• Syllabus

Core

---

---

Sub sections and their related questions

Topic 1: Measurements and uncertainties

• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.2: A velocity of 5 m s−1 can be resolved along perpendicular directions XY and XZ. The component...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.25: What is the unit of energy density? A. J kg−1 B. J kg−1 m3 C. J mol−1 D. J K−1
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.1: Which of the following expresses the watt in terms of fundamental units? A. kg m2 s B. kg m2...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.2: The graph shows a set of experimental results to determine the density of oil. The results have...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.39: Which of the following expresses the units of capacitance in terms of fundamental units? A....
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.1c: The equation of the trend line shown in (b) is given by R = −0.0005h2 + 0.0843h − 1.5632. (i)...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: The student estimates that the uncertainty in timing 100s is ±1s. Using the data on the graph,...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.1a: A student measures T for one length l to determine the value of g. Time \(T = 1.9s \pm 0.1s\) and...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.1: The radius of a sphere is measured with an uncertainty of 2%. What is the uncertainty in the...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.2: The force of air resistance F that acts on a car moving at speed v is given by F=kv2 where k is a...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.2: The volume V of a cylinder of radius R and height H is given by V = \(\pi \)R2H. The volume of...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.1: Which of the following is a unit of energy? A. kg m–1 s–1B. kg m2 s–2C. kg m s–2D. kg m2 s–1
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.1a: Connie suggests that T is proportional to B, where B is the percentage of black in the paint. To...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.1b: Sophie suggests that the relationship between T and B is of the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.1: Which of the following is a derived unit? A.     Mole B.     Kelvin C.     Coulomb D.     Ampere
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.1b.i: Comment, using two points on your line of best-fit, whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.1b.ii: Suggest why using two points cannot confirm that \({h_{{\text{mean}}}}\) is proportional to...
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.1c.ii: The temperature is measured using a liquid in glass thermometer. Explain why it is likely that...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.1a: Draw the line of best-fit for the data.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.1b: State why the line of best-fit suggests that \({h_{{\text{mean}}}}\) is not proportional to \(T\).
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.1c.i: State the uncertainty in each value of \(T\).
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.1c.ii: The temperature is measured using a liquid in glass thermometer. State what physical...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.1d: Another hypothesis is that \({h_{{\text{mean}}}} = K{T^3}\) where \(K\) is a constant. Using the...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.1: Which of the following is a fundamental unit? A. Ampere B. Coulomb C. Ohm D. Volt
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.2: The maximum acceleration amax of an oscillator undergoing simple harmonic motion (SHM) has a...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.1a: Draw the best-fit line for the data points.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.1b.i: Calculate the gradient of the graph when \(T = 291{\text{ K}}\).
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.1b.ii: State the unit for your answer to (b)(i).
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.1c: The uncertainty in the resistance value is 5%. The uncertainty in the temperature is negligible....
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.1d.i: Calculate the power dissipated by the thermistor at \(T = 283{\text{ K}}\).
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.1d.ii: Determine the uncertainty in the power dissipated by the thermistor at \(T = 283{\text{ K}}\).
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.1a: Using the graph, estimate the time of day at which the array begins to generate energy.
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.1b: The average power consumed in the house between 08:00 and 12:00 is 2.0 kW. Determine the energy...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.1c: The power P produced by the array is calculated from the generated emf V and the fixed resistance...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.1d: Later that day a second set of data was collected starting at \(t = 0\). The variation of...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.2: The resistive force F acting on a sphere of radius r travelling with speed v through a liquid is...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.3: A small object is attached to a string and rotated in a circle of constant radius in a horizontal...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.4: The vector diagram shows two forces acting on a point object O. The forces are in the plane of...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.1: The graph shows the relationship between two quantities p and q. The gradient of the graph is r...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.2: Aiming for the centre of a target, an archer fires arrows which produces a pattern of hits as...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.3: The acceleration of free fall g is determined by the relationship...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.4: What is the correct SI unit for momentum? A. kg m–1s–1B. kg m2s–1C. kg ms–1D. kg ms–2
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.1: The sides of a square are measured to be 5.0 ± 0.2 cm. Which of the following gives the area of...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.2: Which of the following lists two vector quantities and one scalar quantity? A. force, mass,...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.1: Which of the following is a fundamental SI unit? A. AmpereB. JouleC. NewtonD. Volt
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.1: What is the order of magnitude of the mass, in kg, of an apple? A. 10-3 B. 10-1 C. 10+1 D. 10+3
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.2: The diagram below shows the forces acting on a block of weight W as it slides down a slope. The...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.1: Which of the following will reduce random errors in an experiment?   A. Using an instrument...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.1a: Outline why the student has recorded the ε values to different numbers of significant digits but...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.1b: On looking at the results the student suggests that ε could be inversely proportional to d. He...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: The graph shows some of the data points with the uncertainty in the d values.On the graph (i)...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.1d: All values of ε have a percentage uncertainty of ±3%. Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.2: An object slides down an inclined plane that makes an angle θ with the horizontal. The weight of...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.6: A ball is thrown with velocity u at an angle of 55° above the horizontal. Which of the following...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.2: A body accelerates from rest with a uniform acceleration a for a time t. The uncertainty in...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.3: Which of the following lists two scalar quantities? emf, momentum emf,...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.7: A stone attached to a string is moving in a horizontal...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.1a: Draw a best-fit line for the data.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.1b: It is hypothesized that the frequency ƒ is inversely proportional to the height h. By choosing...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.1c: Another suggestion is that the relationship between ƒ and h is of the form shown below, where k...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.1d: State one reason why the results of the experiment could not be used to predict the natural...
• 13M.2.HL.TZ1.1d: The student hypothesises that there may be an exponential relationship between ε and d of the...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.1a: An experiment was undertaken to investigate one of the circuit properties of a capacitor. A...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.1b: The time constant τ of the circuit is defined as the time it would take for the capacitor to...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.1c: The time constant τ = RC where R is the resistance and C is a property called capacitance. The...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.1: The length of the side of a cube is 10.0 ±0.3cm. What is the uncertainty in the volume of the...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.2: Which of the following lists three vector quantities? A. momentum, electric field strength,...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.1a: (i) why v is not directly proportional to λ. (ii) the value of v for...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.1b: It is suggested that the relationship between v and λ is of the...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.1a: (i) Draw the straight line that best fits the data. (ii) State why the data do not support the...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.1b: Another student suggests that the relationship between t and h is of the...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.1a: Caroline calculated the wave speed by measuring the time t for the wave to travel 150 cm. The...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.1b: Caroline hypothesized that the wave speed c is directly proportional to the water depth d. (i)...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.1c: Another student proposes that c is proportional to d0.5. State a suitable graph that can be...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.1d: There is a systematic error in Caroline’s determination of the depth. (i) State what is meant by...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.1a: (i) On the graph opposite, draw error bars on the first and last points to show the uncertainty...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.1c: Theory suggests that the relation between v and W is \[v = k{W^3}\] where k is a constant. To...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.1d: (i) Using the graph in (c), determine k without its uncertainty. (ii) State an appropriate unit...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.1a: Draw a best-fit line for the data points on the graph opposite.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.1b: With reference to your answer to (a), (i) explain why the relationship between d and l is not...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.1c: Before the experiment was carried out, it was hypothesized that d depends on \(\sqrt l \)....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which of the following contains one fundamental and one derived unit?
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.2: The current I through a resistor is measured with a digital ammeter to be 0.10 A. The uncertainty...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Theory suggests that D2 = kn. A graph of D2 against n is shown below. Error bars are shown for...
• 11M.2.HL.TZ1.1c: It is suggested that the relationship between D and n is of the form  D = cnp  where c and p...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.1: A volume is measured to be \({\text{52 m}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\). This volume in...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.2: The masses and weights of different objects are independently measured. The graph is a plot of...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.1: The best estimate for the time it takes light to cross the nucleus of the hydrogen atom is A.  ...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.2: The length of each side of a sugar cube is measured as 10 mm with an uncertainty of...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.2: Two lengths, \(a\) and \(b\), are measured to be \(51 \pm 1{\text{ cm}}\) and...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.1: Which of the following is equivalent to the joule? A.    ...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.2: An object falls for a time of 0.25 s. The acceleration of free fall is...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A1a.i: Calculate the absolute uncertainty in the terminal speed of the paper toy for \(n = 6\).
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A1a.ii: On the graph, draw an error bar on the point corresponding to \(n = 6\).
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A1d: Another student hypothesized that \(v\) might be proportional to \(n\). To verify this hypothesis...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A1b: On the graph, draw a line of best-fit for the data points.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A1c: The student hypothesizes that v is proportional to n. Use the data points for \(n = 2\) and...
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.1b: Calculate the percentage uncertainty for the displacement when t=40s.
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.1c: The student hypothesizes that the relationship between x and t is \(x = \frac{a}{t}\) where a is...
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.2a: The refractive index of the glass from which the slide is made is given...
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.2b: After the experiment, the student finds that the travelling microscope is badly adjusted so that...
