which compound are all the carbon atoms \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\)hybridized? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.19: \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) calculations predict that a reaction is always spontaneous for which of...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Consider the following...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.3b.ii: Deduce the units for the rate constant \(k\).
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: Explain why the...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Define standard electrode potential.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: Explain the significance of the minus sign in \( - {\text{0.45 V}}\).
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Deduce the equation for the chemical reaction occurring when the cell in part (c) (i) is...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.i: The reaction with 1-bromopentane proceeds by an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism....
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Which complex is colourless in solution? A. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which compound has a chiral carbon? A. Propan-2-ol B. 1-bromo-2-methylbutane C. ...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: (i) State the meaning of the term hybridization. (ii) Describe the hybridization of the...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which row of the table correctly represents the equations for the lattice enthalpy of substance...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.31: Four electrolytic cells are constructed. Which cell would produce the greatest mass of metal at...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.i: State two characteristic properties of transition elements.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8f.ii: The observed rate expression is...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.23: Which of the terms in...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.10: Which best explains why transition metal complexes are coloured? A. As electrons return to...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.6: The diagram shows the first ionization energies of four consecutive elements in the...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.14: Which species has bond angles of 90°? A. AlCl4- B. \({\text{I}}\)Cl4- C. NH4+ D. SiCl4
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: (i) Sketch a graph of pH against volume of a strong base added to a weak acid showing how you...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.10c: (i) Serine is a chiral amino acid. Draw both enantiomers of serine. (ii) State the enantiomeric...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4j: Standard electrode potentials are measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. Describe...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.22c: (i) Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.8: What is the charge on the iron(III) complex ion in [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4]Br? A. 0 B. 1+ C. ...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which combination describes the PH4+ ion?
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which combination describes the bonding and structure in benzoic acid, C6H5COOH?
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.36: What is the product of the reduction of 2-methylbutanal? A. 2-methylbutan-1-ol B. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: Formulate an equation for the oxidation of nickel(II) sulfide to nickel(II) oxide.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4c.iii: Use your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), to determine the temperature, in °C, at which the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.7d: Explain the mechanism for the nitration of benzene, using curly arrows to show the movement of...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.17: Vision is dependent on retinol (vitamin A) present in retina cells. Retinol is oxidized to...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.28a: Describe what happens to plane-polarized light when it passes through a solution of an optically...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2b.ii: Calculate the Gibbs free energy, ΔG θ, in kJ, which is released by the corrosion of 1 mole of...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: The following mechanism is proposed for the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Deduce what information can be obtained from the 1H NMR spectrum.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.6: The graph represents the first ten ionisation energies (IE) of an element. What is the...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF5 and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which statement is correct? A. If ΔH < 0, reaction is always spontaneous. B. If ΔH...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.36: Which molecule contains a chiral carbon? A. CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH3 B. CH3CH2CHBrCH3 C. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which reagents are needed to convert nitrobenzene to phenylamine in 2 steps?
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.23: 1.0 mol of N2(g), 1.0 mol of H2(g) and 1.0 mol of NH3(g) are placed in a 1.0 dm3 sealed flask and...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.30: Which combination would electroplate an object with copper?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.iv: Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔSΘ, in J K−1, for the reaction in (ii) using section 12...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.iii: Draw the structure of the intermediate formed stating its shape.
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.12: What is correct for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\)?
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which species are arranged in order of increasing entropy? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.33: Consider the standard electrode...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.i: Define the term base according to the Lewis theory.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.ii: Chromium forms the complex ion...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iii: Predict the balanced equation for the spontaneous reaction which will produce a current in this...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.v: Predict the direction of movement of electrons in the external circuit.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of both molecules.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.2b: Outline why the signal at 1.0 ppm is a triplet.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.37: What does a polarimeter measure? A. Colour of reaction mixture B. Polarity of a...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2d: State an equation for a possible rate-determining step for the reaction.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.4c: Calculate the standard free energy change, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.iv: Outline, including a relevant equation, whether the...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5e: Explain how the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of phosphorus, P, can be...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.vi: Identify a suitable indicator for this titration, using Table 16 of the Data Booklet.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: State the full electronic configuration of a copper atom.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: State the hybridization of the central oxygen atom.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.6b: (i) Deduce the rate expression of this mechanism. (ii) The results of an...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.12: What is the correct number of sigma \({\text{(}}\sigma {\text{)}}\) and pi...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.16: Which processes have a negative value for \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\)? I. ...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.39: Which type(s) of stereoisomerism, if any, is/are present in the molecule CH2=CHCHBrCH3? A. ...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.8f: (i) Most indicators are weak acids. Describe qualitatively how indicators...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.i: State the labels for each axis. x-axis: y-axis:
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: Substances like EUK-134 are often coloured. Explain why compounds of transition metals absorb...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: Define the term standard electrode potential, \({E^\Theta }\).
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.ii: Xenon, although a noble gas, forms an oxide, \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), that has a...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.i: Explain how the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) could be determined from a graph of pH against the...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.iv: Deduce the structural formula of X.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.20: For the gas phase reaction: \[{\text{A(g)}} + {\text{B(g)}} \to {\text{C(g)}}\] the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.26: The values of \({K_{\text{w}}}\), the ionic product constant of water, are: Which statements...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.1f.i: State what is meant by a buffer solution.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.4e.ii: Explain the sign of the calculated standard electrode potential.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: Deduce the Lewis structures for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iv: Predict, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the spontaneity of this...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.ii: Halogenalkanes can react with NaOH via \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) and...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which species have delocalized \(\pi \) electrons? I. ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.29: The \({K_{\text{a}}}\) values of four weak acids W, X, Y and Z are listed below. W ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.vi: Deduce the temperature, in K, at which the reaction becomes spontaneous.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.ii: Predict the shape of this molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5d.i: Define the term ligand.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6d.iii: \({\text{150 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.iv: Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the positive electrode (anode) and the...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b.i: State the number of peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of aspirin...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.3a: Describe the composition of an acidic buffer solution.
- 12N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: (i) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity and why they are malleable. (ii) ...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.5: The graph below shows the first four ionization energies of four elements A, B, C and D (the...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.13: Which species have delocalized electrons? A. I and II only B. I and III only C. ...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which is a correct definition of lattice enthalpy? A. It is the enthalpy change that occurs...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.20: Consider the following reaction. \[{\text{2P}} + {\text{Q}} \to {\text{R}} + {\text{S}}\] This...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.32: A voltaic cell is made by connecting two half-cells represented by the half-equations...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.A3b: (i) The energy level diagram showing the electrons in the five 3d orbitals of a chromium atom...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.F5a: State its name and, by means of a diagram, predict its structure.
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.G3a: Deduce a two-step reaction pathway which can be used to convert 1-bromopropane into butanoic...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Between which ionization energies of boron will there be the greatest difference? A. Between...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which compound could rotate the plane of polarization of polarized light? A. ...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.i: State the rate expression for the forward reaction.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.iv: Estimate, using data from the graph, the dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{a}}}\), of the weak...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.1c.ii: Explain why the copper solution is coloured.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: Using the data from Experiment 1, determine the concentration of the substances used and the rate...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3d.ii: Calculate the pH of \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ethanoic acid...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.4e: Explain why copper is considered a transition metal while scandium is not.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: These values were obtained using a standard hydrogen electrode. Describe the materials and...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.iii: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series as shown in the diagram below. In one there is...
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.i: Chloroethene can be converted to ethanol in two steps. For each step deduce an overall equation...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.5: (a) Describe what is meant by the term stereoisomers. (b) 1,3-dichlorocyclobutane exists...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Identify the hybridization of carbon atoms in this molecule
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which statements about substitution reactions are correct? I. The reaction between sodium...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iv: Explain how the concept of hybridization can be used to explain the bonding in the triple bond...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iv: Deduce the molar ratios of the products obtained at the two electrodes.
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.12: How many bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons surround the sulfur atom in the...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.ii: Draw the geometrical isomers of but-2-ene.
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.9: Which electron transitions are responsible for the colours of transition metal compounds? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.35: Which two molecules are cis-trans isomers of each other? A. X and Z B. X and Y C. ...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.1f: Explain whether changing the temperature will alter the spontaneity of the reaction.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9c: Using the data below and data from Table 14 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which metal,...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: The following reactions take place in the ozone layer by the absorption of ultraviolet...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Ligands can form dative covalent bonds with metal ions to form complex ions. Which of the...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.13: How many sigma and pi bonds are there in propyne,...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iv: Calculate the pH of a...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: State the species which is the strongest oxidizing agent.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8a: Deduce the name of one of the isomers which can exist as enantiomers and draw three-dimensional...
- 11M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which type of reaction occurs when 2-iodo-2-methylpropane,...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.A1d: Peaks in a \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum are measured relative to a reference...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.8f: (i) Identify the property of bromocresol green that makes it suitable to use as an acid–base...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.14: Which statements about hybridization are correct? I. The hybridization of carbon in diamond...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Consider the equation for the dissociation of...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.iii: Determine the standard free energy change at 298 K for the reaction. Deduce whether or not the...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.ii: State the type of bond formed by a ligand and identify the feature that enables it to form this...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D4b: Describe the composition of a racemic mixture.
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.40: ...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.22: Which pair of graphs...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: Suggest why the rate of alkaline hydrolysis of an enantiomer of iodopropane is greater than that...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.21: The data shows the effect of...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: A concentration cell is an example of an electrochemical cell. (i) State the difference between...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: (i) Draw diagrams to show how sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are formed between atoms. (ii)...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.20: The table gives rate data for the reaction in a suitable solvent. C4H9Br + OH− → C4H9OH +...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: The student then carried out the experiment at other acid concentrations with all...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: When the concentration of iodine is varied, while keeping the concentrations of acid and...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.i: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that can reduce VO2+(aq) to V3+(aq) but no further.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.ii: Comment on the spontaneity of this reaction by calculating a value for \(\Delta {G^\theta...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4c.ii: Calculate a value for \(\Delta {H^\theta }\) in kJ.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.16: The Born-Haber cycle for potassium oxide is shown below: Which expression represents the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry and the bond angles of PCl3.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4d.ii: Comment on the value of ΔG when the reaction quotient equals the equilibrium constant, Q = K.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.17: The combustion of glucose is exothermic and occurs according to the following equation: C6H12O6...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.3d.ii: Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8e: Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, (CH3)3CBr, and aqueous...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.13: What is the hybridization state and electron domain geometry around the circled C, N and...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.36: Propene is reacted first with hydrogen chloride to produce X which is then reacted with aqueous...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which overlap of atomic orbitals leads to the formation of only a sigma (σ) bond? I. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2g.i: Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are formed.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which would be the most effective method to distinguish between liquid propan-1-ol and...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.27: Which combination of acid and base is most likely to have a pH of 8.5 at the equivalence point in...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Two cells undergoing electrolysis are connected in series. If \(x\) g of silver are deposited...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1l.iii: Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out 1H NMR spectroscopy...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: Outline why the rate of reaction of the similar bromo-compounds is faster.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8e: Sketch the wedge and dash (3-D) representations of alanine enantiomers.
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.5: The first ionization energies (in \({\text{kJmo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)) of five successive...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.18: Which combination of \(\Delta H\) and \(\Delta S\) values corresponds to a non-spontaneous...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.21: Consider the rate expression: \[{\text{Rate}} = k{\text{[X][Y]}}\] Which change decreases the...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.28: An equal amount of each of the following salts is added separately to the same volume of...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.36: What should be changed to alter the rate of nucleophilic substitution of tertiary...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which combination of shape and bond angle is correct for a molecule of xenon tetrafluoride,...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.26: The strengths of four acids are: glycine \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}} =...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Determine the rate constant, \(k\), with its units, using the data from experiment 3.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.ii: 2-bromobutane exists as optical isomers. Outline how a polarimeter can distinguish between these...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.iii: Chromium forms the complex ion...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.2b.iii: Explain the presence of a doublet in the high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.20b: Nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, is a primary pollutant that depletes the ozone layer. State two equations...
- 15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.i: Define the term base according to the Lewis theory.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.27: Which mixture of solutions can be used to prepare a buffer solution? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which equation represents the second electron affinity of oxygen? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Which graph would be obtained by adding...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: (i) State the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at each electrode. Positive...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.v: Calculate the pH of the solution at the equivalence point, using Table 15 of the Data Booklet.
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Methylamine acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. For a diluted aqueous solution, what...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.29: The acid–base indicator phenol red, HIn, changes colour from yellow to red over a pH range of...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.11c: (i) In some reactions, increasing the concentration of a reactant does not increase the rate...
- 14N.2.sl.TZ0.7d: Explain the mechanism for the substitution reaction of bromoethane with sodium hydroxide. Use...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.13: How many sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds are there in...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.ii: Use the graph to determine the activation energy of the reaction, in...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Bonding in the nitrate ion involves electron delocalization. Explain the meaning of electron...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: In the two experiments below, predict whether a reaction would occur and deduce an equation for...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.21: Which graph best represents a second-order reaction?
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Use the graph on page 8 to determine the value of the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: On the graph on page 8, sketch the line you would expect if a catalyst is added to the reactants.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iii: Calculate, stating units, the standard free energy change for this reaction,...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.iii: 1.00 mol of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH}}\) is placed in a closed container of...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.v: Explain the existence of geometrical isomerism in but-2-ene.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Identify a gas that is both a greenhouse gas and a cause of ozone depletion.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which reactions/processes have a positive entropy change, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\)? I. ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.28: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) value of ammonia is 4.75 at 298 K. What is the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.36: 1-bromobutane,...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.iii: State why copper electrodes cannot be used in the electrolysis of water. Suggest instead suitable...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iv: Compare the physical and chemical properties of enantiomers. Physical...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b.ii: Describe the splitting pattern for each of the peaks given in (b) (i).
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E2b.ii: Discuss one advantage and two disadvantages of using hydrocarbons as alternatives to...
- 12N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Consider the following...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Draw an annotated diagram of the electrolytic cell in process 1 and identify the...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: (i) Concentration of reactant X against time for a zero-order reaction. (ii) Rate of...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.3f: \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) reacts with ammonia to form the complex ion...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Explain how molten magnesium chloride conducts an electric current. (ii) Identify...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c: (i) Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks A, B and C in the IR spectrum of...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.F5b: Describe the structural feature of the carvone molecule that allows it to exist as optical isomers.
- 10N.2.sl.TZ0.5e: (i) State the meaning of each of the symbols in SN2. (ii) Explain the mechanism of this...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.i: Identify the processes represented by A, B and D in the cycle.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.iii: The organic product obtained in part (c) (ii) can be reduced to form an amine. State an equation...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c.iii: Explain the splitting pattern of the peak at chemical shift 4.1 ppm.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.G3b: Methylbenzene reacts when heated with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: The graph below shows a computer simulation of a titration of...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Deduce which two of the enthalpy changes a to e have negative signs.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Draw a labelled diagram of the cell. Use an arrow to show the direction of the electron flow and...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: Use equations to describe the mechanism of ozone depletion catalysed by the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.28: The indicator, HIn is used in a titration between an acid and base. Which statement about the...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.ii: Based on its \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value, state and explain whether benzoic acid is a strong or weak...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: Calculate the standard change in free energy, at 298 K, for the reaction and deduce whether the...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which species does not contain delocalized electrons? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.23: Which step is the rate-determining step of a reaction? A. The step with the lowest...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.33: Which molecule has a chiral centre? A. ...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.ii: Explain why the hydroxide ion is a better nucleophile than water.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.iv: Explain how the graph could be used to determine the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of ethanoic...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.i: Electrolysis is used in the electroplating of metals. The same amount of current is passed...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.ii: For the \({\text{Sn(S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\) cell, suggest two...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which change will not increase the entropy of a system? A. Increasing the temperature B. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Based on information in the table below, which acid is the strongest?
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.36: Halogenoalkanes can undergo \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) and...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iii: Another weak base is nitrogen trifluoride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\). Explain how...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.6: What is the electron configuration of \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\)? A. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.19: Which graph represents a reaction that is second order with respect to X for the reaction X...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Consider the following standard electrode...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.4: Draw the Lewis structures, predict the shape and deduce the bond angles for xenon tetrafluoride...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.9a: (i) State the full electron configuration of Fe. (ii) State the abbreviated electron...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.i: Compare the formation of sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds between the carbon atoms in...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8f.i: Identify the intermediate in the reaction.
