DP Chemistry Questionbank

• Syllabus

Topic 14: Chemical bonding and structure

Sub sections and their related questions

14.1 Covalent bonding and electron domain and molecular geometries

• 15M.1.hl.TZ1.12: What is correct for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\)?
• 15M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which combination of shape and bond angle is correct for a molecule of xenon tetrafluoride,...
• 15M.2.hl.TZ1.1e: Predict and explain the difference in carbon-oxygen bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and its...
• 15M.2.hl.TZ1.7f: Describe the formation of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds in an alkene.
• 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of both molecules.
• 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.ii: Predict the shapes of the two molecules, giving the Br–P–Br bond angle in...
• 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9c.iii: Explain why both \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)...
• 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.iii: Describe sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds between atoms.   \(\sigma \)...
• 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.iv: Identify the number of sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds present in a molecule of...
• 15M.3.hl.TZ1.20a: Explain, on a molecular level, why ozone dissociates with radiation of a longer wavelength than...
• 15M.3.hl.TZ1.20b: Nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, is a primary pollutant that depletes the ozone layer. State two equations...
• 15M.3.hl.TZ2.23b.i: Describe, by means of equations, how nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, catalyses the depletion of ozone.
• 15M.3.hl.TZ2.23b.ii: Identify and state the source of one other ozone-depleting pollutant.
• 14M.1.hl.TZ1.12: The diagrams below show \(s\) and \(p\) orbitals in different positions. Which combinations can...
• 14M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which species contain delocalized electrons? A.     I and II only B.     I and III only C.  ...
• 14M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which molecule is trigonal bipyramidal in shape? A.    ...
• 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4d: In terms of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds, describe the two oxygen-oxygen bonds in the Lewis...
• 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4e: The two oxygen-oxygen bonds in ozone are in fact of equal length. Deduce why this is the case and...
• 14M.3.hl.TZ1.16d: Explain, with the aid of Lewis (electron-dot) structures, the difference between oxygen and ozone...
• 14M.3.hl.TZ1.16e: One CFC, Freon-13 (chlorotrifl uoromethane), which can be used as a refrigerant, has been phased...
• 14M.3.sl.TZ1.17a: Describe, using chemical equations, the two-step mechanism of photochemical decomposition of...
• 14N.1.hl.TZ0.12: What is the correct number of sigma \({\text{(}}\sigma {\text{)}}\) and pi...
• 14N.3.hl.TZ0.22a: Explain how the bonding in \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) affects...
• 14N.3.hl.TZ0.22b: The chemical balance of the stratosphere is disrupted by the presence of chlorofluorocarbons...
• 14N.3.sl.TZ0.20a: Describe, using equations, the formation and depletion of ozone in the stratosphere by natural...
• 13N.1.hl.TZ0.13: How many sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds are there in...
• 13N.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Bonding in the nitrate ion involves electron delocalization. Explain the meaning of electron...
• 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.ii: Xenon, although a noble gas, forms an oxide, \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), that has a...
• 13N.3.hl.TZ0.21b: The ozone layer has also been depleted by certain pollutants that have been released into the...
• 13M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which combination best describes the type of bonding present and the melting point of silicon and...
• 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: Deduce the Lewis structures for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and...
• 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iii: Predict the shapes and the bond angles in the two molecules.
• 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Explain the delocalization of \(\pi \) electrons using the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) molecule...
• 13M.3.hl.TZ1.E1c: Ozone and oxygen are in equilibrium in the stratosphere. Both gases absorb ultraviolet radiation...
• 13M.3.sl.TZ1.E1a: Identify a gas that is both a greenhouse gas and a cause of ozone depletion.
• 13M.1.hl.TZ2.12: How many sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are there in the following molecule?
• 13M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which species have delocalized \(\pi \) electrons? I.    ...
• 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.i: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of PCl5.
• 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.ii: Predict the shape of this molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).
• 13M.2.hl.TZ2.5c.iii: Identify all the different bond angles in PCl5.
• 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E2b.i: Although the use of harmful CFCs is being phased out, suggest why these compounds are expected to...
• 13M.3.sl.TZ2.E2b.ii: Discuss one advantage and two disadvantages of using hydrocarbons as alternatives to...
• 12N.2.hl.TZ0.1e: When iodine reacts with excess chlorine, \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) can form. Deduce...
• 10N.1.hl.TZ0.13: Which species have delocalized electrons? A.     I and II only B.     I and III only C.   ...
• 10N.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i)     Explain the formation of the \(\pi \) bond. (ii)     For each of the carbon atoms, C(1)...
• 09N.2.hl.TZ0.2: SF2, SF4 and SF6 have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory to...
• 10M.3.sl.TZ1.E3a: Stratospheric ozone is in dynamic equilibrium with oxygen. Give the equations that describe the...
• 10M.3.sl.TZ2.E3: (a)     Ozone decomposition can proceed photochemically. Describe, using chemical equations, the...
• 09M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which structure has delocalized \(\pi \) electrons? A.     \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) B.    ...
• 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.i: \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)
• 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.ii: \({\text{NH}}_2^ - \)