• 16M.3.SL.TZ0.2c: After correcting the adjustment of the travelling microscope, the student repeats the experiment...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.2: A swimming pool contains 18×106 kg of pure water. The molar mass of water is 18gmol–1. What is...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.1: A sphere fits inside a cube.   The length of the cube and the diameter of the...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.1: A boy jumps from a wall 3m high. What is an estimate of the change in momentum of the boy when he...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.2: Light of wavelength 400nm is incident on two slits separated by 1000µm. The interference pattern...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.3: A car moves north at a constant speed of 3m s–1 for 20s and then east at a constant speed of 4m...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.1a: (i) Outline why OY has a greater percentage uncertainty than OX for each pair of data...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.1b: A graph of the variation of OY with OX is plotted. (i) Draw, on the graph, the error bars for OY...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.2a: The graph shows the data recorded. Identify the fundamental SI unit for the gradient of the...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.2b: The experiment is repeated using a different gas in the glass jar. The pressure for both...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: What is the unit of electrical energy in fundamental SI units? A.  kg m2 C–1 sB.  kg m s–2C.  kg...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.2: Which of the following is a scalar quantity? A.  VelocityB.  MomentumC.  Kinetic energyD....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.1b: The following graph of p versus \(\frac{1}{H}\) was obtained. Error bars were negligibly...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.1e: The equation in (b) may be used to predict the pressure of the air at extremely large values of...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.2a: In a simple pendulum experiment, a student measures the period T of the pendulum many times and...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: In a different experiment a student investigates the dependence of the period T of a simple...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.1: A stone falls from rest to the bottom of a water well of depth d. The time t taken to fall is 2.0...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.2: Which is a vector quantity? A.  Pressure B.  Electric current C.  Temperature D.  Magnetic field
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1g: At a particular instant in the flight the glider is losing 1.00 m of vertical height for every...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.1a: Suggest why it is unlikely that the relation between d and \(\lambda \) is linear.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.1b.i: fractional uncertainty in d.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.1b.ii: percentage uncertainty in d 2.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.1c.i: State the fundamental SI unit of the constant a and of the constant b.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.1c.ii: Determine the distance travelled inside the conductor by very high frequency electromagnetic waves.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.2c.i: State what is meant by a zero error.
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.2c.ii: After taking measurements the student observes that the ammeter has a positive zero error....
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.1: How many significant figures are there in the number 0.0450? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.2: An object is positioned in a gravitational field. The measurement of gravitational force...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.30: The diagram shows an analogue meter with a mirror behind the pointer. What is the main purpose...
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.1: What is a correct value for the charge on an electron? A. 1.60 x 10–12 μC B. 1.60 x 10–15...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.1: A student measures the radius r of a sphere with an absolute uncertainty Δr. What is the...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.2: A river flows north. A boat crosses the river so that it only moves in the direction east of its...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.1a: Draw on the graph the line of best fit for the data.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.1b.i: Write down the time taken for one oscillation when B = 0.005 T with its absolute uncertainty.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.1b.ii: A student forms a hypothesis that the period of one oscillation P is given...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.1b.iii: State the unit of K.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.1c: The student plots a graph to show how P2 varies with \(\frac{1}{B}\) for the data. Sketch the...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.1d: State how the value of K can be obtained from the graph.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.2a: Draw a suitable circuit diagram that would enable the internal resistance to be determined.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: It is noticed that the resistor gets warmer. Explain how this would affect the calculated value...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ1.2c: Outline how using a variable resistance could improve the accuracy of the value found for the...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.1: What is the best estimate for the diameter of a helium nucleus? A.     10–21 m B.     10–18...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.2: The velocities vX and vY of two boats, X and Y, are shown. Which arrow represents the...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.10: Which is a unit of force? A.     J m B.     J m–1 C.     J m s–1 D.     J m–1 s
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.1a.ii: On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of the ball.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ2.1a: Determine the distance fallen, in m, by the centre of mass of the sphere including an estimate of...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ2.1b: Using the following...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ2.2a: This relationship can also be written as follows. \[\frac{1}{{\sqrt I }} = Kx + KC\] Show...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ2.2b.i: Estimate C.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ2.2b.ii: Determine P, to the correct number of significant figures including its unit.
• 18M.3.SL.TZ2.2c: Explain the disadvantage that a graph of I versus \(\frac{1}{{{x^2}}}\) has for the analysis...

Topic 2: Mechanics

• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.2: A tennis ball is dropped from the top of a tall building. Air resistance is not negligible. Which...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.3: Which statement applies to an object in translational equilibrium? A. The object must be...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.7: Two identical spheres, each of mass m and speed v, travel towards each other on a frictionless...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.24: A ball is thrown from point X and follows path XYZ. Air resistance is negligible. Which...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.25: Two isolated spherical planets have the same gravitational potential at their surfaces. Which...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.3: A tennis ball is released from rest and falls vertically through a small distance in air. What is...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.4: The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of a car travelling in a...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.5: Which statement applies to an object in translational equilibrium? A. The object must be...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.6: A constant horizontal force F is applied to a block Y. Block Y is in contact with a separate...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.3: A body moves in a straight line. In order for the equations for uniformly accelerated motion to...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.4: The graph shows the variation with time of the velocity of a truck of fixed mass. What can be...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.5: A student of mass m is in an elevator which is accelerating downwards at an acceleration...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.4: A girl is standing on a moving skateboard. She pushes backwards on the ground at intervals as...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.23: The horizontal component vh and the vertical component vv of velocity of an object are shown on...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6b: Use the graph to (i) estimate the velocity of the ball at t \( = \) 0.80 s. (ii) calculate a...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6c: The following data are available. Mass of the ball = 0.20 kg Mean radius of the Moon =...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6d: Calculate the speed of an identical ball when it falls 3.0 m from rest close to the surface of...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6e: Sketch, on the graph, the variation with time t of the displacement s from the point of release...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: Calculate the (i) component of the weight of the cyclist and bicycle parallel to the...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: At the bottom of the slope the cyclist has a speed of 5.5ms–1. The cyclist stops pedalling and...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.6a: State the law of conservation of linear momentum.
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.6c: Two identical toy cars, A and B are dropped from the same height onto a solid floor without...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.3: A body moves on a straight line. The graphs show the variation of displacement with time. Which...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.4: The graph shows how the net force F that acts on a body varies with the distance x that the body...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.6: A constant force of 12 N is applied for 3.0 s to a body initially at rest. The final velocity of...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.7: A cart of mass 4.0 kg is being pulled with a force of 24 N. The cart accelerates at 3.0m s–2....
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.7: A ball of mass m is projected horizontally with speed v from a height h above the floor. Air...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.2: Each side of a metal cube is measured to be 2.0 cm ± 0.20 cm. What is the absolute uncertainty in...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.3: A particle accelerates from rest. The graph shows how the acceleration a of the particle varies...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.4: A block slides down an inclined plane at constant speed. Which diagram represents the...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.5: In the collision between two bodies, Newton’s third law A. only applies if momentum is conserved...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.6: A ball X moving horizontally collides with an identical ball Y that is at rest. X strikes Y...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.7: A ball is moving horizontally and strikes a vertical wall from which it rebounds horizontally....
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.8: An insect of mass m jumps vertically from rest to a height h. The insect releases the energy...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.5: A truck is pulled up an inclined plane at constant speed by an electric motor. The gain in...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.6: A projectile is fired from level ground with speed v at an angle θ to the ground. Ignoring air...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Determine the magnitude of the velocity of Aibhe relative to (i) Euan. (ii) the centre of the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.6b: (i) Outline why Aibhe is accelerating even though she is moving at constant speed. (ii) Draw an...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.6d: Aibhe moves so that she is sitting at a distance of 0.75 m from the centre of the merry-go-round,...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.6c: Euan is rotating on a merry-go-round and drags his foot along the ground to act as a brake. The...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.2: An object is dropped from rest. Air resistance is not negligible. What is the acceleration of the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.4: Which of the following is proportional to the net external force acting on a body? A.   ...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.5: A small positively charged sphere is suspended from a thread and placed close to a negatively...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.7: A heat engine does 300 J of work during one cycle. In this cycle 900 J of energy is wasted. What...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.6: A student throws a stone with velocity \(v\) at an angle \(\theta \) to the vertical from the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.3: An object is at rest at time \(t = 0\). The variation with \(t\) of the acceleration \(a\) of the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.6: An object of mass \(m\) is initially at rest. When an impulse \(I\) acts on the object its final...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6a.i: Show that the time taken for B to pass I is approximately 28 s.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6a.ii: Calculate the distance travelled by B in this time.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: B slows down while I remains at a constant speed. The driver in each car wears a seat belt. Using...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6c.i: Calculate the speed of O immediately before the collision.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6c.ii: The duration of the collision is 0.45 s. Determine the average force acting on O.
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.3: An object is dropped from rest above the Earth’s surface. Air resistance acts on the object. What...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.4: Which of the following is a condition for an object to be in translational equilibrium? A. The...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.5: An object rotates in a horizontal circle when acted on by a centripetal force F. What is the...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.6: No external forces act on a given system during an inelastic collision. For this system, which is...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.7: An object of mass m1 has a kinetic energy E1. Another object has a mass m2 and kinetic energy E2....
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.8: A metal sphere is at rest on a bench. According to Newton’s third law of motion, what is a...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.3: Which of the following is a condition for an object to be in translational equilibrium? A. The...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.4: The resultant force acting on an object of mass 5.0kg varies with time as shown. The object is...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.24: The diagram shows the trajectory of an object projected in the absence of air resistance. The...