- 11N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is involved in the decomposition of ozone according to the following...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Tin can also exist in the +4 oxidation state. Vanadium can be reduced from an oxidation state...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.5c: Two signals occur in the 1H NMR spectrum of compound A. Deduce their expected chemical shift and...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Calculate the pH of 0.0100 mol dm–3 methanoic acid stating any assumption you make. Ka = 1.6 ×...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.33: z mol...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum. (ii) State what can be...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) At exactly 600°C the...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4k: A magnesium half-cell, Mg(s)/Mg2+(aq), can be connected to a copper half-cell,...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which equation represents enthalpy of hydration? A. Na(g) → Na+(aq) + e− B. Na+(g) →...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.ii: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that could convert...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4b: The nickel obtained from another ore, nickeliferous limonite, is contaminated with iron. Both...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.i: Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. (The association of a molecule of...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.31: What are the relative volumes of gas given off at E and F during electrolysis of the two cells...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.35: Which pair of isomers always shows optical activity? A. Cis-trans B. Enantiomers C. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.i: Discuss the bonding in the resonance structures of ozone.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.ii: Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: State the rate expression for the reaction.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.ii: The standard enthalpy change, ΔH θ, for the hydrogenation of propene is –124.4 kJ mol–1. Predict...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.33: Propene reacts separately with H2O/H+ and H2/Ni to give products X and Z respectively. What...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Calculate the standard entropy change for this reaction using the following data.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.v: Draw three-dimensional representations of the two enantiomers.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of magnesium sulfide? A. MgS (s) → Mg (g) + S...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8c: State the reagents used in the nitration of benzene.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which molecules have at least one sp2 hybridized atom? I. CH3COOH II. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1h: Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.20: The reaction between NO2 and F2 gives the following rate data at a certain temperature. What...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which value represents the lattice enthalpy, in kJ mol−1, of strontium chloride, SrCl2? A. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.5e: Explain, using appropriate equations, how a suitably concentrated solution formed by the partial...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii: Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 1015 s−1 for its...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7d: Absorption of UV light in the ozone layer causes the dissociation of oxygen and ozone. Identify,...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.v: Deduce the gas formed at the anode (positive electrode) when graphite is used in place of copper.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, the more likely structure.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9c: Nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2, can be converted to phenylamine via a two-stage reaction. In the first...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which statements are correct about the complex...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.31: Two half-cells are connected via a salt bridge to make a voltaic cell. Which statement about this...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which combinations of values will result in a spontaneous reaction? A. I and II only B. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.23: The equation for the reaction between two gases, A and B,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: Explain why the rate of the reaction between iodomethane,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Determine the orders of reaction of the reactants and the overall rate expression for the...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8b: Calculate the pH, using table 15 of the data booklet, of a solution of ethanoic acid made by...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.iv: Identify the number of sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds present in a molecule of...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10h.iii: Draw the structures of the two geometrical isomers of but-2-ene, clearly identifying each as cis...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.2b.iv: One isomer of A has only one signal in its \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\) NMR spectrum. Deduce the...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.20a: Explain, on a molecular level, why ozone dissociates with radiation of a longer wavelength than...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.28: A weak acid is titrated with a strong base. Which statement is true for the titration...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Which compounds can be mixed together as aqueous solutions of equal volume and concentration to...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.29: What is the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\)? A. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: (i) Determine the standard entropy change of the reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), at 298 K,...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: A buffer solution is made using \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Explain why most copper(II) compounds are coloured, whereas most copper(I) compounds are not.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.16d: Explain, with the aid of Lewis (electron-dot) structures, the difference between oxygen and ozone...
- 14M.1.sl.TZ2.26: In organic reaction mechanisms, what does a curly arrow represent? A. The movement of a pair...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.1d: Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the sample of river water.
- 14N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Chloroethane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{Cl}}\), reacts with aqueous...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Describe, using equations, the formation and depletion of ozone in the stratosphere by natural...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The following experimental rate data were obtained for a reaction carried out at temperature...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Consider the following proposed two-step reaction mechanism at temperature T. Step 1: ...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.i: Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, state the balanced half-equation for the reaction that occurs...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.i: State what is meant by optical activity.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8g.i: Draw the structure of Y.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which combination best describes the type of bonding present and the melting point of silicon and...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which process would be expected to have a \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) value which is negative? A. ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.23: When gaseous nitrosyl chloride, NOCl (g), decomposes, the following equilibrium is...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.34: What is the name of the following compound applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.ii: List three characteristic properties of transition elements.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iv: Deduce the oxidation number of iron in...
- 13M.2.sl.TZ1.8d: Explain the mechanism for the reaction in (c) of...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which compound has the most positive lattice enthalpy of dissociation? A. NaCl B. ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide react to form carbon dioxide and nitrogen monoxide according...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Determine the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), correct to three significant figures and...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.i: Predict and explain the sign of the entropy change, \(\Delta S\), for this reaction.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.ii: Calculate the standard entropy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5d.ii: Explain why the complex [Cr(H2O)3Cl3] is coloured.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.i: State whether the following mixtures, in the appropriate molar ratios, can be classified as...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Define the term standard electrode potential, \({E^\Theta }\).
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8a: Describe what is meant by the term stereoisomers.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: Geometrical isomers have different physical properties and many drugs, such as doxepin (which has...
- 13M.1.sl.TZ2.25: The overall reaction in the voltaic cell below is: Which statement is correct for the nickel...
- 12N.1.hl.TZ0.29: During a titration, \({\text{0.1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide is added...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: When iodine reacts with excess chlorine, \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) can form. Deduce...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.2a.iii: The electron configuration of boron is...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A3b: Analyse the splitting pattern of each peak and determine the relative positions of hydrogen atoms...
- 12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.vi: Explain one suitable mechanism for the reaction in (v) using curly arrows to represent the...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.33: For the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate, which of the following statements is...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: (i) Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by I and V in the cycle. (ii) Use the...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.9: Which process is responsible for the colour of a transition metal complex? A. The absorption...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which reaction occurs via a free-radical mechanism? A. ...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Transition elements form complexes such as...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.i: Deduce a balanced equation for the overall reaction which will occur spontaneously when these two...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: Consider the following...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.ii: Define the enthalpy change, F.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.ii: Explain, using an equation, why the equivalence point is not at \({\text{pH}} = 7\).
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.i: Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: Identify the isomer(s) which will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide almost exclusively by an...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: Identify one isomer that will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide almost exclusively by an...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7c: State and explain how the rates of the reactions in parts (b) (i) and (b) (iii) are affected when...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.G2c: When but-1-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide, two possible organic products could be formed but in...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6e: (i) Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium is lower than the first ionization...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: (i) Molten sodium chloride is electrolysed in a cell using inert electrodes. State the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which structure has delocalized \(\pi \) electrons? A. \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) B. ...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.18: A reaction has a standard enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), of...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.28: Which mixtures could act as buffers? I. NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq) II. NaOH(aq) and...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.32: Consider these standard electrode...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.39: Which compound can exist as stereoisomers? A. ...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.2a.i: State the equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with water.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.2a.ii: Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration (in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)) of...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.i: \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.iv: Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is larger than the...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Give the formulas of all the ions present in the solution.
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.22: The rate expression for a reaction is: \[{\text{rate}} = k{\text{[X][Y]}}\] Which statement is...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.23: Consider the following reaction...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.26: \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a NaOH solution of pH 12 is mixed with...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: The kinetics of the reaction were studied at this temperature. The table shows the initial rate...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.i: Describe geometrical isomerism.
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.10: How many \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds are present in a molecule of propyne,...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.19: Which equation corresponds to the lattice enthalpy for silver iodide, AgI? A. ...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: The rate expression for this reaction is rate...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.i: Use Table 14 of the Data Booklet to deduce the equation for the spontaneous reaction occurring in...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.A2b: State and explain the splitting pattern you would expect in a high resolution spectrum for the...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.A4b: Copper(II) sulfate forms a pale blue aqueous solution. When aqueous ammonia is added to this,...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.33: The same quantity of electricity was passed through separate molten samples of sodium bromide,...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.39: Which compound is optically active?
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.iii: Calculate the standard entropy change for the hydrogenation of propene.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.ii: The reaction with 2-bromo-2-methylbutane proceeds by an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\)...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.A2b.vii: ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which equation represents the electron affinity of chlorine? A. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.24: Four aqueous solutions are listed below. W. ...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The rate expression for the reaction between iodine and propanone with an acid catalyst is found...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which halogenoalkane reacts fastest with sodium hydroxide? A. 1-iodobutane B. ...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.i: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) value of HOCl(aq) is 7.52. Determine the \({K_{\text{b}}}\)...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7f: Chromium is often used in electroplating. State what is used as the positive electrode (anode),...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.E5: One of the winners of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Paul J. Crutzen, who showed that...
- 11N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which descriptions are correct for both a Brønsted–Lowry acid and a Lewis acid?
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.25: Which is correct for an isolated system in...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.37: ...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.28: The diagram represents the bonding in...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which is correct for the conversion of propanal to propyl methanoate?
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2d: Phenylamine can act as a weak base. Calculate the pH of a 0.0100 mol dm−3 solution of phenylamine...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.3c: One of the intermediates in the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is dinitrogen...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.32: Which signs for both Eθcell and ΔGθ result in a spontaneous redox reaction occurring under...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Outline, giving the full electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4d: In an aqueous solution of vanadium(III) chloride, the vanadium exists as [V (H2O)6]3+, [VCl...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution proceeds as follows. 2H2O2(aq) →...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: When one enantiomer undergoes substitution by alkaline hydrolysis approximately 75 % of the...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.1f: Predict the 1HNMR data for ethanedioic acid and ethane-1,2-diol by completing the table.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.23: The graph shows values of ΔG for a reaction at different temperatures. Which statement is...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.27: A buffer is produced by mixing 20.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(aq), with 0.10...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.31: In the electrolysis of aqueous potassium nitrate, KNO3(aq), using inert electrodes, 0.1 mol of a...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4c.i: Calculate the standard entropy change, \(\Delta {S^\theta }\), of the reaction, in...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iii: When the product X is reacted with NaOH in a hot alcoholic solution, C2H3Cl is formed. State the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.7c: State the reagents used to convert benzene to nitrobenzene and the formula of the electrophile...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which type of bond is formed when a Lewis acid reacts with a Lewis base? A. Covalent B. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4d.i: At a given time, the concentration of NO2(g) and N2O4(g) were 0.52...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: Suggest the structural formula of this compound.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.21c.ii: Predict the chemical shift and the splitting pattern seen for the hydrogens on the carbon atom...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: State the type of hybridization shown by the phosphorus atom in PF3.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.7c: Calculate the cell potential, in V, when the standard iodine and manganese half-cells are connected.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.31: What are the products when an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is electrolysed using...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.iii: Determine the value of ΔGθ, in kJ, for the above reaction at 761 K using section 1 of the data...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1d.iii: Determine an approximate order of magnitude for Kc, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet....
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which transition on the diagram corresponds to the ionization of hydrogen in the ground state?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2g.ii: Deduce the number of σ and \(\pi \) bonds in a molecule of ethyne.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.5d: Calculate the standard free energy change, ΔGΘ, in kJ, for the reaction at 298 K using your...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Suggest how this product could be synthesized in one step from butanoic acid.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.i: The graph represents the titration of 25.00 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 aqueous ethanoic acid with...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.6d: The rate constant for a reaction doubles when the temperature is increased from 25.0 °C to 35...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.ii: Mass spectra A and B of the two isomers are given. Explain which spectrum is produced by each...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.ii: State the type of solvent most suitable for the reaction.
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which combination correctly describes the types of hybridization shown by the two carbon atoms...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.29: For which titration can the end point not be determined accurately by using an acid-base...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.32: The standard electrode potentials for three reactions involving copper and copper ions are: ...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.i: Determine the pH at the equivalence point of the titration and the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\)...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.i: Identify the rate-determining step.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: Determine the absolute entropy, \({S^\Theta }\), in...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.4a: Define the term buffer solution.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.vi: State the directions in which the negative ions (anions) and the positive ions (cations) flow in...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.23b.ii: Identify and state the source of one other ozone-depleting pollutant.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Methyl orange is an indicator which changes its colour from red to yellow in a pH range of 3.2 –...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.6: Which equation represents the second ionization energy of potassium? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.15: Which combination of enthalpy change and entropy change produces a non-spontaneous reaction at...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.33: Which components are used to make the standard hydrogen electrode? A. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.i: State the full electron configurations of Cr and \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 +...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.ii: \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) ions and water molecules bond together to form the complex ion...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.iii: Explain why the...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction. (ii) Explain the...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4d: In terms of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds, describe the two oxygen-oxygen bonds in the Lewis...
- 14M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which type of halogenoalkane is the substance shown below, and which type of nucleophilic...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.20: Consider the following reaction between nitrogen monoxide and...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.21: What happens to the rate constant, k, and the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), as the...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.1c: \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectroscopy is often very useful in distinguishing...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.14: What is the hybridization of atoms X, Y and Z in epinephrine?
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.28: The table below shows data for the \({{K_{\text{a}}}}\) and \({{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}}\) values...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: State the reagents and conditions required for stage II of the...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.5f: Explain how changing the temperature will affect whether or not the decomposition of trinitramide...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.iii: On the diagram above label with an arrow • the direction of electron flow in the wire • the...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.i: Describe the relationship between \({\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) and...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.ii: Identify one indicator that could be used when titrating aqueous sodium hydroxide with both a...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.iii: Suggest why, for some other halogenoalkanes, this hydrolysis is much more effective in alkaline...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which combination of ions will give the greatest absolute lattice enthalpy? A. A small...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.38: Which molecule exhibits optical isomerism? A. 3-chloropentane B. 2-chlorobutane C. ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.4f: Predict the sign of \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) for this reaction.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.ii: State and explain the acid–base character of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) according to...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: Identify the type of bonding between iron and cyanide in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.iii: Identify the rate-determining step of this mechanism.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E1c: Ozone and oxygen are in equilibrium in the stratosphere. Both gases absorb ultraviolet radiation...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential, \(E_{{\text{cell}}}^\Theta \),...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iii: State the instrument used to distinguish between each of the two enantiomers, and how they could...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A3c: Using the information from (a) and (b), deduce the structural formula of the organic compound.
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which reaction has the largest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.21: What happens when the temperature of a reaction increases? A. The activation energy...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Bromophenol blue changes from yellow to blue over the pH range of 3.0 to 4.6. Which statement is...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.7c: (i) The enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of liquid hydrazine is...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.2: SF2, SF4 and SF6 have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory to...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: Consider the following graph of \(\ln k\) against \(\frac{1}{T}\) for the first order...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.v: The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that between the ions in MgO....
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F3a: Identify the chiral centre in this enantiomer with an asterisk, *.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F3b: The \(( + )d\)-enantiomer has the characteristic smell of oranges and the \(( - )l\)-enantiomer...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F3c: The R, S notation is also used. The \(( + )d\)-enantiomer is often described as R-limonene and...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: On the above diagram, draw the line that corresponds to the first ionization energy of hydrogen...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: Electroplating is an important application of electrolytic cells with commercial implications....
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: concentrated sodium chloride
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iii: State the equation (using structural formulas) for the preparation of 1-aminobutane from...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.i: Draw the structures of the two mirror images of the isomer that can exhibit optical isomerism.
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.19: Which step(s) is/are endothermic in the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of LiCl? A. ...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Consider the following...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.iii: Determine the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.14: The Lewis structure of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is given below. What is the shape...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: Determine the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for this reaction.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Explain the meaning of the term hybridization. State the type of hybridization shown by the...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: Two compounds, A and D, each have the formula...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.iii: 1-chlorobutane can be converted to a pentylamine via a two stage process. Deduce equations for...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.iii: State the conditions necessary for the potential of the cell to equal that calculated in part (b)...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: CFCs and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{x}}}\) are pollutants responsible for the depletion of...
- 11M.1.sl.TZ1.27: What is the type of mechanism and an important feature of the reaction between...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.6: Values for the successive ionization energies for an unknown element are given in the table...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.29: The graph below shows the titration curve of \({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.v: \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.vi: State what is meant by a buffer solution and explain how the solution in (v), which contains...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.iv: Determine the value of \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) for the hydrogenation of propene at 298 K.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.D3b: The action of a drug molecule often depends on its shape. Discuss a specific example of a drug...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.A4a: Transition metal complexes are coloured because electronic transitions occur within split d...
- 12M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: Explain why ammonia can also act as a Lewis base.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.ii: Determine the concentration of \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\), in...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.iii: Calculate the pH of the bleach.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.v: Estimate the temperature, in K, at which the standard change in free energy equals zero. You...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.ii: The table below shows initial rates of reaction for different concentrations of each reactant for...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8h: HI(g) decomposes into \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\) and \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.9b.iii: State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert D to E and D to F directly.
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which transition represents an enthalpy of...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Which mixture is a buffer solution? A. 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 NH3 (aq) and 50 cm3 of 0.10 mol...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.19: What are the signs for the entropy...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.40: Which property explains why tetramethylsilane, Si(CH3)4, can be used as a reference standard in...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.32: Which...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.26c: Oseltamivir is a chiral compound. (i) Identify an apparatus that can be used to distinguish...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which represents the enthalpy change of hydration of the chloride ion?