• 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6a.iii: \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)
• 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.i: Compare the formation of a sigma \((\sigma )\) and a pi \((\pi )\) bond between two carbon atoms...
• 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.ii: Identify how many sigma and pi bonds are present in propene,...
• 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: Explain how the dissociation of \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) is...
• 09M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: Use equations to describe the mechanism of ozone depletion catalysed by the...
• 09M.1.hl.TZ2.12: How many bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons surround the sulfur atom in the...
• 09M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Which of the following best describes the formation of \(\pi \) bonds? A.     They are formed by...
• 09M.1.hl.TZ2.15: What is the hybridization of the carbon atom, and the number of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds in...
• 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5b.i: \({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\)
• 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iii: Describe how \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds form.
• 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.iv: State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in...
• 09M.3.hl.TZ2.E2a: State the equations that represent the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere which is catalysed...
• 11M.1.hl.TZ1.10: How many \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds are present in a molecule of propyne,...
• 11M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which species does not contain delocalized electrons? A.    ...
• 11M.1.hl.TZ1.14: The Lewis structure of \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is given below. What is the shape...
• 11M.2.hl.TZ1.6d: Describe the delocalization of pi (\(\pi \)) electrons and explain how this can account for the...
• 11M.3.hl.TZ1.E4a: The following reactions take place in the ozone layer by the absorption of ultraviolet...
• 11M.3.hl.TZ1.E4b: CFCs and \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{x}}}\) are pollutants responsible for the depletion of...
• 11M.1.hl.TZ2.13: How many sigma and pi bonds are there in propyne,...
• 11M.1.hl.TZ2.14: Which species does not have delocalized electrons? A.     \({\text{NO}}_3^ - \) B.    ...
• 12M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Retinol (vitamin A) contains a total of 5 double bonds and 46 single bonds. Which statements...
• 12M.2.hl.TZ2.4: Draw the Lewis structures, predict the shape and deduce the bond angles for xenon tetrafluoride...
• 12M.2.hl.TZ2.7a.vii: Predict and explain the bond lengths and bond strengths of the carbon-oxygen bonds in...
• 11N.2.hl.TZ0.6d.i: Compare the formation of sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds between the carbon atoms in...
• 11N.3.hl.TZ0.E5: One of the winners of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Paul J. Crutzen, who showed that...
• 11N.2.sl.TZ0.6c: Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is involved in the decomposition of ozone according to the following...
• 16M.1.hl.TZ0.11: Which species breaks the octet rule?   A.  PCl3B.  BF4−C.  SCl4D....
• 16M.1.hl.TZ0.14: In which group do both compounds contain delocalized...
• 16M.2.hl.TZ0.3c: One of the intermediates in the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is dinitrogen...
• 16N.1.hl.TZ0.14: Which species has bond angles of 90°? A. AlCl4- B. \({\text{I}}\)Cl4- C. NH4+ D. SiCl4
• 16N.1.hl.TZ0.15: What is the hybridization of the numbered atoms in ethanoic acid?
• 16N.2.hl.TZ0.5b: (i) Draw diagrams to show how sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are formed between atoms.   (ii)...
• 16N.3.hl.TZ0.22c: (i) Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for...
• 17M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which combination describes the PH4+ ion?
• 17M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which combination describes the bonding and structure in benzoic acid, C6H5COOH?
• 17M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which species have resonance structures? I.     Ozone, O3II.     Carbon dioxide, CO2III.    ...
• 17M.2.hl.TZ1.8a: Formulate two equations to show how nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, catalyses the destruction of ozone.
• 17M.2.hl.TZ1.8b: Suggest why the loss of ozone is an international environmental concern.
• 17M.1.hl.TZ2.10: Which does not show resonance? A.     PO43– B.     C6H6 C.     C6H12 D.     O3
• 17M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which statement is correct? A.     Sigma bonds are formed only by the combination of s atomic...
• 17M.2.hl.TZ2.3b: Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry and the bond angles of PCl3.
• 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.i: Discuss the bonding in the resonance structures of ozone.
• 17M.2.hl.TZ2.4b.ii: Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.
• 17M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Outline, in terms of the bonding present, why the reaction conditions of halogenation are...
• 17N.1.hl.TZ0.14: How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in this molecule?
• 17N.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF5 and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the...
• 18M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which can be represented with only one Lewis structure? A.     CH2O B.     C6H6 C.     O3 D. ...
• 18M.2.hl.TZ1.1i: The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms...
• 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2g.i: Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are formed.  
• 18M.2.hl.TZ1.2g.ii: Deduce the number of σ and \(\pi \) bonds in a molecule of ethyne.  
• 18M.1.hl.TZ2.12: Which molecule has an expanded octet? A.     CO B.     CO2 C.     SF2 D.     SF4
• 18M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which overlap of atomic orbitals leads to the formation of only a sigma (σ) bond?        I.   ...
• 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.i: Carbon dioxide can be represented by at least two resonance structures, I and II. Calculate...
• 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7c.ii: Deduce, giving a reason, the more likely structure.
• 18M.2.hl.TZ2.7d: Absorption of UV light in the ozone layer causes the dissociation of oxygen and ozone. Identify,...