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.4c: In practice, the total energy of the shuttle decreases as it collides with air molecules in the...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: Outline the meaning of work.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.i: Calculate the work done on the ship by the kite when the ship travels a distance of 1.0 km.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.ii: Show that, when the ship is travelling at a speed of \({\text{8.5 m}}\,{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\), the...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4c: The kite is taken down and no longer produces a force on the ship. The resistive force \(F\) that...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4d.i: Estimate the distance that the ship takes to stop. Assume that the acceleration is uniform.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4d.ii: It is unlikely that the acceleration of the ship will be uniform given that the resistive force...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.9e: (i)     Calculate the volume of fuel injected into one cylinder during one cycle. (ii)     Each...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.9f: A car accelerates uniformly along a straight horizontal road from an initial speed of...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.9g: (i)     Calculate the total resistive force acting on the car when it is travelling at a constant...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: (i)     State the principle of conservation of momentum. (ii)     Show that the speed of the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.6a: A car accelerates uniformly along a straight horizontal road from an initial speed of...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.6b: A car is travelling along a straight horizontal road at its maximum speed of...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.5: The graph shows how an external force applied to an object of mass 2.0 kg varies with time. The...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.6: A stone is thrown vertically upwards from the surface of Earth. Which of the following quantities...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.7: An ice-hockey puck is slid along ice in a straight line. The puck travels at a steady speed of 20...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.8: A block of weight W slides down an inclined plane at a constant speed. The normal reaction...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.9: An egg dropped on the floor is likely to break. However, when it is wrapped in a cloth it is less...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.6: A ball is thrown horizontally from the top of a high cliff. Air resistance is negligible. Which...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.5: An object is thrown upwards leaving the thrower’s hand at time t=0. Which graph shows how speed v...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.6: A ball of mass m travels horizontally with speed v before colliding with a vertical wall. The...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.7: A block rests on a plane inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal. Which of the following gives...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.8: Three coplanar forces of 5 N, 6 N and 7 N act on an object. Which force could not be the...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.9: A ball is released at time t=0 above a horizontal surface. The graph shows the variation of...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.10: A driving force F acts on a car which moves with constant velocity v. The quantity Fv is...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.6: Balls X and Y are at the same height. X is projected horizontally at the same time that Y is...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.7: A speed boat tows a water skier so that the skier accelerates. The magnitude of the force...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.3: A tennis ball is dropped from the top of a high building. Air resistance cannot be neglected....
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.4: A model plane flies with constant velocity at constant height. Which diagram represents the...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.5: The net force on a body is F. The impulse of F is equal to the A. change in momentum of the...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.6: In an inelastic collision A. momentum and kinetic energy are both conserved.B. momentum is...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.7: A force which increases uniformly from 0 to a maximum value of F is applied to an object. The...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.21: A ball is thrown from the top of a cliff. The initial magnitude of the velocity of the ball at...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.2: Two identical balls are dropped from a tall building, one a few seconds after the other. Air...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.3: Which of the following is always true for an object moving in a straight line at constant...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.22: A ball of mass m is thrown horizontally from a cliff with initial velocity u. Air resistance is...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.6: A block of mass m is moving at constant velocity v along a frictionless surface that is height h...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.3: The velocity–time graph for an accelerating object that is traveling in a straight line is shown...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.4: An object falls vertically from rest. Air resistance acts on the object and it reaches a terminal...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.3: The graph shows the acceleration a of an object as time t varies. What is the magnitude of the...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.4: A force F acts on a block at an angle θ with respect to a horizontal surface. The block is...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.5: The momentum of a particle stays constant provided that A. it moves in a circle with constant...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.6: A student makes three statements about situations in which no work is done on an object. I. The...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.7: A block is attached to a stretched spring and then released. It moves from X to Y along...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.4a: (i) Describe the energy changes that take place in the club head from the instant the club is...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.4c: In a different experimental arrangement, the club head is in contact with the ball for a time of...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.4b: The diagram shows the deformation of a golf ball and club head as they collide during a...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.7c: The diagram shows two isolated electrons, X and Y, initially at rest in a vacuum. The initial...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.7: Which of the following is an elastic collision? A. Two railway trucks collide and they link...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.3: The momentum of an object changes by Δp in a time Δt. What is the impulse acting on the object...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.20: A gun fires a bullet of mass m at a horizontal velocity of v. Air resistance on the bullet is...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.4:   The graph shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of an...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.5: A car accelerates from rest. The acceleration increases with time....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.6: Which of the following is the condition for a body to be in...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.8: The graph shows the variation with force F of the...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: Fiona drops a stone from rest vertically down a water well. She hears the splash of the stone...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: After the stone in (a) hits the water surface it rapidly reaches a terminal speed as it falls...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.2c: Draw and label a free-body diagram representing the forces acting on the stone as it...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.7b: State the law of conservation of momentum.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.7c: Far from any massive object, a space rocket is moving with constant velocity. The engines of the...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.7d: Jane and Joe are two ice skaters initially at rest on a horizontal skating rink. They are facing...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.4: A body is moving in a straight line. A force F acts on...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: State the difference between average speed and instantaneous speed.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: The graph shows how the acceleration a of a particle varies with time t. At time t = 0 the...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.3: An object, initially at rest, travels a distance d in a time t at a constant acceleration. What...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.4: An object is released above the surface of Earth. Which of the following correctly describes the...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.5: An object of mass m is connected via a frictionless pulley to an object of mass M, where M >...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.6: The graph shows the variation with distance x of the magnitude of the net force F acting on a...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.7: A ball of mass 0.40 kg travels horizontally and strikes a vertical wall with a speed of 5.0 ms–1....
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.6b: State, in terms of momentum, Newton’s second law of motion.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.6c: Show, using your answer to (b), how the impulse of a force F is related to the change in momentum...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ2.2: Which of the following is necessary for an object to be in translational equilibrium? A. The...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ2.7: An object is thrown horizontally from the edge of a high crater on the Moon. The Moon has no...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.6c: Show, using your answer to (b), how the impulse of a force F is related to the change in momentum...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.6d: A railway truck on a level, straight track is initially at rest. The truck is given a...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: Calculate the maximum height reached by the stone as measured from the point...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: Determine the time for the stone to reach the surface of the sea after...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.8a: (i) The bus...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.8c: The...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.8d: ...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.8e: ...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.8a: Determine the time taken for the blocks to come into contact with each other.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.8b: As a result of the collision, the blocks reverse their direction of motion and travel at the same...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.8c: (i) State Newton’s third law of motion. (ii) During the collision of the blocks, the magnitude...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ1.8a: (i) State the magnitude of the horizontal component of acceleration of the ball after it leaves...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ1.8b: (i) Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach the ground. (ii) Calculate the horizontal...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ1.8c: Another projectile is launched at an angle to the ground. In the absence of air resistance it...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: On the diagram above, draw labelled arrows to represent the vertical forces that act on the...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.4b: Explain, with reference to Newton’s laws of motion, why the velocity of the railway engine is...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.4c: The constant horizontal velocity of the railway engine is 16 ms–1. A total horizontal resistive...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.4d: The power driving the railway engine is switched off. The railway engine stops, from its speed of...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.4e: Another hypothesis is that the horizontal force in (c) consists of two components. One component...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.9a: Whilst being raised, the load accelerates uniformly upwards. The weight of the cable is...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.9b: The electric motor can be adjusted such that, after an initial acceleration, the load moves at...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.4c: An astronaut visiting Titania throws an object away from him with an initial horizontal velocity...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: State the law of conservation of linear momentum.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.4b: Gravel falls vertically onto a moving horizontal conveyor belt. (i) The gravel falls at a...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.4c: The conveyor belt moves with a constant horizontal speed of 1.5 m s–1. As the gravel lands on the...
• 12N.2.HL.TZ0.7a: (i) Show that the maximum height reached by the first stage of the rocket is about 170 m. (ii)...
• 12N.2.HL.TZ0.7b: A full-scale version of the rocket reaches a height of 260km when the first stage falls away....
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: On the diagram draw and label arrows that represent the forces acting on the block.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.2b: Calculate the magnitude of the friction force acting on the block.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: State the condition for the momentum of a system to be conserved.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: A person standing on a frozen pond throws a ball. Air resistance and friction can be considered...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.6c: The maximum useful power output of a locomotive engine is 0.75 M W. The maximum speed of the...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.6d: The locomotive engine in (c) gives a truck X a sharp push such that X moves along a horizontal...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.6e: The trucks X and Y come to rest after travelling a distance of 40 m along the horizontal track....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.3: A skydiver of mass 80 kg falls vertically with a constant speed of 50 m s−1. The upward force...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.4: Joseph runs along a long straight track. The variation of his speed v with time t is shown...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.5: A car of mass 1000 kg accelerates on a straight, flat, horizontal road with an acceleration a =...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.6: A tennis ball of mass m moving horizontally with speed u strikes a vertical tennis racket. The...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.7: A brother and sister take the same time to run up a set of steps. The sister has a greater...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.8: A nuclear power station produces 10 GW of electrical power. The power generated by the...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ1.23: A stone is thrown from a cliff and it lands in the sea as shown below. Air resistance is...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.2b: The diagram below shows the momentum of the electron as it enters and leaves the region of...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: (i) On the diagram above, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball in the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: State, without any calculations, how the graph could be used to determine the distance fallen.  
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.6b: (i) In the space below, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball at 2.0...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.6c: After 10 s the ball has fallen 190 m. (i) Show that the sum of the potential and kinetic...
• 11M.2.HL.TZ1.2a: State why the work done by the gravitational force during one full revolution of the probe is...
• 11M.2.HL.TZ1.13a: The electron’s path while in the region of magnetic field is a quarter circle. Show that...
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.5: A student is sitting on a chair. One force that is acting on the student is the pull of gravity....
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.6: An object moves in the \(x{\text{-}}y\) plane. The graphs below show how the component of its...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.3: A skydiver jumped out of an airplane. On reaching a terminal speed of...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.4: The graph is a speed versus time graph for an object that is moving in a straight line. The...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.5: The diagram shows a girl attempting (but failing) to lift a heavy suitcase of weight \(W\). The...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.6: Objects \(A\) and \(B\) collide together. They end up joined together and stationary. During the...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.7: A lift (elevator) is operated by an electric motor. It moves between the...
• 10M.1.HL.TZ1.3: Which of the following quantities can be determined from a speed-time graph of a particle...