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.25: A mixture of 0.40 mol of CO (g) and 0.40 mol of H2 (g) was placed in a 1.00 dm3 vessel. The...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which statement explains one of the decreases in first ionization energy (I.E.) across period...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.30: Which statement is correct for the overall reaction in a voltaic cell? 2AgNO3(aq) + Ni(s) →...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Suggest why experiments involving tetracarbonylnickel are very hazardous.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.8a: Formulate two equations to show how nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, catalyses the destruction of ozone.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.28b: A mixture of enantiomers shows optical rotation. Suggest a conclusion you can draw from this data.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which statement is correct? A. Sigma bonds are formed only by the combination of s atomic...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which ion’s hydration energy is the most exothermic? A. Li+ B. Na+ C. Br– D. I–
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.40: Which technique can be used to identify bond length and bond angle? A. 1H NMR...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.v: Sketch the relationship between the rate of reaction and the concentration of NO2.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: State the reagents and the name of the mechanism for the nitration of benzene.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7d: Below are two isomers, A and B, with the molecular formula C4H9Br. Explain the mechanism of...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.39: Which compound gives this 1H NMR spectrum? A. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 B. CH3CH2OH C. CH3CH2CH3 D....
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.iv: Deduce, giving a reason, which of the two compounds can show optical activity.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.2e.ii: State the rate expression for the reaction.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.35: What is the product of the reaction between pentan-2-one and sodium borohydride, NaBH4? A....
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.15: Which statements are correct for ionic compounds? I. Lattice energy increases as ionic radii...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.ii: The following equilibrium concentrations in mol dm–3 were obtained at 761 K. Calculate the...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which can be represented with only one Lewis structure? A. CH2O B. C6H6 C. O3 D. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which statement is correct? A. The value of the rate constant, k, is independent of...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.5e: Determine the temperature, in K, above which the reaction becomes spontaneous.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.19: What are correct labels for the Maxwell−Boltzmann energy distribution curves?
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which is an example of a Lewis base? A. an electrophile B. BF3 C. CH4 D. a...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which complex has the greatest d orbital splitting?
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which molecule has an expanded octet? A. CO B. CO2 C. SF2 D. SF4
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which system has the most negative entropy change, ΔS, for the forward reaction? A. N2(g) +...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which 1-chlorobutane, CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl, and...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: Calculate the standard electrode potential, in V, for the BrO3−/Br− reduction half‑equation using...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Carbon dioxide can be represented by at least two resonance structures, I and II. Calculate...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.29: What are the products of electrolysis when concentrated calcium bromide solution is electrolysed...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.26: The forward reaction of this equilibrium is...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.38: Which pair are geometric isomers?
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.20: What are the units of the rate constant for a zero-order reaction? A. s B. ...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.i: Define the term standard electrode potential, \({E^\Theta }\).
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.i: Define the term standard electrode potential.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10c.ii: Explain why the hydroxide ion is a better nucleophile than water.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10h.ii: State the conditions needed for a compound to show cis-trans.
- 15M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which combination best describes the substitution reaction between bromoethane and dilute aqueous...
- 15M.2.sl.TZ1.6e: Explain whether BF3 can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.26: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) of \({\text{H}}{{\text{S}}^ - }\) is 7.08. What is its conjugate...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.33: The overall equation of a voltaic cell...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of calcium chloride? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.17: In which reaction will the entropy of the system increase significantly? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.28: Which statements about an acid–base indicator are correct? I. It can be a weak acid. II. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: (i) Determine the mass of copper produced at one of the electrodes in cell 2 if the tin...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.i: Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4e: The two oxygen-oxygen bonds in ozone are in fact of equal length. Deduce why this is the case and...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.6e.ii: Sulfur dioxide, a major cause of acid rain, is quite soluble in water and the equilibrium shown...
- 14M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which statement explains why ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is classified as a...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Cobalt forms the complex...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.23: A mixture of 2.0 mol of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 2.0 mol of \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\) is...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.24: Which definition of a base is correct? A. A Lewis base accepts a proton. B. A...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Phosphoric(V) acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), has a...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10d: Transition metals and their compounds often catalyse reactions. The catalyzed decomposition of...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10e: (i) State a chemical equation for the partial dissociation of water into ions, including...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10f: (i) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using inert electrodes. Explain...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.22b: The chemical balance of the stratosphere is disrupted by the presence of chlorofluorocarbons...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Which compound is likely to be colourless? A. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.12: Which species have dative covalent bonding? I. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which pair of compounds could be used to make a buffer solution (assuming appropriate molar...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.i: Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8g.ii: State the reagent and any catalyst required for both the formation of Y and the conversion of Y...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.2c: Peak B shows the following splitting pattern in the high-resolution spectrum. Explain the...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iv: Identify the type of hybridization present in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Predict and explain the products of electrolysis of a dilute iron(II) bromide solution.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.v: Explain why this other product is formed.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.ii: Calculate the standard entropy change for this reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), using Table 11...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9c.i: Deduce the order of reaction with respect to...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9c.iii: Based on the rate expression obtained in (c) (ii) state the units of the rate constant, \(k\).
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.A3c: Predict the splitting pattern for the peak at a chemical shift of 2.4 ppm.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which of the following is an example of a Lewis acid–base reaction, but not a Brønsted–Lowry...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6a: Ammonia, NH3, can be used to clean ovens. The concentration of hydroxide ions, OH–(aq), in a...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.i: Define an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory and the Lewis theory. Brønsted–Lowry...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: State why dilute sulfuric acid needs to be added in order for the current to flow in the...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.vii: Comment on what is observed at both electrodes.
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E2b.i: Although the use of harmful CFCs is being phased out, suggest why these compounds are expected to...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.i: State what is meant by the term stereoisomers.
- 12N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which substance can act as a Lewis acid but not as a Brønsted–Lowry acid? A. HCl B. ...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Equal volumes and concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid are titrated with sodium...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.39: Which statement about stereoisomers is correct? A. 1,2-dichloroethane has two geometrical...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Explain the formation of the \(\pi \) bond. (ii) For each of the carbon atoms, C(1)...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: But-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism. Draw the structural formula and state the name of the...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.5g: (i) Deduce the rate expression for the reaction. (ii) Determine the value of the rate...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.G3b: Deduce a two-step reaction pathway which can be used to convert propan-2-ol into...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which change leads to an increase in entropy? A. ...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The activation energy of a reaction may be determined by studying the effect of a particular...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Which indicator would be the most appropriate for titrating aqueous ethylamine,...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.iv: Define the enthalpy change C for the first value. Explain why the second value is significantly...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.i: State whether this reaction is SN1 or SN2.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.A1a.ii: Explain why tetramethylsilane (TMS) is used as a reference standard in...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7d: State and explain how the rate of reaction of 1-bromobutane with sodium hydroxide compares with...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.A3b: When excess ammonia solution is added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate the oxidation number of...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.C3: Discuss the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide from brine using a membrane cell. Include...
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: (i) Isomer a is formed by reacting 1-bromobutane with aqueous sodium hydroxide. State...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.iii: \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.i: State the names for the enthalpy changes c and d.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: Identify how many sigma and pi bonds are present in propene,...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.i: Define the term standard electrode potential and state the meaning of the minus sign in the value...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.ii: Calculate the value for the standard electrode potential for the cobalt half-cell.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.ii: Identify the type of reaction and explain the mechanism for the preparation of but-1-ene from...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.ii: Describe how the two optical isomers can be distinguished practically using plane-polarized light.
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.18: What is the standard entropy change, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), for the following...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Ammonia acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. What is the \({K_{\text{b}}}\) expression...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.ii: Explain the term hybridization.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.iii: Draw the two enantiomers of butan-2-ol.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.1e: Using the enthalpy of combustion for methanol from Table 12 of the Data Booklet and the...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: Describe the delocalization of pi (\(\pi \)) electrons and explain how this can account for the...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.iii: The graph below indicates the pH change during the titration of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.ii: Calculate the standard potential for this cell.
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which ionic compound has the greatest lattice enthalpy? A. MgO B. CaO C. NaF D. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.32: The standard electrode potentials for two metals are given...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.37: Propanitrile can be prepared by reacting bromoethane with potassium cyanide. Which statement is...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.A2b.vi: \({\text{HCOOC(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}\) is an isomer of X. For the...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.17: During which process is there a decrease in the entropy of the system? A. ...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: Explain why magnesium chloride, \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\), has a much greater...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.9c: (i) The Arrhenius equation is shown in Table 1 of the Data Booklet. Identify the symbols...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Which graph represents a reaction that is first order with respect to reactant A.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.i: Draw a diagram of the voltaic cell, labelling the positive and negative electrodes (cathode and...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8g: The following two-step mechanism has been suggested for the reaction of...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4e: Eight successive ionisation energies of vanadium are shown in the graph below: (i) State the...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.21: Which statement describes the characteristics of a transition state relative to the potential...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.14: In which group do both compounds contain delocalized...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.15: Which of the following is...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) State the hybridization of the...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which titration curve would...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.6: A period 3 element, M, forms an oxide of the type M2O. Which represents the first four successive...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: (i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to strontium...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which salt solution has the highest pH? A. NH4Cl B. Ca(NO3)2 C. Na2CO3 D. K2SO4
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.15: What is the hybridization of the numbered atoms in ethanoic acid?
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.5d: Construct the mechanism of the formation of 2-bromopropane from hydrogen bromide and propene...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which molecule is chiral? A. 2-chlorobutane B. 2,2-dichloropentane C. ...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which technique is used to determine the bond lengths and bond angles of a molecule? A. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.iii: Explain why tetramethylsilane (TMS) is often used as a reference standard in 1H NMR.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Ammonia is a stronger ligand than water. Which is correct when concentrated aqueous...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.23: Components X and Y are mixed together and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations of X,...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.30: What is the standard half-cell potential of copper if the “zero potential reference electrode”...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element are given below. Explain the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Outline, in terms of the bonding present, why the reaction conditions of halogenation are...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iv: The following curve was obtained using a pH probe. State, giving a reason, the strength of the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: Hydrogenation of propene produces propane. Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS θ, for the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Ammonia reacts reversibly with...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.7e: State and explain the products of electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The rate expression for the reaction X (g) + 2Y (g) → 3Z (g) is rate = k[X]0 [Y]2 By which...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.16: What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol–1, of IF (g)? IF7 (g) + I2 (s) → IF5 (g) +...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.3e: Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6c.i: Calculate [H3O+] in the solution and the dissociation constant, Ka , of the acid at 25 °C.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Part of the spectrochemical series is shown for transition metal complexes. I−< Cl− < H2O...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.26: Which statements are correct? I. Lewis bases can act as nucleophiles. II....
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.20: When X reacts with Y to give Z, the following graph is plotted. What can be deduced from the...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.27: What is the order of increasing acidity? A. HClO < CH3CH2COOH < HF < HIO3 B. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.31: What are the major products of electrolysing concentrated aqueous potassium iodide, KI(aq)?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.v: Calculate the rate constant of the reaction, stating its units.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.5d: Determine the pH of 0.010 mol dm−3 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid solution. Ka...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: Calculate the cell potential, in V, using section 24 of the data booklet.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Determine the loss in mass of one electrode if the mass of the other electrode increases by 0.10 g.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.5c: The table lists standard entropy, SΘ, values. Calculate the standard entropy change for the...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Which mixture will form a buffer in aqueous solution? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.21: The hydrolysis of tertiary bromoalkanes with a warm dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.1e: Predict and explain the difference in carbon-oxygen bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and its...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.5f.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard entropy change of the system for the formation...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6g: Determine the standard enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of NaCl(s),...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.iii: Describe how an indicator, that is a weak acid, works. Use Le Chatelier’s principle in your answer.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: Explain, using appropriate equations, how this solution acts as a buffer solution.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.iv: Chromium forms the complex ion...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iv: Identify the negative and the positive electrodes in this cell.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.ii: Predict the shapes of the two molecules, giving the Br–P–Br bond angle in...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.iii: Describe sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds between atoms. \(\sigma \)...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10c.i: Compound C, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\), can also be formed by...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10h.i: Define the term stereoisomers.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.16: What is the correct definition of lattice enthalpy? A. Enthalpy change when one mole of a...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.20: X and Y react according to the equation \({\text{2X}} + {\text{Y}} \to {\text{Z}}\). The reaction...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.21: The rate constant for a reaction is determined at different temperatures. Which diagram...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.24: In which reaction does \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) act as a Lewis base but not as a...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.4: What is the abbreviated electron configuration of the cobalt(II) ion,...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.11: Which allotropes of carbon show \(s{p^2}\) hybridization? I. Diamond II. Graphite III. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone....
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: Determine the value of the rate constant, \(k\), and state its units.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iv: A \({\text{1.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of ammonia is added to...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.v: The other concentrations in the equilibrium mixture were calculated as follows: Use these...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.vi: Describe, using HIn to represent the indicator in its acid form, why an indicator changes colour...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.6a: (i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed. (ii) State why it is...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.16e: One CFC, Freon-13 (chlorotrifl uoromethane), which can be used as a refrigerant, has been phased...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.24b: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) values at 298 K for diethylamine and triethylamine are given in...
- 14M.2.sl.TZ1.7d: (i) Identify the reagent necessary for this reaction to occur. (ii) Deduce the...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Successive ionization energies for an element, Z, are shown in the table below. What is the...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which compound will produce an aqueous solution which has a pH greater than 7? A. ...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.33: A number of molten metal chlorides are electrolysed, using the same current for the same length...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.11d: Sketch a graph of rate constant \((k)\) versus temperature.
- 14N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which definition of a base is correct? A. A Lewis base accepts a proton. B. A...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which processes are predicted to have a positive entropy change, \(\Delta S\)? I. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.19: Which combination of \(\Delta H\) and \(\Delta S\) signs will always result in a spontaneous...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.27: What is the relationship between \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\), \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) and...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Transition metals have certain characteristic properties. State two properties that are involved...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.5d: The entropy change, \(\Delta S\), for the decomposition of trinitramide has been estimated as...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.5e: Using \( + 700{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) as the value for...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.ii: State what optical activity indicates about the structure of the molecule.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.i: Explain the mechanism of this reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: The ozone layer has also been depleted by certain pollutants that have been released into the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.13: What are the hybridizations of the atoms labelled 1, 2 and 3 in the molecule below?
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.27: For which equilibrium can an expression for a base dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{b}}}\), for...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iii: Predict the shapes and the bond angles in the two molecules.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.i: Define an acid according to the Lewis theory.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which statement about a reaction best describes the relationship between the temperature, \(T\),...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.32: Which statement is correct for electroplating an object with gold? A. The object must be the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.39: Which structure is a geometric isomer of cis-1,2-dichlorocyclobutane?
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of PCl5.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Describe the standard hydrogen electrode including a fully labelled diagram.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.v: Deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b.iii: State how the infrared spectra of aspirin and ibuprofen will differ in the region 1700–1750 cm–1.
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (ii) Cobalt is a transition metal. One common ion of cobalt is...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.3d: State the full electronic configurations of a Cu atom and a \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\)...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.3e: Explain the origin of colour in transition metal complexes and use your explanation to suggest...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: (i) Define the term first ionization energy and state the equation for the first ionization...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Distinguish between the terms strong and weak acid and state the equations used to show...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.G2a: ...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.14: What is the type of hybridization of the silicon and oxygen atoms in silicon dioxide?
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.31: Which are necessary conditions for the standard hydrogen electrode to have an \({E^\Theta }\) of...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.ii: Determine the cell potential when the two half-cells are connected.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.i: Determine the pH at the equivalence point.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.iii: Calculate the concentration of the weak acid before the addition of any NaOH(aq).
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: (i) Deduce the order of reaction for each substance and the rate expression from the...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.ii: Using the formula RBr to represent a bromoalkane, state an equation for the rate determining step...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6f.i: State and explain the type of reaction that takes place between \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\)...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6f.ii: Explain why...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.G1b: Describe, using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs, the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.17: The reaction between but-1-ene and water vapour produces...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.29: What is the approximate pH of a \({\text{0.01 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ammonia...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: \({{\text{[CoC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iii: State what is meant by the term second ionization energy.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.iii: Explain why the mechanism of the reaction will be different if 1-bromobutane is replaced by...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.A2a: A feature of some \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra is the electron-withdrawing...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Which of the following best describes the formation of \(\pi \) bonds? A. They are formed by...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.15: What is the hybridization of the carbon atom, and the number of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds in...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.29: At the same concentration, which acid would have the lowest...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.39: Which statement is correct about the enantiomers of a chiral compound? A. Their physical...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.i: Calculate the \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value of benzoic acid,...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iv: Explain why the complex...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.v: Electroplating is an important application of electrolysis. State the composition of the...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Identify the intermediate involved in the reaction.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.A3b.iii: Predict the splitting pattern of the peak with the biggest area.
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Which compounds can be mixed together as solutions of equal volume and concentration to form a...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Determine the \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) for the combustion of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Calculate the concentrations of the other three species present at equilibrium.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.v: Sketch a graph, similar to the graph on the previous page, to indicate the change in pH during a...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.v: At 298 K the hydrogenation of propene is a spontaneous process. Determine the temperature above...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an Fe (s) /...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be used to obtain sodium metal by...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which mixtures are buffer solutions? I. \({\text{KHS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Which titration curve is produced by the titration of \({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.31: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series and the same current passes through each cell. The...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.8d: A solution of ammonia has a concentration of...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which molecule exhibits optical isomerism? A. 3-iodopentane B. ...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Deduce and explain the sign of the entropy change for the following...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.ii: Define the term standard electrode potential.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.iii: Calculate the cell potential, in V, under standard conditions, using information from Table 14 of...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.iii: Explain why the complex...