14.2 Hybridization

• 15M.1.hl.TZ1.13: Which molecules have \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) hybridization? I.    ...
• 15M.1.hl.TZ2.13: Which combination correctly describes the types of hybridization shown by the two carbon atoms...
• 15M.2.hl.TZ2.9d.ii: Deduce the hybridization of the oxygen atoms labelled \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \).   \(\alpha...
• 14M.1.hl.TZ2.11: Which allotropes of carbon show \(s{p^2}\) hybridization? I.     Diamond II.    Graphite III. ...
• 14M.2.hl.TZ1.1d: Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone....
• 14M.2.hl.TZ2.4c: State the hybridization of the central oxygen atom.
• 14N.2.hl.TZ0.8d: (i)     Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in...
• 13N.1.hl.TZ0.14: What is the hybridization of atoms X, Y and Z in epinephrine?
• 13N.2.hl.TZ0.6f.i: Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of...
• 13M.1.hl.TZ1.13: What are the hybridizations of the atoms labelled 1, 2 and 3 in the molecule below?
• 13M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iv: Identify the type of hybridization present in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).
• 13M.2.hl.TZ2.8b: Geometrical isomers have different physical properties and many drugs, such as doxepin (which has...
• 10N.2.hl.TZ0.2a: (i)     Explain the formation of the \(\pi \) bond. (ii)     For each of the carbon atoms, C(1)...
• 10N.2.hl.TZ0.7d: The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq)...
• 09N.1.hl.TZ0.14: What is the type of hybridization of the silicon and oxygen atoms in silicon dioxide?
• 09N.3.hl.TZ0.D1c: State the type of hybridization of each of the carbon atoms (I, II, and III) in the \(\beta...
• 09M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Identify the hybridization of carbon atoms in this molecule
• 09M.2.hl.TZ1.6c.iv: Explain how the concept of hybridization can be used to explain the bonding in the triple bond...
• 09M.1.hl.TZ2.15: What is the hybridization of the carbon atom, and the number of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds in...
• 09M.2.hl.TZ2.5f.ii: Explain the term hybridization.
• 11M.2.hl.TZ1.6e: Explain the meaning of the term hybridization. State the type of hybridization shown by the...
• 11M.1.hl.TZ2.15: In which compound are all the carbon atoms \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\)hybridized? A.  ...
• 12M.2.hl.TZ2.7b: (i)     State the meaning of the term hybridization. (ii)     Describe the hybridization of the...
• 11N.1.hl.TZ0.14: Which statements about hybridization are correct? I.     The hybridization of carbon in diamond...
• 16M.1.hl.TZ0.15: Which of the following is...
• 16M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: (i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine. (ii) State the hybridization of the...
• 16N.1.hl.TZ0.15: What is the hybridization of the numbered atoms in ethanoic acid?
• 17M.1.hl.TZ1.11: Which combination describes the PH4+ ion?
• 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5b: State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.  
• 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5a: Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.
• 17M.2.hl.TZ1.5c: Ammonia reacts reversibly with...
• 17N.1.hl.TZ0.13: What is the hybridization state and electron domain geometry around the circled C, N and...
• 17N.2.hl.TZ0.4c: State the type of hybridization shown by the phosphorus atom in PF3.
• 18M.1.hl.TZ1.12: Which molecules have at least one sp2 hybridized atom?         I.     CH3COOH         II.   ...