• 10M.1.HL.TZ1.5: Which of the following is a correct definition of work? A.     Product of force and...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.3: The time taken for a stone dropped from rest to fall vertically through 16 m is 2.0 s. Based on...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.4: A wooden block is sliding down an inclined plane at constant speed. The magnitude of the...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.5: Which of the following is a correct statement of Newton’s second law of motion? A.     A force...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.6: A ball of weight \(W\) is travelling horizontally towards a vertical wall. It strikes the wall...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.7: Two objects undergo an inelastic collision. Which of the following is correct in respect of both...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.3: Two cars, X and Y, are travelling towards a junction. The velocity of car X is VX and car Y is...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.5: If a moving object is subject to a constant force, which of the following can be correctly...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.8: A football is kicked with an initial velocity \(u\) at an angle \(\theta \) to the horizontal and...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.3: Two balls of different mass are dropped from the top of a tall building one after the other. The...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.4: The graph shows how the velocity of a particle varies with time. Which of the following graphs...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.7: A vehicle is driven up a hill at constant speed. Which of the following best describes the energy...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.8: A rubber ball, travelling in a horizontal direction, strikes a vertical wall. It rebounds at...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.3: A net force of magnitude 4.0 N acts on a body of mass 3.0 kg for 6.0 s. The body is initially at...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.4: A car moves from X to Y along a semicircular path. The radius of the path is 250 m and the time...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.7: Two steel balls, of mass \(M\) and \(2M\), fall at constant speeds in a tube filled with...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.23: The diagram shows the path of a projectile that is launched with velocity \(v\). Air resistance...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.3: A raindrop falling from rest at time \(t = 0\) reaches terminal velocity. Which graph best...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.4: The graph shows how the displacement \(d\) of an object varies with time \(t\). The tangent to...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.5: A ball falls vertically and bounces off the ground. Immediately before impact with the ground the...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.6: A railway engine of mass m moves along a horizontal track with uniform speed \(v\). The total...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.8: A gas atom strikes a wall with speed \(v\) at an angle \(\theta \) to the normal to the wall. The...
• 10N.2.HL.TZ0.B4Part1.c: (i)     Ignoring air resistance, calculate the horizontal distance travelled by the clay block...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A2a: average acceleration of the car in stage 1.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A2b: average net force required to accelerate the car in stage 2.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A2c: total distance travelled by the car in 12 s.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part2.a: State the principle of conservation of momentum.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part2.b: (i)     Show that the initial speed of the clay block after the air-rifle pellet strikes it is...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part2.c: Discuss the energy transformations that occur in the clay block and the air-rifle pellet from the...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part2.d: The clay block is dropped from rest from the edge of the table and falls vertically to the...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.3: An aircraft is moving horizontally.  A parachutist leaves the aircraft and a few seconds later...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.4: An object of mass m rests on a horizontal plane. The angle θ that the plane makes with the...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.5: A stone is falling at a constant velocity vertically down a tube filled with oil....
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.6: A spring of negligible mass and length l0 hangs from a fixed point. When a mass m...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.7: A ball with mass m moves horizontally with speed u. The ball hits a...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.8: A train on a straight horizontal track moves from rest at constant...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.9: The graph shows how the acceleration a of an object varies...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.1a: (i) The block arrives at C with a speed of 0.90ms−1. Show that the elastic energy stored in the...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.1b: Describe the motion of the block (i) from A to B with reference to Newton's first law. (ii)...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.1c: On the axes, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of the block varies with time from A to...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.1d: The spring decompression takes 0.42s. Determine the average force that the spring exerts on the...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.1f: On a particular day, the ice blocks experience a frictional force because the section of the ramp...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.4: An object of weight W is falling vertically at a constant speed in a fluid. What is the magnitude...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.5: An object, initially at rest, is accelerated by a constant force. Which graphs show the variation...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.6: Two stationary objects of mass 1kg and 2kg are connected by a thread and suspended from a...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.7: A student of weight 600N climbs a vertical ladder 6.0m tall in a time of 8.0s. What is the power...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.8: A ball of mass m strikes a vertical wall with a speed v at an angle of θ to the wall. The ball...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.9: Two objects m1 and m2 approach each other along a straight line with speeds v1 and v2 as shown....
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.4: A mass is suspended from the ceiling of a train carriage by a string. The string makes an angle...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.7: An object of mass 2kg is thrown vertically downwards with an initial kinetic energy of 100J. What...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.3: A student draws a graph to show the variation with time t of the acceleration a of an...
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.2c: The diagram shows the stone during its motion after release. Label the diagram to show the...
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.2b: Determine the coefficient of dynamic friction between the stone and the ice during the last 14.0...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.3: An object is released from rest in the gravitational field of the Earth. Air resistance is...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.4: The graph shows the variation of speed v of an object with time t. Which graph shows how the...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.5: Two boxes in contact are pushed along a floor with a force F. The boxes move at a constant speed....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.6: An elevator (lift) and its load have a total mass of 750 kg and accelerate vertically...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.7: A graph shows the variation of force acting on an object moving in a straight line with distance...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.8: A car travelling at a constant velocity covers a distance of 100 m in 5.0 s. The thrust of the...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.9: An inelastic collision occurs between two bodies in the absence of external forces. What must be...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.3: The graph shows the variation of the acceleration a of an object with time t. What is the...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.5: A horizontal spring of spring constant k and negligible mass is compressed through a distance y...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.7: A cyclist accelerates in a straight line. At one instant, when the cyclist is exerting a forward...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1a.i: From A to B, 24 % of the gravitational potential energy transferred to kinetic energy. Show that...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1b.i: The dot on the following diagram represents the skier as she passes point B.Draw and label the...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: The skier reaches point C with a speed of 8.2 m s–1. She stops after a distance of 24 m at point...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1d.i: Calculate the impulse required from the net to stop the skier and state an appropriate unit for...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1d.ii: Explain, with reference to change in momentum, why a flexible safety net is less likely to harm...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.3: A ball is tossed vertically upwards with a speed of 5.0 m s–1. After how many seconds will the...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.4: A projectile is fired horizontally from the top of a cliff. The projectile hits the ground 4 s...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.5: A tennis ball is released from rest at a height h above the ground. At each bounce 50 % of its...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.6: The initial kinetic energy of a block moving on a horizontal floor is 48 J. A constant...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.7: The efficiency of an electric motor is 20 %. When lifting a body 500 J of energy are wasted. What...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.8: A net force acts on a body. Which characteristic of the body will definitely change? A....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.9: A ball of mass 0.2 kg strikes a force sensor and sticks to it. Just before impact the ball is...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.3: A block of weight W is suspended by two strings of equal length. The strings are almost...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.4: A block of mass 1.0 kg rests on a trolley of mass 4.0 kg. The coefficient of dynamic...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.7: A stationary nucleus of polonium-210 undergoes alpha decay to form lead-206. The initial speed of...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1a: The glider reaches its launch speed of 27.0 m s–1 after accelerating for 11.0 s. Assume that the...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1b: The glider and pilot have a total mass of 492 kg. During the acceleration the glider is subject...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1c: The cable is pulled by an electric motor. The motor has an overall efficiency of 23 %. Determine...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1e: After takeoff the cable is released and the unpowered glider moves horizontally at constant...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1f: Explain, using appropriate laws of motion, how the forces acting on the glider maintain it in...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.3b.ii: Estimate the speed of the train.
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.3: The variation of the displacement of an object with time is shown on a graph. What does the area...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.4: An object is thrown upwards. The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of the...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.5: An object is released from a stationary hot air balloon at height h above the ground. An...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.6: The diagram shows the forces acting on a block resting on an inclined plane. The angle θ...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.7: A system that consists of a single spring stores a total elastic potential energy Ep when a...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.8: A moving system undergoes an explosion. What is correct for the momentum of the system and the...
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.5: A sunbather is supported in water by a floating sun bed. Which diagram represents the magnitudes...
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.7: A toy car of mass 0.15 kg accelerates from a speed of 10 cm s–1 to a speed of 15 cm s–1. What...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.1a: Draw the free-body diagram for the sledge at the position shown on the snow slope.
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.1b: After leaving the snow slope, the girl on the sledge moves over a horizontal region of snow....
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.1c: When the sledge is moving on the horizontal region of the snow, the girl jumps off the sledge....
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.1d: The girl chooses to jump so that she lands on loosely-packed snow rather than frozen ice. Outline...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.1e.i: Show that the acceleration of the sledge is about –2 m s–2.
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.1e.ii: Calculate the distance along the slope at which the sledge stops moving. Assume that the...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.1f: The coefficient of static friction between the sledge and the snow is 0.14. Outline, with a...
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.8c: The electron is replaced by a proton which is also released from rest at X. Compare, without...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.3: An object is projected vertically upwards at time t = 0. Air resistance is negligible. The object...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.4: A uniform ladder resting in equilibrium on rough ground leans against a smooth wall. Which...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.5: An object falls from rest from a height h close to the surface of the Moon. The Moon has no...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.6: Child X throws a ball to child Y. The system consists of the ball, the children and the Earth....
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.7: An increasing force acts on a metal wire and the wire extends from an initial length l0 to a new...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.8: The distances between successive positions of a moving car, measured at equal time intervals, are...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.9: An object is moving in a straight line. A force F and a resistive force f act on the object along...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1a: At position B the rope starts to extend. Calculate the speed of the block at position B.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1b.i: Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the block between B and C.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1b.ii: Sketch on the diagram the average resultant force acting on the block between B and C. The arrow...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1b.iii: Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the rope on the block between B and C.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1c.i: between A and B.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1c.ii: between B and C.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1d: The length reached by the rope at C is 77.4 m. Suggest how energy considerations could be used to...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.3: A motor of input power 160 W raises a mass of 8.0 kg vertically at a constant speed of 0.50 m...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.4: A box is accelerated to the right across rough ground by a horizontal force Fa. The force...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.5: The graph shows the variation with time t of the force F acting on an object of mass 15 000...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.6: A ball of mass m is thrown with an initial speed of u at an angle θ to the horizontal as shown. Q...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.7: A boy runs along a straight horizontal track. The graph shows how his speed v varies with time...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.8: A weight W is tied to a trolley of mass M by a light string passing over a frictionless...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.9: Two balls X and Y with the same diameter are fired horizontally with the same initial...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.1a.iii: Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the following equation.      ...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.1b: The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.1c: Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to the radius of...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.1d: A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is displaced so...