- 11N.1.sl.TZ0.28: From which monomer is this polymer made?
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.35: ...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.36: ...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: (i) Calculate ΔHθ, in kJ, for this similar reaction below using \(\Delta H_{\rm{f}}^\theta \)...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4i: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. (i) Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.9: The oxidation state of cobalt in the complex ion [Co(NH3)5Br]x is +3. Which of the...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.19: Which ionic compound has the largest value of lattice enthalpy? A. MgS B. MgO C. CaBr2 D. NaF
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: Draw the three-dimensional shape of each enantiomer of this isomer showing their spatial...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which combination of ΔH θ and ΔS θ will result in a non-spontaneous reaction at all temperatures?
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.21: What are the units for the rate constant, k, in the expression? Rate = k [X]2[Y] A. mol2...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: When the reaction is carried out in the absence of acid the following graph is...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iii: Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2e: Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Deduce the splitting patterns in the 1H NMR spectrum of C2H5Cl.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.8b: Suggest why the loss of ozone is an international environmental concern.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.10: Which does not show resonance? A. PO43– B. C6H6 C. C6H12 D. O3
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which is the first step in the CFC-catalysed destruction of ozone in UV light? A. CCl2F2 →...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.37: In which order should the reagents be used to convert benzene into phenylamine (aniline)?
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.vi: Deduce the pKa for this acid.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.2e.iii: Calculate the value of the rate constant at 263 K.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.14: How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in this molecule?
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which of the following will form a buffer solution if combined in appropriate molar ratios? A....
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.3d.i: State the shape of the complex ion.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6c.ii: Calculate Kb for HCO3– acting as a base.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Which pair of statements explains the increase in rate of reaction when the temperature...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: State an equation for the formation of NO2+.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.37: Which isomers exist as non-superimposable mirror images? A. cis-trans isomers B. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1l.ii: Predict the splitting pattern of the 1H NMR spectrum of urea.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.ii: Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm−3 aqueous ethanoic acid. Ka = 1.74 × 10−5
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The graph shows the first ionization energies of some consecutive elements. Which statement is...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.35: Which is the correct combination of substitution reaction mechanisms?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2e: Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Describe how the activation energy of this reaction could be determined.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.iv: Predict whether the pH of an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride will be greater than, equal to...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.ii: A two-step mechanism is proposed for the formation of NO2(g) from NO(g) that involves an...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to alkali metals.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.iv: Suggest, giving a reason, the percentage of each isomer from the SN1 reaction.
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.27b: Predict the chemical shifts and integration for each signal in the 1H NMR spectrum for ethanol...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which molecules have \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) hybridization? I. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.20: Which statement about a first-order reaction is correct? A. The reactant concentration...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.27: Which equation represents a reaction for which a base dissociation constant expression,...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.17: What is the correct order for increasing lattice enthalpy? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.33: The same quantity of electricity is passed through separate dilute aqueous solutions of sulfuric...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.37: What is the correct order for the increasing rate of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes by dilute...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.ii: The Contact process involves this homogeneous...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.ii: Predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.ii: Draw a labelled diagram for the voltaic cell in which the following reaction...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: Ethanol can be made by reacting aqueous sodium hydroxide with bromoethane. Explain the mechanism...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Identify the molecularity of the rate-determining step in this reaction.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: Calculate the standard free energy change, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.3c: Using the values obtained in parts (a) and (b), calculate the standard entropy change,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: When 1.00 mol of nitrogen and 3.00 mol of hydrogen were allowed to reach equilibrium in a...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8a.i: Draw an orbital diagram (using the arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.2c: Suggest why it is necessary to include an internal reference standard in a sample when its...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.23b.i: Describe, by means of equations, how nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, catalyses the depletion of ozone.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which ion is colourless? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which species contain delocalized electrons? A. I and II only B. I and III only C. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.39: Which statement about isomerism is correct? A. But-1-ene and but-2-ene are geometrical...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which molecule is trigonal bipyramidal in shape? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.34: What is the cell potential, in V, of the reaction...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which compound can exist as stereoisomers? A. 1,2-dichloroethane B. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: State the rate expression for this reaction.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2e: Suggest how the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for this reaction may be determined.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: (i) Explain why the second ionization energy is greater than the first ionization...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: Although magnesium is usually found as \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) in its compounds, it is...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8g: (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a suitable apparatus for the electrolysis. (ii) State...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.24a: Explain why ethylamine has basic properties.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.27a: (i) Identify the two reagents used to form the electrophile in the nitration of...
- 14M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: (i) State the formula of the compound that boron forms with fluorine. (ii) Explain...
- 14M.2.sl.TZ2.6d: (i) State the reagent required. (ii) Explain the mechanism of this reaction, using...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.24b: Explain why ethylamine has basic properties.
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.8b: (i) Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.11f: (i) Zinc is found in the d-block of the periodic table. Explain why it is not considered a...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.22a: Explain how the bonding in \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) affects...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.26d: Propanone could also be formed from propene by reaction with steam over an acidic catalyst,...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.38: What is the major organic product formed from the reaction of (CH\(_3\))\(_3\)CBr with a...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.2a: Deduce the structural formula of compound X.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.ii: Calculate the cell potential in V.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.ii: Francisco and Shamiso found that the pH of the initial...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.ii: State the rate expression for this reaction and the units of the rate constant.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.33: The standard electrode potentials of some half-reactions are given below. ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iv: Identify another product that is formed if the solution of iron(II) bromide is concentrated.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iv: State what is meant by the term stereoisomers.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9c.ii: Deduce the rate expression.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.12: How many sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are there in the following molecule?
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.20: Experimental data shows that a reaction in which Y is a reactant is first order with respect to...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.v: Determine the standard free energy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.iii: Identify all the different bond angles in PCl5.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6d.ii: Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7f: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series (the same current passes through each cell). One...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4a: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of one of the intermediate compounds formed...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iii: The rate of this reaction was measured at different temperatures and the following data were...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.iii: 2-bromobutane is optically active. Draw the two enantiomers of 2-bromobutane and compare their...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A5a: Two octahedral chromium complexes are...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Which solutions have a pH less than 7? I. ...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq)...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.5f: There are four structural isomers with the molecular formula...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.G1d: Identify the organic product in the following...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy? A. NaCl B. KCl C. ...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.i: Determine the pH of the solution.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.ii: Calculate the base dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{b}}}\), for ammonia.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.iii: Draw the structural formula of one isomer of...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.A4: The complex ion...
- 09N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Propene is converted to propanone in a two stage...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3d.i: State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.
- 10M.1.hl.TZ2.21: The following data were obtained for the reaction between gases A and B. Which relationship...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.7c: (i) Explain why the pH of the ammonia solution is less than 13. (ii) Estimate the pH at...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iv: Deduce the equation for the spontaneous reaction taking place when the iron half-cell is...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.v: Explain the function of the salt bridge in an electrochemical cell.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Predict the products obtained at each electrode and state the half-equation for the formation of...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.ii: Explain why copper(II) compounds in aqueous solution are coloured whereas scandium(III) compounds...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: \({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iii: Describe how \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds form.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.6b: When a mixture of 0.100 mol NO, 0.051 mol \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 0.100 mol...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce the rate expression for the reaction.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Identify the rate-determining step.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iv: Calculate the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for the reaction, using Table 1 of the Data...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: The reagents used in an elimination reaction are shown below. Explain the mechanism of this...
- 09M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which are definitions of an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories?
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.15: When hydrogen peroxide decomposes, the temperature of the reaction mixture...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: State how the rate constant, \(k\) varies with temperature,\(T\).
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: State the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), and calculate the equilibrium...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.ii: Deduce the equations for the formation of the major product at the positive electrode (anode)...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.9: Which metal nitrate solution is coloured? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Which species does not have delocalized electrons? A. \({\text{NO}}_3^ - \) B. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.21: The rate information below was obtained for the following reaction at a constant...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: Some words used in chemistry can have a specific meaning which is different to their meaning in...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6a.v: At a temperature just above 700 K it is found that when 1.60 mol of hydrogen and 1.00 mol of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.iii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Sn(s) under...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iii: Explain why 1-bromopentane reacts by an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism whereas...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Retinol (vitamin A) contains a total of 5 double bonds and 46 single bonds. Which statements...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.23: Which reaction represents an acid–base reaction according to the Lewis theory but not according...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.39: What effect of optical isomers on plane-polarized light can be measured using a polarimeter? A. ...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.3a: The experimental lattice enthalpies of the chlorides of lithium, LiCl, sodium, NaCl, potassium,...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.3c: (i) Identify the process labelled a on the Born–Haber cycle for the determination of the...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.vii: Predict and explain the bond lengths and bond strengths of the carbon-oxygen bonds in...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which factors will increase the entropy of this...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.iv: Determine the standard entropy change at 298 K for the reaction.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D4a: Using an asterisk (*), identify the chiral carbon atom in the structure of thalidomide.
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.11: Which species breaks the octet rule? A. PCl3B. BF4−C. SCl4D....
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which statement is correct for a pair of enantiomers under the same conditions? A. A racemic...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.2f: Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2b: One important industrial use of phosgene is the production of polyurethanes. Phosgene is reacted...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.10: What is the correct explanation for the colour of [Cu(H2O)6]2+? A. Light is absorbed when an...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.3a: (i) State the equation for the overall reaction. (ii) Deduce the rate expression consistent with...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.3e: (i) Using the graph, explain the order of reaction with respect to sodium thiosulfate. (ii) In a...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.33: An iron rod is electroplated with silver. Which is a correct condition for this process? A. The...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which species have resonance structures? I. Ozone, O3II. Carbon dioxide, CO2III. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2f: Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.ii: Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration of hydrazine solution with dilute sulfuric acid...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.7e: State the reagents used in the two-stage conversion of nitrobenzene to aniline.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.20: Which is true of an Arrhenius plot of \(\ln k\) (y-axis) against \(\frac{1}{T}\)? A. The...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which is correct about reaction mechanisms? A. A species that is zero order does not take...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.27: What is the order of increasing acidity of the following acids? A. chloroethanoic <...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2b.i: Corrosion of iron is similar to the processes that occur in a voltaic cell. The initial steps...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2b.iii: Explain why iron forms many different coloured complex ions.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Zinc is used to galvanize iron pipes, forming a protective coating. Outline how this process...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: State one method that can be used to measure the rate for this reaction.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5c: The Arrhenius equation, \(k = A{e^{ - \frac{{Ea}}{{RT}}}}\), gives the relationship between the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: The pKa of an anthocyanin is 4.35. Determine the pH of a 1.60 × 10–3 mol dm–3 solution to two...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iv: Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.37: What is the number of optical isomers of isoleucine? A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.2e.i: Deduce the order of reaction with respect to Cl2 and NO.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.23: At 700 ºC, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction is 1.075 × 108. 2H2 (g) + S2 (g)...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.10: [CoCl6]3– is orange while [Co(NH3)6]3+ is yellow. Which statement is correct? A. [CoCl6]3–...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Which indicator is appropriate for the acid-base titration shown below? A. Thymol blue (pKa =...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.5c: The standard free energy change, ΔGθ, for the above reaction is –103 kJ mol–1 at 298 K. Suggest...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: Predict, giving a reason, the direction of movement of electrons when the standard nickel and...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.16: What is the enthalpy of solution of MgF2(s) in kJ mol−1? Lattice enthalpy of MgF2(s) = 2926 kJ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.21: What is the effect of increasing temperature on the rate constant, k? A. The rate constant...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.31: What does not affect the mass of products formed in electrolysis of an aqueous solution? A. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is name of this compound applying IUPAC rules? A. E 1-bromo-1-chlorobut-1-ene B. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1i: The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.v: Determine, showing your working, the spontaneity of the reaction in (ii) at 25 °C.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.iv: Deduce the rate expression for the reaction.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Write an equation to show ammonia, NH3, acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base and a different equation...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: The change in the free energy for the reaction under standard conditions, ΔGΘ, is −514 kJ at 298...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: State the type of bond fission that takes place in a SN1 reaction.
Sub sections and their related questions
Topic 12: Atomic structure
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.5: The first ionization energies (in \({\text{kJmo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\)) of five successive...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.5: What is the electron configuration of the copper(I) ion, \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\)? A. ...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: State the full electron configuration of \(^{{\text{65}}}{\text{Cu}}\).
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.6: Which equation represents the second ionization energy of potassium? A. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5e: Explain how the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of phosphorus, P, can be...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: (i) Explain why the second ionization energy is greater than the first ionization...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.5: Successive ionization energies for an element, Z, are shown in the table below. What is the...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.8b: (i) Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.11f: (i) Zinc is found in the d-block of the periodic table. Explain why it is not considered a...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.2a.iii: The electron configuration of boron is...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.5: The graph below shows the first four ionization energies of four elements A, B, C and D (the...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.3d: State the full electronic configurations of a Cu atom and a \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\)...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: (i) Define the term first ionization energy and state the equation for the first ionization...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.6: Between which ionization energies of boron will there be the greatest difference? A. Between...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.iv: Define the enthalpy change C for the first value. Explain why the second value is significantly...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: On the above diagram, draw the line that corresponds to the first ionization energy of hydrogen...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6d: The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of sodium. The vertical axis plots...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6e: (i) Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium is lower than the first ionization...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.A2b: State and explain the splitting pattern you would expect in a high resolution spectrum for the...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.6: Values for the successive ionization energies for an unknown element are given in the table...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.6: The diagram shows the first ionization energies of four consecutive elements in the...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4e: Eight successive ionisation energies of vanadium are shown in the graph below: (i) State the...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.6: A period 3 element, M, forms an oxide of the type M2O. Which represents the first four successive...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) Explain the convergence of lines in a hydrogen emission spectrum. (ii) State what can be...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which statement explains one of the decreases in first ionization energy (I.E.) across period...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iii: Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element are given below. Explain the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2d.iv: Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.6: The graph represents the first ten ionisation energies (IE) of an element. What is the...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.5: Which transition on the diagram corresponds to the ionization of hydrogen in the ground state?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2e: Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.5: The graph shows the first ionization energies of some consecutive elements. Which statement is...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii: Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 1015 s−1 for its...
Topic 13: The periodic table—the transition metals
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which statements are correct about the complex...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Which species cannot act as a ligand? A. \({\text{NH}}_4^ + \) B. ...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8a.i: Draw an orbital diagram (using the arrow-in-box notation) showing the electrons in the 4s and 3d...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.iii: Chromium forms the complex ion...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.iv: Chromium forms the complex ion...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which ion is colourless? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.4: What is the abbreviated electron configuration of the cobalt(II) ion,...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.i: State the full electron configurations of Cr and \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 +...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.ii: \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) ions and water molecules bond together to form the complex ion...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.iii: Explain why the...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: State the full electronic configuration of a copper atom.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Explain why most copper(II) compounds are coloured, whereas most copper(I) compounds are not.
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Cobalt forms the complex...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.11f: (i) Zinc is found in the d-block of the periodic table. Explain why it is not considered a...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.2c: (i) Describe why adding excess ammonia to aqueous copper(II) ions causes the shade of the...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Which compound is likely to be colourless? A. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.12: Which species have dative covalent bonding? I. ...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Transition metals have certain characteristic properties. State two properties that are involved...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.4d: Substances like EUK-134 are often coloured. Explain why compounds of transition metals absorb...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.ii: List three characteristic properties of transition elements.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: Identify the type of bonding between iron and cyanide in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iv: Deduce the oxidation number of iron in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5d.i: Define the term ligand.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5d.ii: Explain why the complex [Cr(H2O)3Cl3] is coloured.
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (ii) Cobalt is a transition metal. One common ion of cobalt is...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A5a: Two octahedral chromium complexes are...
- 12N.2.sl.TZ0.4c: (i) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity and why they are malleable. (ii) ...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.8: In which complexes does iron have an oxidation number of \( + 3\)? I. ...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Which solutions have a pH less than 7? I. ...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.3e: Explain the origin of colour in transition metal complexes and use your explanation to suggest...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.A3b: (i) The energy level diagram showing the electrons in the five 3d orbitals of a chromium atom...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.9: Which process is responsible for the colour of a transition metal complex? A. The absorption...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Transition elements form complexes such as...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.A4: The complex ion...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.1c.ii: Explain why the copper solution is coloured.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.4e: Explain why copper is considered a transition metal while scandium is not.