• 18M.3.SL.TZ2.6b.i: Describe the effect of F on the linear speed of the wheel.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.6: A parachutist of total mass 70 kg is falling vertically through the air at a constant speed of 8...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.7: A stopper of mass 8 g leaves the opening of a container that contains pressurized gas.The stopper...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.8c.ii: An electron is emitted from the photoelectric surface with kinetic energy 2.1 eV. Calculate the...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.6: A ball starts from rest and moves horizontally. Six positions of the ball are shown at time...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.7: A ball of mass m collides with a vertical wall with an initial horizontal speed u and rebounds...

Topic 3: Thermal physics

• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.6: Which of the following is numerically equal to the specific heat capacity of the substance of a...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.11: In the kinetic model of an ideal gas, which of the following is not assumed? A. The molecules...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.8: A fixed mass of an ideal gas has a constant volume. Two quantities, R and S, of the gas vary as...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.9: A fixed mass of an ideal gas undergoes an isochoric (isovolumetric) change. This increases the...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.9: What is the definition of the mole? A. The amount of substance that has the same mass as...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.10: Molecules leave a boiling liquid to form a vapour. The vapour and the liquid have the same...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.8: Which of the following is equivalent to a temperature of –100°C? A. –373 K B. –173 K C. 173...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.9: A sample of solid copper is heated beyond its melting point. The graph shows the variation of...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.10: Equal masses of water at 80°C and paraffin at 20°C are mixed in a container of negligible thermal...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.11: Which of the following is an assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas? A. The gas is at...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: Explain, in terms of the energy of its molecules, why the temperature of a pure substance does...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.3b: This question is about internal energy. (i) Mathilde raises the temperature of water in an...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.10: A fixed mass of water is heated by an electric heater of unknown power P. The following...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.11: A block of iron of mass 10 kg and temperature 10°C is brought into contact with a block of iron...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.13: An ideal gas expands at constant pressure. The graph shows the relationship between pressure P...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.11: The specific latent heat is the energy required to change the phase of A. one kilogram of a...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.12: An ideal gas is contained in a thermally insulated cylinder by a freely moving piston. The gas...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.11: Two containers, X and Y, are each filled by an ideal gas at the same temperature. The volume of Y...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.5e: (i) Define the specific latent heat of fusion of a substance. (ii) Explain, in terms of the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.5f: A piece of ice is placed into a beaker of water and melts completely. The following data are...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.10: When 1800 J of energy is supplied to a mass m of liquid in a container, the temperature of the...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.8: An ideal gas and a solid of the same substance are at the same temperature. The average kinetic...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.8: A container holds 40 g of argon-40 \(\left( {_{{\text{18}}}^{{\text{40}}}{\text{Ar}}} \right)\)...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.11: Two objects are in thermal contact and are at different temperatures. What is/are determined by...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5e: Distinguish between specific heat capacity and specific latent heat.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5f.i: Discuss the changes to the energy of the lead spheres.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5f.ii: The specific heat capacity of lead is...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.9: Two objects are in thermal contact, initially at different temperatures. Which of the following...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.11: The following can be determined for a solid substance. I. The average kinetic...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.6: Two objects are in thermal contact, initially at different temperatures. Which of the following...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.8: What are the conditions of temperature and pressure at which the behaviour of a real gas...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4e: Describe, with reference to molecular behaviour, the process of melting ice.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4f.i: After a time interval of 45.0 s all of the ice has reached a temperature of 0 °C without any...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4f.ii: The following data are available.      Specific heat capacity of water    ...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.4g: The whole of the experiment in (f)(i) and (f)(ii) is repeated with a container of negligible mass...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: Outline why a given mass of molten zinc has a greater internal energy than the same mass of solid...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: Molten zinc cools in an iron mould.  The temperature of the iron mould was 20° C before the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: State the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.10: A pure solid is heated at its melting point. While it is melting the A. mean kinetic energy of...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.11: Which of the following is equivalent to a temperature of 350 K? A. –623°CB. –77°CC. +77°CD. +623°C
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.12: A liquid-in-glass thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with some hot water. The thermometer is...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.10: The molar mass of magnesium is 24g. 12g of magnesium contains the same number of particles as A....
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.12: A fixed mass of an ideal gas is at temperature T. The pressure is doubled and the volume is...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.12: A mass of 0.20 kg of water at 20°C is mixed with 0.40 kg of water at 80°C. No thermal energy is...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.13: What is the temperature, in K, that is equivalent to 57°C? A. 220B. 273C. 330D. 430
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.14: The internal energy of any substance is made up of the A. total random kinetic and potential...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.9: Molar mass is defined as A. the number of particles in one mole of a substance.B....
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.11: A solid of mass m is initially at temperature ΔT below its melting point. The solid has specific...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.9: Thermal energy is transferred to a solid. Three properties of the solid are I. volumeII....
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.11: The specific latent heat of a substance is defined as the energy required at constant temperature...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.9: The total potential energy and random kinetic energy of the molecules of an object is equal to...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.11: An ideal gas has an absolute temperature T. The average random kinetic energy of the molecules of...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.9: The energy of the molecules of an ideal gas...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.10: Oil with volume V has specific heat capacity c at temperature T. The density of oil is ρ. Which...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.11: The volume of an ideal gas in a container...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.10: Which of the following correctly identifies the properties of the molecules of a substance that...
• 13M.2.HL.TZ1.12a: With respect to a gas, explain the meaning of the terms thermal energy and internal energy.
• 13M.2.HL.TZ1.12b: The graph shows how the pressure P of a sample of a fixed mass of an ideal gas varies with volume...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.5a: Distinguish between internal energy and thermal energy (heat). Internal energy: Thermal energy:
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.5b: A 300 W immersion heater is placed in a beaker containing 0.25 kg of water at a temperature of...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: State two assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Argon behaves as an ideal gas for a large range of temperatures and pressures. One mole of argon...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: At the temperature of 350 K, the piston in (b) is now freed and the argon expands until its...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.9: The temperature of an object is -153°C. Its temperature is raised to 273°C. What is the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.3a: Distinguish between internal energy and thermal energy.
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.3b: Describe, with reference to the energy of the molecules, the difference in...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.3c: A piece of iron is placed in a kiln until it reaches the temperature θ of the...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: Define specific heat capacity.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.3b: The following data are available. Mass of water = 0.35 kgMass of iron = 0.58 kgSpecific heat...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.5a: Distinguish between the concepts of internal energy and temperature.
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.5c: An athlete loses 1.8 kg of water from her body through sweating during a training session that...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.2a: Distinguish between the concepts of internal energy and temperature.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.7a: The Pobeda ice island forms regularly when icebergs run aground near the Antarctic ice shelf. The...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.7b: Suggest the likely effect on the average albedo of the region in which the island was floating as...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4g: Water at constant pressure boils at constant temperature. Outline, in terms of the energy of the...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4h: In an experiment to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water, steam at 100°C was...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4i: Explain why, other than measurement or calculation error, the accepted value of L is greater than...
• 13N.2.HL.TZ0.4a: Describe how the ideal gas constant R is defined.
• 13N.2.HL.TZ0.4b: Calculate the temperature of 0.100 mol of an ideal gas kept in a cylinder of volume 1.40×10–3 m3...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.10: A solid piece of tungsten melts into liquid without a change in temperature. Which of the...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.11: What is the mass of carbon-12 that contains the same number of atoms as 14 g of silicon-28? A. 6...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.12: A heater of constant power heats a liquid of mass m and specific heat capacity c. The graph...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.6c: After 10 s the ball has fallen 190 m. (i) Show that the sum of the potential and kinetic...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.9: A temperature of 23 K is equivalent to a temperature of A.     \( - 300\) °C. B.     \( - 250\)...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.11: In the kinetic model of an ideal gas, it is assumed that A.     the forces between the molecules...
• 10M.1.HL.TZ1.10: Water at a temperature of 0 °C is kept in a thermally insulated container. A lump of ice, also at...
• 10M.1.HL.TZ1.13: The behaviour of a monatomic gas such as helium will approximate to that of an ideal gas when it...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The mole is defined as A.     \(\frac{1}{{12}}\) the mass of an atom of the isotope...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.12: The behaviour of real gases is different from that predicted for ideal gases. Which of the...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.9: In the table below, which row shows the correct conversion between the Kelvin and Celsius...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.10: Carbon has a relative atomic mass of 12 and oxygen has a relative atomic mass of 16. A sample of...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.11: Tanya heats 100 g of a liquid with an electric heater which has a constant power output of 60 W....
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.9: An ice cube and an iceberg are both at a temperature of 0 °C. Which of the following is a correct...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.11: The graph shows the variation with absolute temperature \(T\) of the pressure \(p\) of a fixed...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.9: A system consists of an ice cube placed in a cup of water. The system is thermally insulated from...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.10: Thermal energy is added at a constant rate to a substance which is solid at time \(t = 0\). The...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.11: Which of the following is an assumption made in the kinetic model of ideal gases? A.   ...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B2Part2.c: State, in terms of molecular structure and their motion, two differences between a liquid and a...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.10: A substance is heated at constant power. The graph...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.11: Which of the following is not an assumption of the kinetic model of ideal gases? A. All...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.12: Under what conditions of density and pressure is a real gas best described by the equation of...
• 16M.1.HL.TZ0.7: A container with 0.60kg of a liquid substance is placed on a heater at time t=0. The...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.3a: Using the data, estimate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.3b: The experiment is repeated using the same mass of crushed ice. Suggest the effect, if any, of...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.10: Energy is supplied at a constant rate to a fixed mass of a material. The material begins as a...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.11: An ideal gas of N molecules is maintained at a constant pressure p. The graph shows how the...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.12: The pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas in a container is decreased at constant temperature....
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: Define internal energy.
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.3b: 0.46 mole of an ideal monatomic gas is trapped in a cylinder. The gas has a volume of 21 m3 and a...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: A liquid is initially at its freezing point. Energy is removed at a uniform rate from the liquid...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.11: A thin-walled cylinder of weight W, open at both ends, rests on a flat surface. The cylinder has...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.12: A fixed mass of an ideal gas in a closed container with a movable piston initially occupies...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1a.ii: Some of the gravitational potential energy transferred into internal energy of the skis, slightly...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ1.6d: At the instant of impact the meteorite which is made of ice has a temperature of 0 °C. Assume...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.1a: The student measured the height H of the air column and the corresponding air pressure p. After...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.1c: Outline how the results of this experiment are consistent with the ideal gas law at constant...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ1.1d: The cross-sectional area of the tube is 1.3 × 10–3\(\,\)m2 and the temperature of air is 300 K....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.10: The graph shows the variation with time t of the temperature T of two samples, X and Y. X and Y...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.11: A mass m of ice at a temperature of –5 °C is changed into water at a temperature of 50...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.12: A sealed container contains a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas.The...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.10: An ideal gas has a volume of 15 ml, a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. The volume...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: Rutherford and Royds expected 2.7 x 1015 alpha particles to be emitted during the experiment. The...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.3c.i: The mass of the resistance wire is 0.61 g and its observed temperature rise is 28 K. Estimate the...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.3c.ii: Suggest one other energy loss in the experiment and the effect it will have on the value for the...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.5c.ii: The experiment was carried out at a temperature of 18 °C. The volume of cylinder B was 1.3 x 10–5...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.9: What does the constant n represent in the equation of state for an ideal gas pV = nRT? A. The...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.10: A 1.0 kW heater supplies energy to a liquid of mass 0.50 kg. The temperature of the liquid...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.11: Under what conditions of pressure and temperature does a real gas approximate to an ideal gas?
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.9: The fraction of the internal energy that is due to molecular vibration varies in the different...
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.12: Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a polarizing filter. Light from this filter is...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.i: Determine the energy required to melt all of the ice from –20 °C to water at a temperature of 0...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.ii: Outline the difference between the molecular structure of a solid and a liquid.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.1b.i: Determine the gradient of the line at a temperature of 80 °C.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.1b.ii: State the unit for the quantity represented by the gradient in your answer to (b)(i).
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.1c.i: Calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the water from 75 °C to 85 °C.
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.1c.ii: Using an appropriate error calculation, justify the number of significant figures that should be...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.10: A fixed mass of an ideal gas is trapped in a cylinder of constant volume and its temperature is...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.11: What are the units of the...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.12: A sealed cylinder of length l and cross-sectional area A contains N molecules of an ideal gas at...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: Calculate the pressure of the gas.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.2b.i: Calculate, in kg, the mass of the gas.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.2b.ii: Calculate the average kinetic energy of the particles of the gas.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.2c: Explain, with reference to the kinetic model of an ideal gas, how an increase in temperature of...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.11: The graph shows how the temperature of a liquid varies with time when energy is supplied to the...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.12: A container that contains a fixed mass of an ideal gas is at rest on a truck. The truck now moves...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.13: A sealed container contains water at 5 °C and ice at 0 °C. This system is thermally isolated from...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.2a.i: State what is meant by an ideal gas.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.2a.ii: Calculate the number of atoms in the gas.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.2a.iii: Calculate, in J, the internal energy of the gas.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.2b.i: Calculate, in Pa, the new pressure of the gas.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.2b.ii: Explain, in terms of molecular motion, this change in pressure.
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.2b.ii: Determine, in kJ, the total kinetic energy of the particles of the gas.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.9: Q and R are two rigid containers of volume 3V and V respectively containing molecules of the same...

Topic 4: Waves

• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.14: Which graph shows the variation with amplitude A of the intensity I for a wave?
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.12: Wave generators placed at position P and position Q produce water waves of wavelength 4.0 cm....
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.13: A standing (stationary) wave is set up on a stretched string. The diagram below shows the string...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.16: An unpolarized ray of light in air is incident on the surface of water. The reflected ray is...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.17: Two polarizers have polarizing axes that make an angle of 30˚ to each other. Unpolarized light of...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.12: An object performs simple harmonic motion (SHM) about a central point. The object has velocity v...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Wave generators placed at position P and position Q produce water waves of wavelength 4.0 cm....
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.14: A water wave entering a harbour passes suddenly from deep to shallow water. In deep water, the...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.15: Two wave pulses move towards each other as shown in the diagram. Which diagram shows a...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.10: A liquid in a U-tube is given an initial displacement and allowed to oscillate. The motion of the...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.12: A wave pulse is sent along a light string which is attached to a heavy rope as shown. The...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.13: A standing sound wave is set up inside a narrow glass tube which has both ends open. The first...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Define simple harmonic motion (SHM).
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.5e: The sound waves from the loudspeaker travel in air with speed 330 ms−1. (i) Calculate the...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.5f: A second loudspeaker S emits the same frequency as L but vibrates out of phase with L. The graph...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ2.4a: Outline why a minimum in the intensity occurs for certain positions of sheet B.
• 15M.2.HL.TZ2.4d: Microwaves can be used to demonstrate polarization effects. Outline why an ultrasound receiver...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.2a: State the name given to point X on the string.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: (i) Calculate the speed of the wave along the string. (ii) Calculate the frequency of the...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.4a: Outline the function of an analyser in this context.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.4b: Polarized light of intensity I0 is incident on the analyser. (i) The transmission axis of the...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.2a: A thin tube is immersed in a container of water. A length L of the tube extends above the surface...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.2b: The diagram shows an enlarged view of the tube shown in (a). X, Y and Z are three molecules of...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.4a: State what is meant by polarized light.
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.12: A wave of period 5.0m s travels through a medium. The graph shows the variation with distance d...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.13: A body undergoes simple harmonic motion. Which graph correctly shows the variation with...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.14: The speed of a wave in medium X is greater than the speed of the wave in medium Y. Which diagram...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two loudspeakers, L1 and L2, emit identical sound waves. The waves leaving L1 and L2 are in...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.17: The diagram shows the fundamental (first harmonic) of a standing (stationary) sound wave in a...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.18: Monochromatic coherent light is incident on a narrow rectangular slit. The diffracted light is...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.20: Unpolarized light of intensity \({I_0}\) is incident on a polarizer that has a vertical...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.16: The diagram shows, at a particular instant in time, part of a rope along which a wave is...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.16: The lowest frequency emitted by an organ pipe that is open at both ends is f. What is the lowest...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.19: A person wearing polarizing sunglasses stands at the edge of a pond in bright sunlight. The...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4h: Outline the conditions necessary for the object to execute simple harmonic motion.
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4i: The sketch graph below shows how the displacement of the object from point O varies with time...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.4b: A source of sound is placed in front of a barrier that has an opening of width comparable to the...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.4c: (i) Outline the difference between a polarized wave and an unpolarized wave. (ii) State why...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.13: A standing (stationary) wave is set up on a string at a particular frequency as shown. How...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.15: Electromagnetic waves pass through a slit in a metal plate with minimal diffraction. The slit has...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.17: Light is incident from air on the surface of a transparent medium. When V is equal to the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.14: A transverse travelling wave has an amplitude \({x_0}\) and wavelength \(\lambda \). What is the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.15: A wave on a string travels to the right as shown. The frequency of the wave is \(f\). At time...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.16: Electromagnetic waves A.     always obey an inverse square law. B.     are made up of electric...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.17: A wave pulse travels along a light string which is attached to a frictionless ring. The ring can...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: Define simple harmonic motion (SHM).
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.3d: A second object Y oscillates with the same frequency as X but with a phase difference of...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4d: State the amplitude of wave A.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4e.i: Wave A has a frequency of 9.0 Hz. Calculate the velocity of wave A.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4e.ii: Deduce the frequency of wave B.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4f.i: State what is meant by the principle of superposition of waves.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4f.ii: On the graph opposite, sketch the wave that results from the superposition of wave A and wave B...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.2a: On leaving the station, the train blows its horn. Both the first harmonic and the next highest...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: (i) Describe what is meant by the Doppler effect. (ii) The train approaches a stationary...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.19b: A charge moves backwards and forwards along a wire, as shown in the diagram below. Outline,...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.20a: Two radio stations, A and B, broadcast two coherent signals. The separation d between A and B is...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.20b: The receiver R then moves along a different line M which is at 90º to line L. Discuss the...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.12: A high solid wall separates two gardens X and Y. Music from a loudspeaker in X can be heard in Y...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.2a.i: Show that there must be a node at a distance of 0.18 m from the closed end of the pipe.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.2a.ii: Calculate the frequency of the whistle sound.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.2b: The train is moving directly away from a stationary observer at a speed of...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.3a: Sketch, for the diffraction pattern produced, a graph showing the variation of the relative...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.21a: State one way to ensure that the light incident on the slits is coherent.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.21b: Light emerging from \({{\text{S}}_{\text{1}}}\) and \({{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}\) reaches the...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.21c.i: Determine the change in angle when blue light of wavelength 440 nm is used.