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.A3b: When excess ammonia solution is added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate the oxidation number of...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6f.i: State and explain the type of reaction that takes place between \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\)...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.6f.ii: Explain why...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: \({{\text{[Co(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: \({{\text{[CoC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{]}}^{2 - }}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iii: State what is meant by the term second ionization energy.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.ii: Explain why copper(II) compounds in aqueous solution are coloured whereas scandium(III) compounds...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iii: Define the term ligand.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.3a.iv: Explain why the complex...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.9: Which electron transitions are responsible for the colours of transition metal compounds? A. ...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.A4b: Copper(II) sulfate forms a pale blue aqueous solution. When aqueous ammonia is added to this,...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Ligands can form dative covalent bonds with metal ions to form complex ions. Which of the...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.9: Which metal nitrate solution is coloured? A. ...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.ii: Explain why the...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.6: What is the electron configuration of \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\)? A. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Which complex is colourless in solution? A. ...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.9a: (i) State the full electron configuration of Fe. (ii) State the abbreviated electron...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ2.A4a: Transition metal complexes are coloured because electronic transitions occur within split d...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.i: State two characteristic properties of transition elements.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.ii: State the type of bond formed by a ligand and identify the feature that enables it to form this...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.iii: Explain why the complex...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.10: Which best explains why transition metal complexes are coloured? A. As electrons return to...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4d: In an aqueous solution of vanadium(III) chloride, the vanadium exists as [V (H2O)6]3+, [VCl...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Outline, giving the full electron configuration of the vanadium atom, what is meant by the term...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.10: What is the correct explanation for the colour of [Cu(H2O)6]2+? A. Light is absorbed when an...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.2f: Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.9: The oxidation state of cobalt in the complex ion [Co(NH3)5Br]x is +3. Which of the...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.8: What is the charge on the iron(III) complex ion in [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4]Br? A. 0 B. 1+ C. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2e: Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2f: Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4a: Formulate an equation for the oxidation of nickel(II) sulfide to nickel(II) oxide.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4b: The nickel obtained from another ore, nickeliferous limonite, is contaminated with iron. Both...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Suggest why experiments involving tetracarbonylnickel are very hazardous.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Ammonia is a stronger ligand than water. Which is correct when concentrated aqueous...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2b.iii: Explain why iron forms many different coloured complex ions.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.10: [CoCl6]3– is orange while [Co(NH3)6]3+ is yellow. Which statement is correct? A. [CoCl6]3–...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.3d.i: State the shape of the complex ion.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.3d.ii: Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.3e: Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which complex has the greatest d orbital splitting?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1h: Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.8: Part of the spectrochemical series is shown for transition metal complexes. I−< Cl− < H2O...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to alkali metals.
Topic 14: Chemical bonding and structure
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.12: What is correct for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\)?
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which molecules have \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) hybridization? I. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which combination of shape and bond angle is correct for a molecule of xenon tetrafluoride,...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which combination correctly describes the types of hybridization shown by the two carbon atoms...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.1e: Predict and explain the difference in carbon-oxygen bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and its...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7f: Describe the formation of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds in an alkene.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of both molecules.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.ii: Predict the shapes of the two molecules, giving the Br–P–Br bond angle in...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.iii: Explain why both \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.ii: Deduce the hybridization of the oxygen atoms labelled \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \). \(\alpha...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.iii: Describe sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds between atoms. \(\sigma \)...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.iv: Identify the number of sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds present in a molecule of...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.20a: Explain, on a molecular level, why ozone dissociates with radiation of a longer wavelength than...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.20b: Nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, is a primary pollutant that depletes the ozone layer. State two equations...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.23b.i: Describe, by means of equations, how nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, catalyses the depletion of ozone.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.23b.ii: Identify and state the source of one other ozone-depleting pollutant.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.12: The diagrams below show \(s\) and \(p\) orbitals in different positions. Which combinations can...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which species contain delocalized electrons? A. I and II only B. I and III only C. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.11: Which allotropes of carbon show \(s{p^2}\) hybridization? I. Diamond II. Graphite III. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which molecule is trigonal bipyramidal in shape? A. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone....
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: State the hybridization of the central oxygen atom.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4d: In terms of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds, describe the two oxygen-oxygen bonds in the Lewis...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4e: The two oxygen-oxygen bonds in ozone are in fact of equal length. Deduce why this is the case and...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.16d: Explain, with the aid of Lewis (electron-dot) structures, the difference between oxygen and ozone...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.16e: One CFC, Freon-13 (chlorotrifl uoromethane), which can be used as a refrigerant, has been phased...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.17a: Describe, using chemical equations, the two-step mechanism of photochemical decomposition of...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.12: What is the correct number of sigma \({\text{(}}\sigma {\text{)}}\) and pi...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: (i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.22a: Explain how the bonding in \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) affects...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.22b: The chemical balance of the stratosphere is disrupted by the presence of chlorofluorocarbons...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Describe, using equations, the formation and depletion of ozone in the stratosphere by natural...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.13: How many sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds are there in...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.14: What is the hybridization of atoms X, Y and Z in epinephrine?
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Bonding in the nitrate ion involves electron delocalization. Explain the meaning of electron...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.i: Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.ii: Xenon, although a noble gas, forms an oxide, \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), that has a...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: The ozone layer has also been depleted by certain pollutants that have been released into the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which combination best describes the type of bonding present and the melting point of silicon and...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.13: What are the hybridizations of the atoms labelled 1, 2 and 3 in the molecule below?
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: Deduce the Lewis structures for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iii: Predict the shapes and the bond angles in the two molecules.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iv: Identify the type of hybridization present in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Explain the delocalization of \(\pi \) electrons using the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) molecule...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E1c: Ozone and oxygen are in equilibrium in the stratosphere. Both gases absorb ultraviolet radiation...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Identify a gas that is both a greenhouse gas and a cause of ozone depletion.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.12: How many sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are there in the following molecule?
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which species have delocalized \(\pi \) electrons? I. ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of PCl5.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.ii: Predict the shape of this molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.iii: Identify all the different bond angles in PCl5.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: Geometrical isomers have different physical properties and many drugs, such as doxepin (which has...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E2b.i: Although the use of harmful CFCs is being phased out, suggest why these compounds are expected to...
- 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E2b.ii: Discuss one advantage and two disadvantages of using hydrocarbons as alternatives to...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: When iodine reacts with excess chlorine, \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) can form. Deduce...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.13: Which species have delocalized electrons? A. I and II only B. I and III only C. ...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Explain the formation of the \(\pi \) bond. (ii) For each of the carbon atoms, C(1)...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq)...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.14: What is the type of hybridization of the silicon and oxygen atoms in silicon dioxide?
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.2: SF2, SF4 and SF6 have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory to...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D1c: State the type of hybridization of each of the carbon atoms (I, II, and III) in the \(\beta...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.E3a: Stratospheric ozone is in dynamic equilibrium with oxygen. Give the equations that describe the...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.E3: (a) Ozone decomposition can proceed photochemically. Describe, using chemical equations, the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Identify the hybridization of carbon atoms in this molecule
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which structure has delocalized \(\pi \) electrons? A. \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) B. ...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.i: \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.ii: \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.iii: \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: Compare the formation of a sigma \((\sigma )\) and a pi \((\pi )\) bond between two carbon atoms...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: Identify how many sigma and pi bonds are present in propene,...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iv: Explain how the concept of hybridization can be used to explain the bonding in the triple bond...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: Explain how the dissociation of \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: Use equations to describe the mechanism of ozone depletion catalysed by the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.12: How many bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons surround the sulfur atom in the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Which of the following best describes the formation of \(\pi \) bonds? A. They are formed by...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.15: What is the hybridization of the carbon atom, and the number of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds in...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: \({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\)
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.ii: Explain the term hybridization.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iii: Describe how \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds form.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iv: State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.E2a: State the equations that represent the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere which is catalysed...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.10: How many \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds are present in a molecule of propyne,...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which species does not contain delocalized electrons? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.14: The Lewis structure of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is given below. What is the shape...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: Describe the delocalization of pi (\(\pi \)) electrons and explain how this can account for the...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Explain the meaning of the term hybridization. State the type of hybridization shown by the...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: The following reactions take place in the ozone layer by the absorption of ultraviolet...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: CFCs and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{x}}}\) are pollutants responsible for the depletion of...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.13: How many sigma and pi bonds are there in propyne,...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Which species does not have delocalized electrons? A. \({\text{NO}}_3^ - \) B. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.15: In which compound are all the carbon atoms \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\)hybridized? A. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Retinol (vitamin A) contains a total of 5 double bonds and 46 single bonds. Which statements...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.4: Draw the Lewis structures, predict the shape and deduce the bond angles for xenon tetrafluoride...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.vii: Predict and explain the bond lengths and bond strengths of the carbon-oxygen bonds in...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: (i) State the meaning of the term hybridization. (ii) Describe the hybridization of the...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.14: Which statements about hybridization are correct? I. The hybridization of carbon in diamond...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.i: Compare the formation of sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds between the carbon atoms in...
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.E5: One of the winners of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Paul J. Crutzen, who showed that...
- 11N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is involved in the decomposition of ozone according to the following...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.11: Which species breaks the octet rule? A. PCl3B. BF4−C. SCl4D....
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.14: In which group do both compounds contain delocalized...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.15: Which of the following is...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) State the hybridization of the...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.3c: One of the intermediates in the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is dinitrogen...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.14: Which species has bond angles of 90°? A. AlCl4- B. \({\text{I}}\)Cl4- C. NH4+ D. SiCl4
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.15: What is the hybridization of the numbered atoms in ethanoic acid?
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: (i) Draw diagrams to show how sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are formed between atoms. (ii)...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.22c: (i) Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which combination describes the PH4+ ion?
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which combination describes the bonding and structure in benzoic acid, C6H5COOH?
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which species have resonance structures? I. Ozone, O3II. Carbon dioxide, CO2III. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.8a: Formulate two equations to show how nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, catalyses the destruction of ozone.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.8b: Suggest why the loss of ozone is an international environmental concern.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.10: Which does not show resonance? A. PO43– B. C6H6 C. C6H12 D. O3
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which statement is correct? A. Sigma bonds are formed only by the combination of s atomic...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry and the bond angles of PCl3.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.i: Discuss the bonding in the resonance structures of ozone.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.ii: Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Outline, in terms of the bonding present, why the reaction conditions of halogenation are...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Ammonia reacts reversibly with...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.13: What is the hybridization state and electron domain geometry around the circled C, N and...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.14: How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in this molecule?
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF5 and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: State the type of hybridization shown by the phosphorus atom in PF3.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which molecules have at least one sp2 hybridized atom? I. CH3COOH II. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which can be represented with only one Lewis structure? A. CH2O B. C6H6 C. O3 D. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1i: The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2g.i: Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are formed.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2g.ii: Deduce the number of σ and \(\pi \) bonds in a molecule of ethyne.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which molecule has an expanded octet? A. CO B. CO2 C. SF2 D. SF4
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which overlap of atomic orbitals leads to the formation of only a sigma (σ) bond? I. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Carbon dioxide can be represented by at least two resonance structures, I and II. Calculate...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, the more likely structure.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7d: Absorption of UV light in the ozone layer causes the dissociation of oxygen and ozone. Identify,...
Topic 15: Energetics/thermochemistry
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.18: Which combination of \(\Delta H\) and \(\Delta S\) values corresponds to a non-spontaneous...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which species are arranged in order of increasing entropy? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.17: What is the correct order for increasing lattice enthalpy? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which combinations of values will result in a spontaneous reaction? A. I and II only B. ...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.5f.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard entropy change of the system for the formation...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6g: Determine the standard enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of NaCl(s),...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: Calculate the standard free energy change, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.3c: Using the values obtained in parts (a) and (b), calculate the standard entropy change,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: Determine the absolute entropy, \({S^\Theta }\), in...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.16: What is the correct definition of lattice enthalpy? A. Enthalpy change when one mole of a...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.18: Which change must be negative when a reaction occurs spontaneously? A. \(\Delta H\) B. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.15: Which combination of enthalpy change and entropy change produces a non-spontaneous reaction at...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of calcium chloride? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.17: In which reaction will the entropy of the system increase significantly? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which equation represents the second electron affinity of oxygen? A. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.4c: Calculate the standard free energy change, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: (i) Determine the standard entropy change of the reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), at 298 K,...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: Although magnesium is usually found as \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) in its compounds, it is...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8d: Consider the lattice enthalpies of \({\text{Mg}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{2}}}\),...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.16: Which processes have a negative value for \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\)? I. ...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.17: The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium oxide is shown below. What is a correct...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Consider the values of \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\) and \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) À for the reaction of...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.2d: Predict the sign of the entropy change of the reaction, \(\Delta S\), giving a reason.
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy? A. Sodium chloride B. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which processes are predicted to have a positive entropy change, \(\Delta S\)? I. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.19: Which combination of \(\Delta H\) and \(\Delta S\) signs will always result in a spontaneous...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.5d: The entropy change, \(\Delta S\), for the decomposition of trinitramide has been estimated as...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.5e: Using \( + 700{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) as the value for...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.5f: Explain how changing the temperature will affect whether or not the decomposition of trinitramide...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which combination of ions will give the greatest absolute lattice enthalpy? A. A small...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which process would be expected to have a \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) value which is negative? A. ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.18: When solid potassium chlorate, \({\text{KCl}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), dissolves in distilled...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.ii: Calculate the standard entropy change for this reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), using Table 11...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iii: Calculate, stating units, the standard free energy change for this reaction,...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8b.iv: Predict, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the spontaneity of this...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which reactions/processes have a positive entropy change, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\)? I. ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which compound has the most positive lattice enthalpy of dissociation? A. NaCl B. ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.i: Predict and explain the sign of the entropy change, \(\Delta S\), for this reaction.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.ii: Calculate the standard entropy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.v: Determine the standard free energy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.vi: Deduce the temperature, in K, at which the reaction becomes spontaneous.
- 12N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Consider the following...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which is a correct definition of lattice enthalpy? A. It is the enthalpy change that occurs...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which reaction has the largest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: (i) Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by I and V in the cycle. (ii) Use the...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.7c: (i) The enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of liquid hydrazine is...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy? A. NaCl B. KCl C. ...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which change leads to an increase in entropy? A. ...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.i: Identify the processes represented by A, B and D in the cycle.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.ii: Define the enthalpy change, F.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.iii: Determine the value of the enthalpy change, E.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.iv: Define the enthalpy change C for the first value. Explain why the second value is significantly...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.v: The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that between the ions in MgO....
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: Predict, stating a reason, whether the sign of \({\Delta {S^\Theta }}\) for the above reaction...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.17: The reaction between but-1-ene and water vapour produces...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.18: A reaction has a standard enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), of...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.i: State the names for the enthalpy changes c and d.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Deduce which two of the enthalpy changes a to e have negative signs.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.iv: Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is larger than the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.18: What is the standard entropy change, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), for the following...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.19: Which step(s) is/are endothermic in the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of LiCl? A. ...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: The standard entropy for \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH(g)}}\) at 298 K is...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: Calculate the standard change in free energy, at 298 K, for the reaction and deduce whether the...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.15: When hydrogen peroxide decomposes, the temperature of the reaction mixture...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.19: Which equation corresponds to the lattice enthalpy for silver iodide, AgI? A. ...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Determine the \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) for the combustion of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.1e: Using the enthalpy of combustion for methanol from Table 12 of the Data Booklet and the...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.1f: Explain whether changing the temperature will alter the spontaneity of the reaction.
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which ionic compound has the greatest lattice enthalpy? A. MgO B. CaO C. NaF D. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.18: Which change will not increase the entropy of a system? A. Increasing the temperature B. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.19: \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) calculations predict that a reaction is always spontaneous for which of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.3d: Some words used in chemistry can have a specific meaning which is different to their meaning in...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.iii: Calculate the standard entropy change for the hydrogenation of propene.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.iv: Determine the value of \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) for the hydrogenation of propene at 298 K.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.v: At 298 K the hydrogenation of propene is a spontaneous process. Determine the temperature above...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which equation represents the electron affinity of chlorine? A. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.17: During which process is there a decrease in the entropy of the system? A. ...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.3a: The experimental lattice enthalpies of the chlorides of lithium, LiCl, sodium, NaCl, potassium,...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: Explain why magnesium chloride, \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\), has a much greater...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.3c: (i) Identify the process labelled a on the Born–Haber cycle for the determination of the...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.17: Which row of the table correctly represents the equations for the lattice enthalpy of substance...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which factors will increase the entropy of this...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The rate expression for the reaction between iodine and propanone with an acid catalyst is found...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Deduce and explain the sign of the entropy change for the following...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.iii: Determine the standard free energy change at 298 K for the reaction. Deduce whether or not the...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.iv: Determine the standard entropy change at 298 K for the reaction.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.5b.v: Estimate the temperature, in K, at which the standard change in free energy equals zero. You...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which transition represents an enthalpy of...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.19: What are the signs for the entropy...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) At exactly 600°C the...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: (i) State why you would expect tin(II) chloride to have a similar lattice enthalpy to strontium...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which represents the enthalpy change of hydration of the chloride ion?
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.19: Which ionic compound has the largest value of lattice enthalpy? A. MgS B. MgO C. CaBr2 D. NaF
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.1b: (i) Calculate ΔHθ, in kJ, for this similar reaction below using \(\Delta H_{\rm{f}}^\theta \)...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.16: Which equation represents enthalpy of hydration? A. Na(g) → Na+(aq) + e− B. Na+(g) →...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which combination of ΔH θ and ΔS θ will result in a non-spontaneous reaction at all temperatures?