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.13: A string is made to vibrate at its third harmonic. The diagram shows two points P and Q at a...
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.7f.i: Describe the polarization of the sunlight that is reflected from the sea.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.7f.iii: Outline how polarized sunglasses help to reduce glare from the sea.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.5c.i: Calculate the wavelength of an infrared wave with a frequency equal to that of the model in (b).
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.2a: Outline whether the standing wave is transverse or longitudinal.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.2b: The standing wave in the tube corresponds to the fourth harmonic. The speed of sound in the tube...
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.2c: The tube is now closed at one end and the first harmonic is sounded. Outline why the tube that is...
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.4a: Distinguish between polarized light and unpolarized light.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.22a: With reference to interference, explain why the intensity of sound alternates along line AB.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.22b: The sound has a maximum intensity at P. Calculate the distance along line AB to the next...
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.22c: S1 and S2 are moved so that they are now 3.0 m apart. They remain at the same distance from line...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.4a: (i)     State the direction of oscillation of an air molecule at point P. (ii)     Compare the...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.4b: A hollow pipe open at both ends is suspended just above the ground on a construction...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.4c: The pipe is held stationary by the crane and an observer runs towards the pipe. Outline how the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.5c: (i)     Draw rays to show how the person at position 1 is able to hear the sound emitted by the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.5d: The arrangement in (c) is changed and another loudspeaker is added. Both loudspeakers emit the...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.3d: Emlyn puts on a pair of polarizing sunglasses. Explain how these sunglasses reduce the intensity...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.14: The diagram shows the variation of velocity v with time t for an object performing simple...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.15: Which of the following gives regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in the order of decreasing...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.29: The power emitted as electromagnetic radiation by the Sun is approximately 4×1026 W. The radius...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.14: Which of the following gives regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in the order of decreasing...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.15: A standing wave is established on a string between two fixed points. What is the phase...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.17: The phenomenon of diffraction is associated with A. sound waves only.B. light waves only.C....
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.19: Polarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a polarizing filter. The angle between the plane...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.17: Waves emitted from sources X and Y have equal wavelengths and are initially in phase. The waves...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.27: The intensity of radiation from a star at the surface of one of its planets is I. The distance...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.14: Progressive (travelling) waves S and T have the same frequency and are in the same medium. S has...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.16: P and Q are two points on a standing wave. R and S are two points on a progressive (travelling)...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.18: Unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a transparent medium. The reflected light is...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.12: For a body undergoing simple harmonic motion the velocity and acceleration are A. always in the...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.14: Which of the following correctly relates the direction of oscillation of the particles in a...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.16: Two identical waves of wavelength λ leave two sources in phase. The waves meet and superpose...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.13: The diagrams show four different organ pipes drawn to scale. Standing waves in the fundamental...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.16: Two polarizing filters are set up so the transmitted light is at a maximum intensity. Through...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.11: Gas particles are equally spaced along a straight line. A sound wave passes through the gas. The...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.13: A standing wave of frequency ƒ is established in air in a pipe open at one end, as...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.17: Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is transmitted through a polarizer which has a transmission...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.5: A pendulum swings back and forth in a circular arc between X and Y. The pendulum bob is A....
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.12: A point source of sound is placed behind a soundproof barrier as shown in the diagram. From...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: State what is meant by the principle of superposition of waves.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.3b: The diagram shows two point sources of sound, X and Y. Each source emits waves of wavelength 1.1...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: (i) State the amplitude of the oscillation. (ii) Calculate the frequency of the oscillation.
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.14: A wave pulse is travelling along a dense thick rope which is connected to a less dense thin...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.15: Two wave pulses travel along a string towards each other. The diagram shows their positions at...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.14: What region of the electromagnetic spectrum includes waves of wavelength 5 ×10–8 m? A. X-ray B....
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.15: A ray of light travels from a vacuum into glass as shown below. In glass, light has speed v....
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.12: A transverse standing wave is established on a string. Consider the following phase...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.15: A beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a liquid and is partially reflected and...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.14: The graph shows...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.16: The diagrams show the variation with time t of the displacement y of a particle of a medium...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.20: Unpolarized light is incident on a polarizer. The light transmitted by the first polarizer is...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.3a: Describe the formation of standing waves in a string fixed at both ends.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.3b: The length of the string is 0.64 m. Calculate the velocity of the wave in the string.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.8a: A gas is contained in a horizontal cylinder by a freely moving piston P. Initially P is at rest...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.8b: The graph shows how the displacement x of the piston P in (a) from equilibrium varies with time...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.8c: The oscillations of P initially set up a longitudinal wave in the gas. (i) Describe, with...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.15: A string...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.14: Light of wavelength 600 nm travels from air to glass at normal incidence. The refractive index of...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.15: Which of the following correctly describes the direction of a ray drawn relative to a wavefront...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.5c: A light spring is stretched horizontally and a longitudinal travelling wave is set up in the...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ2.16: The air in a pipe, of length l and open at both ends, vibrates with a fundamental frequency f....
• 13M.1.HL.TZ2.18: Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a polarizer with a vertical transmission axis....
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: By reference to simple harmonic motion, state what is meant by...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: A wave is travelling along a string. The string can be modelled as...
• 11M.2.HL.TZ2.13d: The string in (c) is fixed at both ends and...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Define simple harmonic motion.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.6e: A long spring is stretched so that it has a length of 10.0 m. Both ends are made to oscillate...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ1.5a: On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the intensity I of the light emerging from the...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.2a: A string is fixed at one end and the other free end is moved up and down. Explain how a standing...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.2b: The diagram shows a string vibrating in its first harmonic mode. Both endsof the string are...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.1a: For this standing wave (i) state the relationship between λ and L. (ii) label, on the diagram,...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.1b: The standing wave has wavelength λ and frequency f. State and explain, with respect to a standing...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.19a: State two properties that are common to all electromagnetic waves.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.21a: State what is meant by coherence.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.21b: State, with reference to the wavelength, the condition that must be satisfied for a bright fringe...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.21c: Air is allowed to enter gradually into one of the evacuated tubes. The brightness of the light at...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: On the diagram above, identify (i) with an arrow, the direction of movement of marker P at the...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: The wavelength of the wave is 25mm and its speed is 18mms–1. (i) Calculate the time period T of...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.6d: The right-hand edge of the wave AB reaches a point where the string is securely attached to a...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.8b: The graph shows the variation with frequency of the percentage transmittance of electromagnetic...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.2a: State one way in which a standing wave differs from a travelling (progressive) wave.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.2b: A loudspeaker connected to a signal generator is placed in front of the open end of a...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.2c: The frequency of sound is continuously increased above 92.0Hz. Calculate the frequency at which...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.4a: State what is meant by polarized light.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.4b: Light of intensity I0 is incident on a polarizer. The transmission axis of the polarizer is...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.2a: The diagram shows an organ pipe that is open at both ends. The pipe is emitting its lowest...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.2b: The length of the pipe in (a) is 1.5 m. An organ pipe that is closed at one end has the same...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.3a: Light from a monochromatic point source S1 is incident on a narrow, rectangular slit. After...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.3c: The light from a point source is unpolarized. The light can be polarized by passing it through a...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.15a: Outline the nature of electromagnetic waves.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: State what is meant by the terms ray and wavefront and state the relationship between them.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: The diagram shows three wavefronts, A, B and C, of a wave at a particular instant in time...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.6c: Describe the difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.3a: Describe what is meant by polarized light.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.17a: Outline what is meant by an electromagnetic wave.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.17b: State two cases in which electrons may produce electromagnetic waves.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.5a: A particle P moves with simple harmonic motion. State, with reference to the motion of P, what is...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.5c: The particle P in (b) is a particle in medium M1 through which a transverse wave is...
• 13N.2.HL.TZ0.10a: A particle P moves with simple harmonic motion. (i) State, with reference to the motion of P,...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.3c: The light from the car headlights in (b) is not polarized. State what is meant by polarized light.
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.13: A transverse wave travels from left to right. The diagram below shows how, at a particular...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.14: The graph shows how the displacement varies with time for an object undergoing simple...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the principle of superposition.
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: The diagram shows a plan view of a harbour with a floating barrier that has two openings of equal...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: The harbour in (b) is modified to have many narrower openings. The total width of the openings...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Light travels from air into glass as shown below. What is the refractive index of glass? A....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.16: Which of the following electromagnetic waves has a frequency greater than that of visible...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ1.12: Light travels from air into glass as shown below. The refractive index of the glass is A....
• 11M.1.HL.TZ1.13: The fundamental (first harmonic) frequency for a particular organ pipe is 330 Hz. The pipe...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ1.14: Light is diffracted at a single slit. Which of the following graphs best represents how the...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ1.16: Plane-polarized light is incident normally on a polarizer which is able to rotate in the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: For particle P, (i) state how graph 1 shows that its oscillations are not damped. (ii)...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: Graph 2 shows the variation with position d of the displacement x of particles in the medium at a...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Graph 2 – reproduced to assist with answering (c)(i). (c) The diagram shows the equilibrium...
• 11M.2.HL.TZ1.3a: State what is meant by polarized light.  
• 11M.2.HL.TZ1.3b: Unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a plastic. The angle of incidence is θ . The...
• 11M.2.HL.TZ1.3c: Unpolarized light from a source is split, so that there is a path difference of half a wavelength...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1a: Describe two ways that standing waves are different from travelling waves.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1b: An experiment is carried out to measure the speed of sound in air, using the apparatus shown...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.1c: The tube is raised until the loudness of the sound reaches a maximum for a second time. Between...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.19a: State an approximate value for the wavelength of visible light.