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.ii: Comment on the spontaneity of this reaction by calculating a value for \(\Delta {G^\theta...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4c.i: Calculate the standard entropy change, \(\Delta {S^\theta }\), of the reaction, in...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4c.ii: Calculate a value for \(\Delta {H^\theta }\) in kJ.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.4c.iii: Use your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), to determine the temperature, in °C, at which the...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.16: The Born-Haber cycle for potassium oxide is shown below: Which expression represents the...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which ion’s hydration energy is the most exothermic? A. Li+ B. Na+ C. Br– D. I–
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: Hydrogenation of propene produces propane. Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔS θ, for the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.ii: The standard enthalpy change, ΔH θ, for the hydrogenation of propene is –124.4 kJ mol–1. Predict...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.15: Which statements are correct for ionic compounds? I. Lattice energy increases as ionic radii...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.16: What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol–1, of IF (g)? IF7 (g) + I2 (s) → IF5 (g) +...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.17: The combustion of glucose is exothermic and occurs according to the following equation: C6H12O6...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.18: Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of magnesium sulfide? A. MgS (s) → Mg (g) + S...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Calculate the standard entropy change for this reaction using the following data.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.5c: The standard free energy change, ΔGθ, for the above reaction is –103 kJ mol–1 at 298 K. Suggest...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.16: What is the enthalpy of solution of MgF2(s) in kJ mol−1? Lattice enthalpy of MgF2(s) = 2926 kJ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.17: Which statement is correct? A. If ΔH < 0, reaction is always spontaneous. B. If ΔH...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.iv: Calculate the standard entropy change, ΔSΘ, in J K−1, for the reaction in (ii) using section 12...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.v: Determine, showing your working, the spontaneity of the reaction in (ii) at 25 °C.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.16: Which value represents the lattice enthalpy, in kJ mol−1, of strontium chloride, SrCl2? A. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.17: Which system has the most negative entropy change, ΔS, for the forward reaction? A. N2(g) +...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.5c: The table lists standard entropy, SΘ, values. Calculate the standard entropy change for the...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.5d: Calculate the standard free energy change, ΔGΘ, in kJ, for the reaction at 298 K using your...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.5e: Determine the temperature, in K, above which the reaction becomes spontaneous.
Topic 16: Chemical kinetics
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.20: Which statement about a first-order reaction is correct? A. The reactant concentration...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.21: Consider the rate expression: \[{\text{Rate}} = k{\text{[X][Y]}}\] Which change decreases the...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.20: What are the units of the rate constant for a zero-order reaction? A. s B. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.21: The hydrolysis of tertiary bromoalkanes with a warm dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Determine the orders of reaction of the reactants and the overall rate expression for the...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Determine the rate constant, \(k\), with its units, using the data from experiment 3.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Identify the molecularity of the rate-determining step in this reaction.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.i: Identify the rate-determining step.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.2c.ii: A student hypothesized that the order of reaction with respect to \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) is...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.20: X and Y react according to the equation \({\text{2X}} + {\text{Y}} \to {\text{Z}}\). The reaction...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.21: The rate constant for a reaction is determined at different temperatures. Which diagram...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which combination shows a second-order rate expression with the correct rate constant units?
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: State the rate expression for this reaction.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: Determine the value of the rate constant, \(k\), and state its units.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2d: State an equation for a possible rate-determining step for the reaction.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.2e: Suggest how the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for this reaction may be determined.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.6a: (i) State the volumes of the liquids that should be mixed. (ii) State why it is...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.6b: (i) Deduce the rate expression of this mechanism. (ii) The results of an...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.20: Consider the following reaction between nitrogen monoxide and...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.21: What happens to the rate constant, k, and the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), as the...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.11c: (i) In some reactions, increasing the concentration of a reactant does not increase the rate...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.11d: Sketch a graph of rate constant \((k)\) versus temperature.
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The following experimental rate data were obtained for a reaction carried out at temperature...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Consider the following proposed two-step reaction mechanism at temperature T. Step 1: ...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.i: State the labels for each axis. x-axis: y-axis:
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.1f.ii: Use the graph to determine the activation energy of the reaction, in...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.ii: State the rate expression for this reaction and the units of the rate constant.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.20: For the gas phase reaction: \[{\text{A(g)}} + {\text{B(g)}} \to {\text{C(g)}}\] the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.21: Which graph best represents a second-order reaction?
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.3b: Use the graph on page 8 to determine the value of the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), in...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.3c: On the graph on page 8, sketch the line you would expect if a catalyst is added to the reactants.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9c.i: Deduce the order of reaction with respect to...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9c.ii: Deduce the rate expression.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9c.iii: Based on the rate expression obtained in (c) (ii) state the units of the rate constant, \(k\).
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.20: Experimental data shows that a reaction in which Y is a reactant is first order with respect to...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which statement about a reaction best describes the relationship between the temperature, \(T\),...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide react to form carbon dioxide and nitrogen monoxide according...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.2b: State how the rate constant, k , varies with temperature, T.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Determine the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), correct to three significant figures and...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: (i) Concentration of reactant X against time for a zero-order reaction. (ii) Rate of...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: (i) Deduce the rate expression. (ii) Determine the rate constant, \(k\), and state its...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.iii: The rate of this reaction was measured at different temperatures and the following data were...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.20: Consider the following reaction. \[{\text{2P}} + {\text{Q}} \to {\text{R}} + {\text{S}}\] This...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.21: What happens when the temperature of a reaction increases? A. The activation energy...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.5g: (i) Deduce the rate expression for the reaction. (ii) Determine the value of the rate...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The activation energy of a reaction may be determined by studying the effect of a particular...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.i: State the rate expression for the forward reaction.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: Consider the following...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: Consider the following graph of \(\ln k\) against \(\frac{1}{T}\) for the first order...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: (i) Deduce the order of reaction for each substance and the rate expression from the...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: Using the data from Experiment 1, determine the concentration of the substances used and the rate...
- 10M.1.hl.TZ2.21: The following data were obtained for the reaction between gases A and B. Which relationship...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Consider the following...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.22: The rate expression for a reaction is: \[{\text{rate}} = k{\text{[X][Y]}}\] Which statement is...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.23: Consider the following reaction...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: The kinetics of the reaction were studied at this temperature. The table shows the initial rate...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce the rate expression for the reaction.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.iii: Determine the value of the rate constant for the reaction from Experiment 3 and state its units.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Identify the rate-determining step.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Identify the intermediate involved in the reaction.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.iv: Calculate the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for the reaction, using Table 1 of the Data...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.21: Bromine and nitrogen(II) oxide react according to the following...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.23: Which step is the rate-determining step of a reaction? A. The step with the lowest...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.2a: State how the rate constant, \(k\) varies with temperature,\(T\).
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: Determine the activation energy, \({E_{\text{a}}}\), for this reaction.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.2c: The rate expression for this reaction is rate...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.21: The rate information below was obtained for the following reaction at a constant...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.22: Consider the following...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.3b.ii: Deduce the units for the rate constant \(k\).
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.19: Which graph represents a reaction that is second order with respect to X for the reaction X...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.9c: (i) The Arrhenius equation is shown in Table 1 of the Data Booklet. Identify the symbols...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Which graph represents a reaction that is first order with respect to reactant A.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.ii: The table below shows initial rates of reaction for different concentrations of each reactant for...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8f.i: Identify the intermediate in the reaction.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8f.ii: The observed rate expression is...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8g: The following two-step mechanism has been suggested for the reaction of...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.8h: HI(g) decomposes into \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\) and \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.21: The data shows the effect of...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.22: Which pair of graphs...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.23: Which of the terms in...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.3a: (i) State the equation for the overall reaction. (ii) Deduce the rate expression consistent with...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.21: Which statement describes the characteristics of a transition state relative to the potential...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution proceeds as follows. 2H2O2(aq) →...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.3e: (i) Using the graph, explain the order of reaction with respect to sodium thiosulfate. (ii) In a...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.20: The table gives rate data for the reaction in a suitable solvent. C4H9Br + OH− → C4H9OH +...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.21: What are the units for the rate constant, k, in the expression? Rate = k [X]2[Y] A. mol2...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.1b: The student then carried out the experiment at other acid concentrations with all...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.1c: When the concentration of iodine is varied, while keeping the concentrations of acid and...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: When the reaction is carried out in the absence of acid the following graph is...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which is the first step in the CFC-catalysed destruction of ozone in UV light? A. CCl2F2 →...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.20: Which is true of an Arrhenius plot of \(\ln k\) (y-axis) against \(\frac{1}{T}\)? A. The...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which is correct about reaction mechanisms? A. A species that is zero order does not take...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: State the rate expression for the reaction.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.ii: The following mechanism is proposed for the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.iii: State one method that can be used to measure the rate for this reaction.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.v: Sketch the relationship between the rate of reaction and the concentration of NO2.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.5c: The Arrhenius equation, \(k = A{e^{ - \frac{{Ea}}{{RT}}}}\), gives the relationship between the...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.21: The rate expression for the reaction X (g) + 2Y (g) → 3Z (g) is rate = k[X]0 [Y]2 By which...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.22: Which pair of statements explains the increase in rate of reaction when the temperature...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.2e.i: Deduce the order of reaction with respect to Cl2 and NO.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.2e.ii: State the rate expression for the reaction.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.2e.iii: Calculate the value of the rate constant at 263 K.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.19: What are correct labels for the Maxwell−Boltzmann energy distribution curves?
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.20: The reaction between NO2 and F2 gives the following rate data at a certain temperature. What...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.21: What is the effect of increasing temperature on the rate constant, k? A. The rate constant...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.iv: Deduce the rate expression for the reaction.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.4b.v: Calculate the rate constant of the reaction, stating its units.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.4d: Describe how the activation energy of this reaction could be determined.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.20: When X reacts with Y to give Z, the following graph is plotted. What can be deduced from the...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.21: Which statement is correct? A. The value of the rate constant, k, is independent of...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.6d: The rate constant for a reaction doubles when the temperature is increased from 25.0 °C to 35...
Topic 17: Equilibrium
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.23: The equation for the reaction between two gases, A and B,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.ii: The Contact process involves this homogeneous...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: When 1.00 mol of nitrogen and 3.00 mol of hydrogen were allowed to reach equilibrium in a...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction. (ii) Explain the...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.1c.v: The other concentrations in the equilibrium mixture were calculated as follows: Use these...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.23: A mixture of 2.0 mol of \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 2.0 mol of \({{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}\) is...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.27: What is the relationship between \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\), \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) and...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.23: When gaseous nitrosyl chloride, NOCl (g), decomposes, the following equilibrium is...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.iii: 1.00 mol of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{OH}}\) is placed in a closed container of...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: (i) Use the graph to deduce whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic and...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.6e.ii: Determine the value of the equilibrium constant, \({K_{\text{c}}}\).
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.28: The indicator, HIn is used in a titration between an acid and base. Which statement about the...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.6b: When a mixture of 0.100 mol NO, 0.051 mol \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) and 0.100 mol...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Calculate the concentrations of the other three species present at equilibrium.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: State the equilibrium constant expression, \({K_{\text{c}}}\), and calculate the equilibrium...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.6a.v: At a temperature just above 700 K it is found that when 1.60 mol of hydrogen and 1.00 mol of...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.25: Which is correct for an isolated system in...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) At exactly 600°C the...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.25: A mixture of 0.40 mol of CO (g) and 0.40 mol of H2 (g) was placed in a 1.00 dm3 vessel. The...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.23: The graph shows values of ΔG for a reaction at different temperatures. Which statement is...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.23: Components X and Y are mixed together and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations of X,...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4d.i: At a given time, the concentration of NO2(g) and N2O4(g) were 0.52...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4d.ii: Comment on the value of ΔG when the reaction quotient equals the equilibrium constant, Q = K.
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.23: At 700 ºC, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction is 1.075 × 108. 2H2 (g) + S2 (g)...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.ii: The following equilibrium concentrations in mol dm–3 were obtained at 761 K. Calculate the...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6a.iii: Determine the value of ΔGθ, in kJ, for the above reaction at 761 K using section 1 of the data...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.23: 1.0 mol of N2(g), 1.0 mol of H2(g) and 1.0 mol of NH3(g) are placed in a 1.0 dm3 sealed flask and...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1d.iii: Determine an approximate order of magnitude for Kc, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet....
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.ii: A two-step mechanism is proposed for the formation of NO2(g) from NO(g) that involves an...
Topic 18: Acids and bases
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.8: Which statements are correct about the complex...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.26: The forward reaction of this equilibrium is...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.27: Which equation represents a reaction for which a base dissociation constant expression,...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.28: An equal amount of each of the following salts is added separately to the same volume of...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Which mixture will form a buffer in aqueous solution? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.26: The strengths of four acids are: glycine \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}} =...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.28: Which compound forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water? A. ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.29: For which titration can the end point not be determined accurately by using an acid-base...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8b: Calculate the pH, using table 15 of the data booklet, of a solution of ethanoic acid made by...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.i: Determine the pH at the equivalence point of the titration and the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\)...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.ii: Identify, using table 16 of the data booklet, a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.8c.iii: Describe how an indicator, that is a weak acid, works. Use Le Chatelier’s principle in your answer.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.4a: Define the term buffer solution.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: Explain, using appropriate equations, how this solution acts as a buffer solution.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.i: Define the term base according to the Lewis theory.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.7g: (i) Sketch the pH titration curve obtained when \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8c.ii: Chromium forms the complex ion...
- 15M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which species cannot function as a Lewis acid? A. \({\text{B}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) B....
- 15M.2.sl.TZ1.6e: Explain whether BF3 can act as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, a Lewis acid or both.
- 15M.2.sl.TZ2.5f.i: Define the term base according to the Lewis theory.
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.24: In which reaction does \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) act as a Lewis base but not as a...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.26: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) of \({\text{H}}{{\text{S}}^ - }\) is 7.08. What is its conjugate...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.27: Which mixture of solutions can be used to prepare a buffer solution? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.28: A weak acid is titrated with a strong base. Which statement is true for the titration...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Methyl orange is an indicator which changes its colour from red to yellow in a pH range of 3.2 –...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Which compounds can be mixed together as aqueous solutions of equal volume and concentration to...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.28: Which statements about an acid–base indicator are correct? I. It can be a weak acid. II. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.29: What is the expression for the ionic product constant of water, \({K_{\text{w}}}\)? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Which graph would be obtained by adding...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.ii: \({\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}\) ions and water molecules bond together to form the complex ion...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.iv: Outline, including a relevant equation, whether the...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: A buffer solution is made using \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iv: A \({\text{1.50 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of ammonia is added to...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.v: Calculate the pH of the solution at the equivalence point, using Table 15 of the Data Booklet.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.vi: Identify a suitable indicator for this titration, using Table 16 of the Data Booklet.
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.vi: Describe, using HIn to represent the indicator in its acid form, why an indicator changes colour...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.6e.ii: Sulfur dioxide, a major cause of acid rain, is quite soluble in water and the equilibrium shown...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.24a: Explain why ethylamine has basic properties.
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.24b: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) values at 298 K for diethylamine and triethylamine are given in...
- 14M.1.sl.TZ2.22: Which statement explains why ammonia, \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}\), is classified as a...
- 14M.2.sl.TZ2.2d: (i) State the formula of the compound that boron forms with fluorine. (ii) Explain...
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.24a: State the equation for the reaction of ethylamine with water.
- 14M.3.sl.TZ1.24b: Explain why ethylamine has basic properties.
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.8: Cobalt forms the complex...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.24: Which definition of a base is correct? A. A Lewis base accepts a proton. B. A...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which compound will produce an aqueous solution which has a pH greater than 7? A. ...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Methylamine acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. For a diluted aqueous solution, what...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.29: The acid–base indicator phenol red, HIn, changes colour from yellow to red over a pH range of...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.1d: Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the sample of river water.
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: Phosphoric(V) acid, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\), has a...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.8f: (i) Most indicators are weak acids. Describe qualitatively how indicators...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10e: (i) State a chemical equation for the partial dissociation of water into ions, including...
- 14N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which definition of a base is correct? A. A Lewis base accepts a proton. B. A...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.28: The table below shows data for the \({{K_{\text{a}}}}\) and \({{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}}\) values...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which pair of compounds could be used to make a buffer solution (assuming appropriate molar...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7b.i: Describe the relationship between \({\text{Sb}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{5}}}\) and...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.ii: Identify one indicator that could be used when titrating aqueous sodium hydroxide with both a...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.i: Explain how the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) could be determined from a graph of pH against the...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.7e.ii: Francisco and Shamiso found that the pH of the initial...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.26: The values of \({K_{\text{w}}}\), the ionic product constant of water, are: Which statements...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.27: For which equilibrium can an expression for a base dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{b}}}\), for...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.29: The colours of three indicators are shown in the table below. Equal volumes of these three...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.1f.i: State what is meant by a buffer solution.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.i: Define an acid according to the Lewis theory.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.ii: State and explain the acid–base character of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) according to...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which of the following is an example of a Lewis acid–base reaction, but not a Brønsted–Lowry...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.28: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}\) value of ammonia is 4.75 at 298 K. What is the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.29: The \({K_{\text{a}}}\) values of four weak acids W, X, Y and Z are listed below. W ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6a: Ammonia, NH3, can be used to clean ovens. The concentration of hydroxide ions, OH–(aq), in a...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6b.i: Define an acid according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory and the Lewis theory. Brønsted–Lowry...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.i: State whether the following mixtures, in the appropriate molar ratios, can be classified as...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6d.ii: Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.6d.iii: \({\text{150 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 12N.1.hl.TZ0.29: During a titration, \({\text{0.1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) sodium hydroxide is added...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.3a: Describe the composition of an acidic buffer solution.
- 12N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which substance can act as a Lewis acid but not as a Brønsted–Lowry acid? A. HCl B. ...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Equal volumes and concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid are titrated with sodium...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Bromophenol blue changes from yellow to blue over the pH range of 3.0 to 4.6. Which statement is...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.3f: \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) reacts with ammonia to form the complex ion...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Distinguish between the terms strong and weak acid and state the equations used to show...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.6d: (i) Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react exactly with a...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Which indicator would be the most appropriate for titrating aqueous ethylamine,...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.i: Determine the pH at the equivalence point.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.ii: Explain, using an equation, why the equivalence point is not at \({\text{pH}} = 7\).
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.iii: Calculate the concentration of the weak acid before the addition of any NaOH(aq).
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.iv: Estimate, using data from the graph, the dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{a}}}\), of the weak...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.v: Suggest an appropriate indicator for this titration.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.i: Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.i: Determine the pH of the solution.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.ii: Calculate the base dissociation constant, \({K_{\text{b}}}\), for ammonia.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3d.i: State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.3d.ii: Calculate the pH of \({\text{0.200 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ethanoic acid...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.7c: (i) Explain why the pH of the ammonia solution is less than 13. (ii) Estimate the pH at...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.28: Which mixtures could act as buffers? I. NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq) II. NaOH(aq) and...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.29: What is the approximate pH of a \({\text{0.01 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) ammonia...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.2a.i: State the equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with water.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.2a.ii: Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration (in \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)) of...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.2b: The graph below shows a computer simulation of a titration of...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.26: \({\text{100 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of a NaOH solution of pH 12 is mixed with...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Ammonia acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. What is the \({K_{\text{b}}}\) expression...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.28: The indicator, HIn is used in a titration between an acid and base. Which statement about the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.29: At the same concentration, which acid would have the lowest...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.i: Calculate the \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value of benzoic acid,...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.ii: Based on its \({K_{\text{a}}}\) value, state and explain whether benzoic acid is a strong or weak...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.2a.iii: Determine the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a...
- 09M.1.sl.TZ2.21: Which are definitions of an acid according to the Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis theories?
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.28: The \({K_{\text{b}}}\) value for a base is...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.29: Which compounds can be mixed together as solutions of equal volume and concentration to form a...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.iii: The graph below indicates the pH change during the titration of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.iv: Explain how the graph could be used to determine the \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) of ethanoic...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.8a.v: Sketch a graph, similar to the graph on the previous page, to indicate the change in pH during a...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Based on information in the table below, which acid is the strongest?
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.29: The graph below shows the titration curve of \({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iii: Another weak base is nitrogen trifluoride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\). Explain how...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.iv: Calculate the pH of a...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.v: \({\text{25.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.5a.vi: State what is meant by a buffer solution and explain how the solution in (v), which contains...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.23: Which reaction represents an acid–base reaction according to the Lewis theory but not according...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.24: Four aqueous solutions are listed below. W. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which mixtures are buffer solutions? I. \({\text{KHS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.27: Which titration curve is produced by the titration of \({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.8d: A solution of ammonia has a concentration of...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ2.8f: (i) Identify the property of bromocresol green that makes it suitable to use as an acid–base...
- 12M.2.sl.TZ2.6b.iii: Explain why ammonia can also act as a Lewis base.
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Consider the equation for the dissociation of...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.i: The \({\text{p}}{K_{\text{a}}}\) value of HOCl(aq) is 7.52. Determine the \({K_{\text{b}}}\)...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.ii: Determine the concentration of \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\), in...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.iii: Calculate the pH of the bleach.
- 11N.1.sl.TZ0.21: Which descriptions are correct for both a Brønsted–Lowry acid and a Lewis acid?
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.28: The diagram represents the bonding in...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which titration curve would...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) State the hybridization of the...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2d: Phenylamine can act as a weak base. Calculate the pH of a 0.0100 mol dm−3 solution of phenylamine...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.28: Which mixture is a buffer solution? A. 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 NH3 (aq) and 50 cm3 of 0.10 mol...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.29: Which salt solution has the highest pH? A. NH4Cl B. Ca(NO3)2 C. Na2CO3 D. K2SO4
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Calculate the pH of 0.0100 mol dm–3 methanoic acid stating any assumption you make. Ka = 1.6 ×...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: (i) Sketch a graph of pH against volume of a strong base added to a weak acid showing how you...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.27: A buffer is produced by mixing 20.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(aq), with 0.10...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.2e: Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.i: Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. (The association of a molecule of...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5d.ii: Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration of hydrazine solution with dilute sulfuric acid...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which type of bond is formed when a Lewis acid reacts with a Lewis base? A. Covalent B. ...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.27: What is the order of increasing acidity of the following acids? A. chloroethanoic <...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iv: The following curve was obtained using a pH probe. State, giving a reason, the strength of the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.vi: Deduce the pKa for this acid.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: The pKa of an anthocyanin is 4.35. Determine the pH of a 1.60 × 10–3 mol dm–3 solution to two...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.26: Which of the following will form a buffer solution if combined in appropriate molar ratios? A....
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.27: Which indicator is appropriate for the acid-base titration shown below? A. Thymol blue (pKa =...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.3e: Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6c.i: Calculate [H3O+] in the solution and the dissociation constant, Ka , of the acid at 25 °C.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.6c.ii: Calculate Kb for HCO3– acting as a base.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.26: Which statements are correct? I. Lewis bases can act as nucleophiles. II....
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.27: Which combination of acid and base is most likely to have a pH of 8.5 at the equivalence point in...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Write an equation to show ammonia, NH3, acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base and a different equation...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.5d: Determine the pH of 0.010 mol dm−3 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid solution. Ka...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.5e: Explain, using appropriate equations, how a suitably concentrated solution formed by the partial...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.26: Which is an example of a Lewis base? A. an electrophile B. BF3 C. CH4 D. a...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.27: What is the order of increasing acidity? A. HClO < CH3CH2COOH < HF < HIO3 B. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.i: The graph represents the titration of 25.00 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 aqueous ethanoic acid with...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.ii: Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm−3 aqueous ethanoic acid. Ka = 1.74 × 10−5
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.2d.iv: Predict whether the pH of an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride will be greater than, equal to...
Topic 19: Redox processes
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.31: Two half-cells are connected via a salt bridge to make a voltaic cell. Which statement about this...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.32: Which signs are correct for a spontaneous redox reaction?
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.33: Consider the standard electrode...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.32: The standard electrode potentials for three reactions involving copper and copper ions are: ...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.33: The same quantity of electricity is passed through separate dilute aqueous solutions of sulfuric...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.ii: Predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.i: Define the term standard electrode potential, \({E^\Theta }\).
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6f.ii: Draw a labelled diagram for the voltaic cell in which the following reaction...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.i: Define the term standard electrode potential.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iii: Predict the balanced equation for the spontaneous reaction which will produce a current in this...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iv: Identify the negative and the positive electrodes in this cell.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.v: Predict the direction of movement of electrons in the external circuit.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.vi: State the directions in which the negative ions (anions) and the positive ions (cations) flow in...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.33: The overall equation of a voltaic cell...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.33: Which components are used to make the standard hydrogen electrode? A. ...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.34: What is the cell potential, in V, of the reaction...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: (i) Deduce the order of reactivity of these four metals, from the least to the most...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: (i) State the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at each electrode. Positive...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: (i) Determine the mass of copper produced at one of the electrodes in cell 2 if the tin...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ2.8g: (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a suitable apparatus for the electrolysis. (ii) State...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.32: Consider the following standard electrode potentials. ...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.33: A number of molten metal chlorides are electrolysed, using the same current for the same length...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10f: (i) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using inert electrodes. Explain...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10g: Describe how electrolysis can be used to electroplate a bracelet with a layer of silver metal....
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.33: Consider the following two standard electrode potentials at 298 K. ...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.34: What happens during the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous potassium chloride? I. ...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: Define the term standard electrode potential, \({E^\Theta }\).
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: In the two experiments below, predict whether a reaction would occur and deduce an equation for...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.i: Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, state the balanced half-equation for the reaction that occurs...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.ii: Calculate the cell potential in V.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.iii: On the diagram above label with an arrow • the direction of electron flow in the wire • the...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.31: An aqueous solution of a metal salt is electrolysed. Which factor will have no effect on the mass...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.33: The standard electrode potentials of some half-reactions are given below. ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.4e.ii: Explain the sign of the calculated standard electrode potential.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.4f: Predict the sign of \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) for this reaction.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Predict and explain the products of electrolysis of a dilute iron(II) bromide solution.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iv: Identify another product that is formed if the solution of iron(II) bromide is concentrated.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.v: Explain why this other product is formed.
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.32: Which statement is correct for electroplating an object with gold? A. The object must be the...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Describe the standard hydrogen electrode including a fully labelled diagram.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Define the term standard electrode potential, \({E^\Theta }\).
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7d.ii: Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential, \(E_{{\text{cell}}}^\Theta \),...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.i: Deduce the sign of the standard free energy change, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), for any...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: State why dilute sulfuric acid needs to be added in order for the current to flow in the...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.iii: State why copper electrodes cannot be used in the electrolysis of water. Suggest instead suitable...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.iv: Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the positive electrode (anode) and the...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.v: Deduce the overall cell reaction, including state symbols.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.vii: Comment on what is observed at both electrodes.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.7f: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series (the same current passes through each cell). One...
- 13M.1.sl.TZ2.25: The overall reaction in the voltaic cell below is: Which statement is correct for the nickel...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Draw an annotated diagram of the electrolytic cell in process 1 and identify the...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.32: A voltaic cell is made by connecting two half-cells represented by the half-equations...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.33: For the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate, which of the following statements is...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Explain how molten magnesium chloride conducts an electric current. (ii) Identify...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.31: Which are necessary conditions for the standard hydrogen electrode to have an \({E^\Theta }\) of...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.i: Deduce a balanced equation for the overall reaction which will occur spontaneously when these two...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.4b.ii: Determine the cell potential when the two half-cells are connected.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.iii: Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential for this cell.
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6b: The standard electrode potentials for three other electrode systems are given below. (i) ...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: These values were obtained using a standard hydrogen electrode. Describe the materials and...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.6d.iii: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series as shown in the diagram below. In one there is...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.C3: Discuss the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide from brine using a membrane cell. Include...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: (i) Molten sodium chloride is electrolysed in a cell using inert electrodes. State the...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: Electroplating is an important application of electrolytic cells with commercial implications....
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.32: Consider these standard electrode...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.i: Define the term standard electrode potential and state the meaning of the minus sign in the value...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.ii: Calculate the value for the standard electrode potential for the cobalt half-cell.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.iv: Deduce the equation for the spontaneous reaction taking place when the iron half-cell is...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7a.v: Explain the function of the salt bridge in an electrochemical cell.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.i: Draw a labelled diagram of the cell. Use an arrow to show the direction of the electron flow and...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Give the formulas of all the ions present in the solution.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iii: Predict the products obtained at each electrode and state the half-equation for the formation of...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.iv: Deduce the molar ratios of the products obtained at the two electrodes.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: concentrated sodium chloride
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.32: What is the cell potential, in V, for the reaction that occurs when the following two half-cells...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.6c.v: Electroplating is an important application of electrolysis. State the composition of the...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.ii: Deduce the equations for the formation of the major product at the positive electrode (anode)...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.i: Use Table 14 of the Data Booklet to deduce the equation for the spontaneous reaction occurring in...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.ii: Calculate the standard potential for this cell.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.iii: State the conditions necessary for the potential of the cell to equal that calculated in part (b)...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9c: Using the data below and data from Table 14 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which metal,...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.i: Electrolysis is used in the electroplating of metals. The same amount of current is passed...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.ii: For the \({\text{Sn(S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}\) cell, suggest two...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.32: The standard electrode potentials for two metals are given...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.33: The same quantity of electricity was passed through separate molten samples of sodium bromide,...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Define standard electrode potential.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.ii: Explain the significance of the minus sign in \( - {\text{0.45 V}}\).
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.i: State the species which is the strongest oxidizing agent.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.ii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7b.iii: Deduce which species can reduce \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) to Sn(s) under...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Draw a labelled diagram of a voltaic cell made from an Fe (s) /...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Deduce the equation for the chemical reaction occurring when the cell in part (c) (i) is...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.7e.ii: Explain why an aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be used to obtain sodium metal by...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Consider the following standard electrode...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.31: Two electrolytic cells are connected in series and the same current passes through each cell. The...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.31: Four electrolytic cells are constructed. Which cell would produce the greatest mass of metal at...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.i: Draw a diagram of the voltaic cell, labelling the positive and negative electrodes (cathode and...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.ii: Define the term standard electrode potential.
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7d.iii: Calculate the cell potential, in V, under standard conditions, using information from Table 14 of...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.7f: Chromium is often used in electroplating. State what is used as the positive electrode (anode),...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.32: Which...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.33: z mol...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Tin can also exist in the +4 oxidation state. Vanadium can be reduced from an oxidation state...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.32: Which signs for both Eθcell and ΔGθ result in a spontaneous redox reaction occurring under...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.33: An iron rod is electroplated with silver. Which is a correct condition for this process? A. The...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4i: Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed. (i) Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4j: Standard electrode potentials are measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. Describe...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.4k: A magnesium half-cell, Mg(s)/Mg2+(aq), can be connected to a copper half-cell,...
- 16N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: A concentration cell is an example of an electrochemical cell. (i) State the difference between...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.30: Which statement is correct for the overall reaction in a voltaic cell? 2AgNO3(aq) + Ni(s) →...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.31: In the electrolysis of aqueous potassium nitrate, KNO3(aq), using inert electrodes, 0.1 mol of a...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.i: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that can reduce VO2+(aq) to V3+(aq) but no further.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.3b.ii: Identify, from the table, a non-vanadium species that could convert...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.3c.ii: Comment on the spontaneity of this reaction by calculating a value for \(\Delta {G^\theta...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.30: What is the standard half-cell potential of copper if the “zero potential reference electrode”...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.31: What are the relative volumes of gas given off at E and F during electrolysis of the two cells...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2b.i: Corrosion of iron is similar to the processes that occur in a voltaic cell. The initial steps...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2b.ii: Calculate the Gibbs free energy, ΔG θ, in kJ, which is released by the corrosion of 1 mole of...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.2c: Zinc is used to galvanize iron pipes, forming a protective coating. Outline how this process...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.31: What are the products when an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is electrolysed using...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.7b: Predict, giving a reason, the direction of movement of electrons when the standard nickel and...
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.7c: Calculate the cell potential, in V, when the standard iodine and manganese half-cells are connected.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.7e: State and explain the products of electrolysis of a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.30: Which combination would electroplate an object with copper?
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.31: What does not affect the mass of products formed in electrolysis of an aqueous solution? A. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: Calculate the cell potential, in V, using section 24 of the data booklet.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Determine the loss in mass of one electrode if the mass of the other electrode increases by 0.10 g.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.30: Two cells undergoing electrolysis are connected in series. If \(x\) g of silver are deposited...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.31: What are the major products of electrolysing concentrated aqueous potassium iodide, KI(aq)?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.3c.v: Deduce the gas formed at the anode (positive electrode) when graphite is used in place of copper.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.4b: The change in the free energy for the reaction under standard conditions, ΔGΘ, is −514 kJ at 298...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: Calculate the standard electrode potential, in V, for the BrO3−/Br− reduction half‑equation using...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.29: What are the products of electrolysis when concentrated calcium bromide solution is electrolysed...
Topic 20: Organic chemistry
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.36: What should be changed to alter the rate of nucleophilic substitution of tertiary...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ1.38: Which pair are geometric isomers?
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.21: The hydrolysis of tertiary bromoalkanes with a warm dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.37: What is the correct order for the increasing rate of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes by dilute...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ2.39: How many four-membered ring isomers are there of dichlorocyclobutane,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.6c: Explain why the rate of the reaction between iodomethane,...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: Ethanol can be made by reacting aqueous sodium hydroxide with bromoethane. Explain the mechanism...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: 2-bromobutane exists as optical isomers. State the essential feature of optical isomers.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.ii: 2-bromobutane exists as optical isomers. Outline how a polarimeter can distinguish between these...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10c.i: Compound C, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{9}}}{\text{OH}}\), can also be formed by...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10c.ii: Explain why the hydroxide ion is a better nucleophile than water.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10h.i: Define the term stereoisomers.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10h.ii: State the conditions needed for a compound to show cis-trans.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ2.10h.iii: Draw the structures of the two geometrical isomers of but-2-ene, clearly identifying each as cis...
- 15M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which combination best describes the substitution reaction between bromoethane and dilute aqueous...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ1.39: Which statement about isomerism is correct? A. But-1-ene and but-2-ene are geometrical...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.37: What does a polarimeter measure? A. Colour of reaction mixture B. Polarity of a...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which compound can exist as stereoisomers? A. 1,2-dichloroethane B. ...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.8d.i: Deduce the mechanism for the reaction using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ1.8e: (i) Outline the meaning of the term stereoisomers. (ii) Draw the structures of...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ2.27a: (i) Identify the two reagents used to form the electrophile in the nitration of...
- 14M.1.sl.TZ1.28: Which type of halogenoalkane is the substance shown below, and which type of nucleophilic...
- 14M.1.sl.TZ2.26: In organic reaction mechanisms, what does a curly arrow represent? A. The movement of a pair...
- 14M.2.sl.TZ1.7d: (i) Identify the reagent necessary for this reaction to occur. (ii) Deduce the...
- 14M.2.sl.TZ2.6d: (i) State the reagent required. (ii) Explain the mechanism of this reaction, using...
- 14N.1.hl.TZ0.39: Which type(s) of stereoisomerism, if any, is/are present in the molecule CH2=CHCHBrCH3? A. ...
- 14N.2.hl.TZ0.10d: Transition metals and their compounds often catalyse reactions. The catalyzed decomposition of...
- 14N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Chloroethane, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{Cl}}\), reacts with aqueous...
- 14N.2.sl.TZ0.7d: Explain the mechanism for the substitution reaction of bromoethane with sodium hydroxide. Use...
- 14N.3.sl.TZ0.26d: Propanone could also be formed from propene by reaction with steam over an acidic catalyst,...
- 13N.1.hl.TZ0.38: What is the major organic product formed from the reaction of (CH\(_3\))\(_3\)CBr with a...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.2a: Deduce the structural formula of compound X.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: State the reagents and conditions required for stage II of the...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.i: State what is meant by optical activity.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.ii: State what optical activity indicates about the structure of the molecule.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.iii: Optical activity can be detected using a polarimeter. Explain how this works.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8c.iv: Deduce the structural formula of X.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.i: Explain the mechanism of this reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8e.iii: Suggest why, for some other halogenoalkanes, this hydrolysis is much more effective in alkaline...
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8g.i: Draw the structure of Y.
- 13N.2.hl.TZ0.8g.ii: State the reagent and any catalyst required for both the formation of Y and the conversion of Y...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.34: What is the name of the following compound applying IUPAC rules? A. ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which factors affect the rate of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes? I. The nature...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ1.38: Which molecule exhibits optical isomerism? A. 3-chloropentane B. 2-chlorobutane C. ...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iv: State what is meant by the term stereoisomers.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.v: Explain the existence of geometrical isomerism in but-2-ene.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.ii: Halogenalkanes can react with NaOH via \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) and...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ1.9d.iii: Identify the rate-determining step of this mechanism.
- 13M.2.sl.TZ1.8d: Explain the mechanism for the reaction in (c) of...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.36: 1-bromobutane,...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.37: Which halogenoalkane reacts the fastest with hydroxide ions in a nucleophilic substitution...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ2.39: Which structure is a geometric isomer of cis-1,2-dichlorocyclobutane?
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8a: Describe what is meant by the term stereoisomers.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iii: State the instrument used to distinguish between each of the two enantiomers, and how they could...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8e.iv: Compare the physical and chemical properties of enantiomers. Physical...
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.7a.i: State what is meant by the term stereoisomers.
- 12N.2.hl.TZ0.7c.iii: 2-bromobutane is optically active. Draw the two enantiomers of 2-bromobutane and compare their...
- 12N.2.sl.TZ0.6a.vi: Explain one suitable mechanism for the reaction in (v) using curly arrows to represent the...
- 10N.1.hl.TZ0.39: Which statement about stereoisomers is correct? A. 1,2-dichloroethane has two geometrical...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.2b: But-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism. Draw the structural formula and state the name of the...
- 10N.2.hl.TZ0.5f: There are four structural isomers with the molecular formula...
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.F5a: State its name and, by means of a diagram, predict its structure.
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.F5b: Describe the structural feature of the carvone molecule that allows it to exist as optical isomers.
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.G1d: Identify the organic product in the following...
- 10N.2.sl.TZ0.5e: (i) State the meaning of each of the symbols in SN2. (ii) Explain the mechanism of this...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.G2a: ...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.G3a: Deduce a two-step reaction pathway which can be used to convert 1-bromopropane into butanoic...
- 10N.3.sl.TZ0.G3b: Deduce a two-step reaction pathway which can be used to convert propan-2-ol into...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.34: Which reaction occurs via a free-radical mechanism? A. ...
- 09N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which compound could rotate the plane of polarization of polarized light? A. ...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.i: Draw the structural formulas of the two geometrical isomers of 1-chloro-but-2-ene.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.ii: Explain why 1-chloro-but-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9a.iii: Draw the structural formula of one isomer of...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.i: State whether this reaction is SN1 or SN2.
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.ii: Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron...
- 09N.2.hl.TZ0.9c.iii: The organic product obtained in part (c) (ii) can be reduced to form an amine. State an equation...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F3a: Identify the chiral centre in this enantiomer with an asterisk, *.
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F3b: The \(( + )d\)-enantiomer has the characteristic smell of oranges and the \(( - )l\)-enantiomer...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.F3c: The R, S notation is also used. The \(( + )d\)-enantiomer is often described as R-limonene and...
- 09N.1.sl.TZ0.29: Propene is converted to propanone in a two stage...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.i: Identify the isomer(s) which will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide almost exclusively by an...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.ii: Using the formula RBr to represent a bromoalkane, state an equation for the rate determining step...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7b.iii: Identify one isomer that will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide almost exclusively by an...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7c: State and explain how the rates of the reactions in parts (b) (i) and (b) (iii) are affected when...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7d: State and explain how the rate of reaction of 1-bromobutane with sodium hydroxide compares with...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ1.7e: Identify the isomer of C4H9Br that can exist as stereoisomers. Outline how a polarimeter will...
- 10M.3.hl.TZ1.G3b: Methylbenzene reacts when heated with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated...
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.3b.i: Chloroethene can be converted to ethanol in two steps. For each step deduce an overall equation...
- 10M.2.sl.TZ1.6d: (i) Isomer a is formed by reacting 1-bromobutane with aqueous sodium hydroxide. State...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ1.G2c: When but-1-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide, two possible organic products could be formed but in...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ2.5: (a) Describe what is meant by the term stereoisomers. (b) 1,3-dichlorocyclobutane exists...
- 10M.3.sl.TZ2.G1b: Describe, using equations and curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs, the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which statements about substitution reactions are correct? I. The reaction between sodium...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ1.39: Which compound can exist as stereoisomers? A. ...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.ii: Identify the type of reaction and explain the mechanism for the preparation of but-1-ene from...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iii: State the equation (using structural formulas) for the preparation of 1-aminobutane from...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9a.iv: Explain the mechanism for the preparation of 1-aminobutane from 1-bromobutane using curly arrows...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.i: Draw the structures of the two mirror images of the isomer that can exhibit optical isomerism.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.ii: Describe how the two optical isomers can be distinguished practically using plane-polarized light.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ1.9b.iii: Explain why the mechanism of the reaction will be different if 1-bromobutane is replaced by...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ2.39: Which statement is correct about the enantiomers of a chiral compound? A. Their physical...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.ii: Propene to propanone.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.i: Describe geometrical isomerism.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.ii: Draw the geometrical isomers of but-2-ene.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8d.iii: Draw the two enantiomers of butan-2-ol.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ2.8c: The reagents used in an elimination reaction are shown below. Explain the mechanism of this...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.33: Which molecule has a chiral centre? A. ...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ1.35: Which two molecules are cis-trans isomers of each other? A. X and Z B. X and Y C. ...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: Two compounds, A and D, each have the formula...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.i: 2-chloro-3-methylbutane reacts with sodium hydroxide via an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\)...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.ii: Explain why the hydroxide ion is a better nucleophile than water.
- 11M.2.hl.TZ1.7d.iii: 1-chlorobutane can be converted to a pentylamine via a two stage process. Deduce equations for...
- 11M.1.sl.TZ1.27: What is the type of mechanism and an important feature of the reaction between...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.36: Halogenoalkanes can undergo \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) and...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.37: Propanitrile can be prepared by reacting bromoethane with potassium cyanide. Which statement is...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ2.39: Which compound is optically active?
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8a: Deduce the name of one of the isomers which can exist as enantiomers and draw three-dimensional...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.i: The reaction with 1-bromopentane proceeds by an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism....
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.ii: The reaction with 2-bromo-2-methylbutane proceeds by an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\)...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ2.8b.iii: Explain why 1-bromopentane reacts by an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) mechanism whereas...
- 11M.1.sl.TZ2.29: Which type of reaction occurs when 2-iodo-2-methylpropane,...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.D3b: The action of a drug molecule often depends on its shape. Discuss a specific example of a drug...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.38: Which compound has a chiral carbon? A. Propan-2-ol B. 1-bromo-2-methylbutane C. ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ2.39: What effect of optical isomers on plane-polarized light can be measured using a polarimeter? A. ...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which halogenoalkane reacts fastest with sodium hydroxide? A. 1-iodobutane B. ...
- 11N.1.hl.TZ0.38: Which molecule exhibits optical isomerism? A. 3-iodopentane B. ...
- 11N.2.hl.TZ0.9b.iii: State the reagents and reaction conditions used to convert D to E and D to F directly.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D4a: Using an asterisk (*), identify the chiral carbon atom in the structure of thalidomide.
- 11N.3.hl.TZ0.D4b: Describe the composition of a racemic mixture.
- 11N.1.sl.TZ0.28: From which monomer is this polymer made?
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.35: ...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.36: ...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.37: ...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.10c: (i) Serine is a chiral amino acid. Draw both enantiomers of serine. (ii) State the enantiomeric...
- 16M.3.hl.TZ0.26c: Oseltamivir is a chiral compound. (i) Identify an apparatus that can be used to distinguish...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2b: One important industrial use of phosgene is the production of polyurethanes. Phosgene is reacted...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.36: Which is correct for the conversion of propanal to propyl methanoate?
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.37: Which statement is correct for a pair of enantiomers under the same conditions? A. A racemic...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.5d: Construct the mechanism of the formation of 2-bromopropane from hydrogen bromide and propene...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.6a: Draw the three-dimensional shape of each enantiomer of this isomer showing their spatial...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.6b: When one enantiomer undergoes substitution by alkaline hydrolysis approximately 75 % of the...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.6c: Suggest why the rate of alkaline hydrolysis of an enantiomer of iodopropane is greater than that...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.36: What is the product of the reduction of 2-methylbutanal? A. 2-methylbutan-1-ol B. ...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which molecule is chiral? A. 2-chlorobutane B. 2,2-dichloropentane C. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iii: When the product X is reacted with NaOH in a hot alcoholic solution, C2H3Cl is formed. State the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.7c: State the reagents used to convert benzene to nitrobenzene and the formula of the electrophile...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.7d: Explain the mechanism for the nitration of benzene, using curly arrows to show the movement of...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.7e: State the reagents used in the two-stage conversion of nitrobenzene to aniline.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.17: Vision is dependent on retinol (vitamin A) present in retina cells. Retinol is oxidized to...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.28a: Describe what happens to plane-polarized light when it passes through a solution of an optically...
- 17M.3.hl.TZ1.28b: A mixture of enantiomers shows optical rotation. Suggest a conclusion you can draw from this data.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.35: Which pair of isomers always shows optical activity? A. Cis-trans B. Enantiomers C. ...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.37: In which order should the reagents be used to convert benzene into phenylamine (aniline)?
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: State the reagents and the name of the mechanism for the nitration of benzene.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7d: Below are two isomers, A and B, with the molecular formula C4H9Br. Explain the mechanism of...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.33: Propene reacts separately with H2O/H+ and H2/Ni to give products X and Z respectively. What...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.35: What is the product of the reaction between pentan-2-one and sodium borohydride, NaBH4? A....
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.37: What is the number of optical isomers of isoleucine? A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.iv: Deduce, giving a reason, which of the two compounds can show optical activity.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8a.v: Draw three-dimensional representations of the two enantiomers.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8c: State the reagents used in the nitration of benzene.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: State an equation for the formation of NO2+.
- 17N.2.hl.TZ0.8e: Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, (CH3)3CBr, and aqueous...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.35: What is name of this compound applying IUPAC rules? A. E 1-bromo-1-chlorobut-1-ene B. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.36: Which molecule contains a chiral carbon? A. CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH3 B. CH3CH2CHBrCH3 C. ...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.37: Which reagents are needed to convert nitrobenzene to phenylamine in 2 steps?
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.7a: Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which 1-chlorobutane, CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl, and...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.7b: Outline why the rate of reaction of the similar bromo-compounds is faster.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.7c.ii: Suggest how this product could be synthesized in one step from butanoic acid.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.35: Which is the correct combination of substitution reaction mechanisms?
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.36: Propene is reacted first with hydrogen chloride to produce X which is then reacted with aqueous...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ2.37: Which isomers exist as non-superimposable mirror images? A. cis-trans isomers B. ...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.i: State the type of bond fission that takes place in a SN1 reaction.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.ii: State the type of solvent most suitable for the reaction.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.iii: Draw the structure of the intermediate formed stating its shape.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9b.iv: Suggest, giving a reason, the percentage of each isomer from the SN1 reaction.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9c: Nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2, can be converted to phenylamine via a two-stage reaction. In the first...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.8e: Sketch the wedge and dash (3-D) representations of alanine enantiomers.
Topic 21: Measurement and analysis
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.2b.iii: Explain the presence of a doublet in the high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ1.2b.iv: One isomer of A has only one signal in its \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\) NMR spectrum. Deduce the...
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.2b: Outline why the signal at 1.0 ppm is a triplet.
- 15M.3.hl.TZ2.2c: Suggest why it is necessary to include an internal reference standard in a sample when its...
- 14M.3.hl.TZ1.2b: The mass spectrum, infrared spectrum and details of the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\)...
- 14N.3.hl.TZ0.1c: \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectroscopy is often very useful in distinguishing...
- 13N.3.hl.TZ0.2c: Peak B shows the following splitting pattern in the high-resolution spectrum. Explain the...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ1.A3c: Predict the splitting pattern for the peak at a chemical shift of 2.4 ppm.
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4a: The \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of one of the intermediate compounds formed...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b.i: State the number of peaks in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of aspirin...
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b.ii: Describe the splitting pattern for each of the peaks given in (b) (i).
- 13M.3.hl.TZ2.A4b.iii: State how the infrared spectra of aspirin and ibuprofen will differ in the region 1700–1750 cm–1.
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A3b: Analyse the splitting pattern of each peak and determine the relative positions of hydrogen atoms...
- 12N.3.hl.TZ0.A3c: Using the information from (a) and (b), deduce the structural formula of the organic compound.
- 10N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c: (i) Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks A, B and C in the IR spectrum of...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.A1a.ii: Explain why tetramethylsilane (TMS) is used as a reference standard in...
- 09N.3.hl.TZ0.A2c.iii: Explain the splitting pattern of the peak at chemical shift 4.1 ppm.
- 09M.3.hl.TZ1.A2a: A feature of some \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectra is the electron-withdrawing...
- 09M.3.hl.TZ2.A3b.iii: Predict the splitting pattern of the peak with the biggest area.
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.A2b.vi: \({\text{HCOOC(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}\) is an isomer of X. For the...
- 11M.3.hl.TZ2.A2b.vii: ...
- 12M.3.hl.TZ1.A1d: Peaks in a \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum are measured relative to a reference...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.40: ...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.5c: Two signals occur in the 1H NMR spectrum of compound A. Deduce their expected chemical shift and...
- 16N.1.hl.TZ0.40: Which property explains why tetramethylsilane, Si(CH3)4, can be used as a reference standard in...
- 16N.2.hl.TZ0.1f: Predict the 1HNMR data for ethanedioic acid and ethane-1,2-diol by completing the table.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which technique is used to determine the bond lengths and bond angles of a molecule? A. ...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.ii: Deduce the splitting patterns in the 1H NMR spectrum of C2H5Cl.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ1.6b.iii: Explain why tetramethylsilane (TMS) is often used as a reference standard in 1H NMR.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ2.40: Which technique can be used to identify bond length and bond angle? A. 1H NMR...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.i: Deduce what information can be obtained from the 1H NMR spectrum.
- 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.iii: Suggest the structural formula of this compound.
- 17M.3.hl.TZ2.21c.ii: Predict the chemical shift and the splitting pattern seen for the hydrogens on the carbon atom...
- 17N.1.hl.TZ0.39: Which compound gives this 1H NMR spectrum? A. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 B. CH3CH2OH C. CH3CH2CH3 D....
- 18M.1.hl.TZ1.40: Which would be the most effective method to distinguish between liquid propan-1-ol and...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1l.ii: Predict the splitting pattern of the 1H NMR spectrum of urea.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1l.iii: Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out 1H NMR spectroscopy...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9a.ii: Mass spectra A and B of the two isomers are given. Explain which spectrum is produced by each...
- 18M.3.hl.TZ2.27b: Predict the chemical shifts and integration for each signal in the 1H NMR spectrum for ethanol...