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.16: The wavelength of a standing (stationary) wave is equal to A.     the distance between adjacent...
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.19: Unpolarized light is shone through two identical polarizers whose axes are parallel. The ratio...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.12: Which graph correctly shows how the acceleration, \(a\) of a particle undergoing SHM varies with...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.14: In which of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is radiation of wavelength 600...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.15: What is the best estimate for the refractive index of a medium in which light travels at a speed...
• 10M.1.HL.TZ1.22: An optically active substance is a substance that A.     has a refractive index that depends on...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.12: The graph shows how the velocity \(v\) of an object undergoing simple harmonic motion varies with...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.14: Which of the following is a value of wavelength that is found in the visible region of the...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two waves meet at a point in space. Which of the following properties always add together? A.   ...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.14: Which of the following is the best estimate of the wavelength? A.     2 cm B.     4 cm C.   ...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.15: Which of the following is the best estimate of the amplitude? A.     0.4 cm B.     0.8 cm C. ...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.18: Which of the following is a correct comparison between standing waves and travelling waves?
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.12: A ray of light is incident on a boundary between glass and air. Which of the following is the...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.15: An orchestra playing on boat X can be heard by tourists on boat Y, which is situated out of sight...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.12: Which of the following graphs shows the variation with displacement \(x\) of the speed \(v\) of a...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.13: A particle performs simple harmonic oscillations. Which of the following quantities will be...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.15: A standing wave is established in air in a pipe with one closed and one open end. The air...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.16: In two separate experiments monochromatic light is incident on a single slit. The diagrams show...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.17: Horizontally polarized light is transmitted through a polarizer whose transmission axis is...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.14: One end of a horizontal string is fixed to a wall. A transverse pulse moves along the string as...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.15: Monochromatic light travels from air into water. Which of the following describes the changes in...
• 10N.2.HL.TZ0.B2Part2.a: Explain how these maxima and minima are formed.
• 10N.2.HL.TZ0.B2Part2.b: (i)     wavelength of the microwaves. (ii)     frequency of the microwaves.
• 10N.2.HL.TZ0.B2Part2.c: Describe and explain how it could be demonstrated that the microwaves are polarized.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B1Part1.a: (i)     label with the letter A a point at which the acceleration of the pendulum bob is a...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B1Part1.b: Explain why the magnitude of the tension in the string at the midpoint of the oscillation is...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.A3a: State one way in which a standing wave differs from a travelling wave.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.A3b: (i)     first harmonic frequency \({f_1}\). (ii)     second harmonic frequency \({f_2}\).
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.A3c: Use your answer to (b) to deduce an expression for the ratio \(\frac{{{f_1}}}{{{f_2}}}\).
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.A3d: State, in terms of the boundary conditions of the standing waves that can be formed in the pipe,...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.G1a:   (i)     monochromatic. (ii)     coherent.
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.7a: Outline what is meant by a black hole.
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.13: A point source emits sound waves of amplitude A. The sound intensity at a distance d from the...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.14: A water wave moves on the...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.15: Horizontally polarized...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.16: A pipe of length L...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.17: A light ray...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.4a: State what is meant by a longitudinal travelling wave.
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.4b: Calculate, for this wave, (i) the speed. (ii) the frequency.
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.4c: The equilibrium position of a particle in the medium is at x=0.80 m. For this particle at t=0,...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.4b: (i) Calculate the speed of this wave. (ii) Show that the angular frequency of oscillations of a...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.4d: The travelling wave in (b) is directed at the open end of a tube of length 1.20 m. The other end...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.10a: Explain why the intensity of light at θ=0 is 16I0.
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.13: A body undergoes one oscillation of simple harmonic motion (shm). What is correct for the...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.14: A particle oscillates with simple harmonic motion (shm) of period T. Which graph shows the...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.15: A light ray is incident on an air–diamond boundary. The refractive index of diamond is greater...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.16: A spring XY lies on a frictionless table with the end Y free. A horizontal pulse travels along...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.17: A student stands a distance L from a wall and claps her hands. Immediately on hearing the...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.14: A point source of light of amplitude A0 gives rise to a particular light intensity when viewed at...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.15: Which diagram shows the shape of the wavefront as a result of the diffraction of plane waves by...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.5b: Radio waves are emitted by a straight conducting rod antenna (aerial). The plane of polarization...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.13: A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion (SHM). The graph shows the variation of velocity v of...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.14: What statement about X-rays and ultraviolet radiation is correct? A.  X-rays travel faster in a...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.16: Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on the first of two polarizing sheets. Initially...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.17: When a sound wave travels from a region of hot air to a region of cold air, it refracts as...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.12: A travelling wave of period 5.0 ms travels along a stretched string at a speed of 40 m s–1. Two...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.13: Properties of waves are I.    polarizationII.   diffractionIII.  refraction Which of these...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.15: Water is draining from a vertical tube that was initially full. A vibrating tuning fork is held...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: Outline what is meant by the principle of superposition of waves.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.2b: Red laser light is incident on a double slit with a slit separation of 0.35 mm.A double-slit...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.2c: Explain the change to the appearance of the interference pattern when the red-light laser is...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.2d: One of the slits is now covered. Describe the appearance of the pattern on the screen.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ1.7e.i: State the direction of motion of P on the spring.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ1.7e.ii: Explain whether P is at the centre of a compression or the centre of a rarefaction.
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.13: In simple harmonic oscillations which two quantities always have opposite directions? A....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.14: A girl in a stationary boat observes that 10 wave crests pass the boat every minute. What is...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.15: The graph shows the variation with distance x of the displacement of the particles of a medium in...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.16: A beam of unpolarized light is incident on the first of two parallel polarizers. The transmission...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.17: The frequency of the first harmonic standing wave in a pipe that is open at both ends is 200...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.3a: Explain, with reference to the light passing through the slits, why a series of voltage peaks...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.3b.i: The slits are separated by 1.5 mm and the laser light has a wavelength of 6.3 x 10–7 m. The slits...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.3c: In another experiment the student replaces the light sensor with a sound sensor. The train...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.2a: Outline the conditions necessary for simple harmonic motion (SHM) to occur.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.4d: In another experiment the student replaces the light sensor with a sound sensor. The train...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.12: The graph shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of an object undergoing simple...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.13: What is the phase difference, in rad, between the centre of a compression and the centre of...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.14: Two wave pulses, each of amplitude A, approach each other. They then superpose before continuing...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.15: The refractive index for light travelling from medium X to medium Y is \(\frac{4}{3}\). The...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.16: A pipe of fixed length is closed at one end. What...
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.11: The graph shows the variation with position s of the displacement x of a wave undergoing simple...
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.14: The diagram shows a second harmonic standing wave on a string fixed at both ends. What is the...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.4a.i: Calculate the speed of light inside the ice cube.
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.4a.ii: Show that no light emerges from side AB.
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.4a.iii: Sketch, on the diagram, the subsequent path of the light ray.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.13: A first-harmonic standing wave is formed on a vertical string of length 3.0 m using a vibration...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.14: Two travelling waves are moving through a medium. The diagram shows, for a point in the medium,...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.15: The diagram shows an interference pattern produced by two sources that oscillate on the surface...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.16: A system that is subject to a restoring force oscillates about an equilibrium position. For the...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.17: A particle is displaced from rest and released at time t = 0. It performs simple harmonic motion...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.3a.i: A series of dark and bright fringes appears on the screen. Explain how a dark fringe is formed.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.3a.ii: The wavelength of the beam as observed on Earth is 633.0 nm. The separation between a dark and a...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.3b.i: Calculate the wavelength of the light in water.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.3b.ii: State two ways in which the intensity pattern on the screen changes.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.14: Two sound waves from a point source on the ground travel through the ground to a detector. The...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.15: What is true about the acceleration of a particle that is oscillating with simple harmonic...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.16: What are the changes in the speed and in the wavelength of monochromatic light when the light...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.17: A sound wave has a wavelength of 0.20 m. What is the phase difference between two points along...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.18: A pair of slits in a double slit experiment are illuminated with monochromatic light...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3a.i: Outline how the standing wave is formed.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3a.ii: Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of motion of the molecule at X.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3a.iii: Label a position N that is a node of the standing wave.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3a.iv: The speed of sound is 340 m s–1 and the length of the pipe is 0.30 m. Calculate, in Hz, the...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3b.i: The speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1 and in water it is 1500 m s–1. The wavefronts make an...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.3b.ii: Draw lines on the diagram to complete wavefronts A and B in water for θ < θmax.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.13: A ray of light passes from the air into a long glass plate of refractive index n at an angle θ to...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.3a.ii: Outline why the beam has to be coherent in order for the fringes to be visible.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.13: A string stretched between two fixed points sounds its second harmonic at frequency f.          ...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.1d.i: Outline why the ball will perform simple harmonic oscillations about the equilibrium position.

Topic 5: Electricity and magnetism

• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.19: A circuit is formed by connecting a resistor between the terminals of a battery of electromotive...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.32: An ion follows a circular path in a uniform magnetic field. Which single change decreases the...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.18: Four resistors are connected as shown. What is the total resistance between X and Y? A. 3 Ω B....
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.16: What is the definition of electric current? A. The ratio of potential difference across a...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.18: The diagram shows a circuit used to investigate internal resistance of a cell. The variable...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.21: A long, straight, current-carrying wire is placed between a pair of magnets as shown. What is the...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.17: The diagram shows an electric circuit containing a potentiometer of maximum resistance R. The...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: (i) Define electromotive force (emf). (ii) State how the emf of the battery can be measured.
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.3a: Define electromotive force (emf).
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.3b: The graph below shows the variation with temperature T of the resistance RX of the...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.8a: Identify, on the diagram, the direction of the force on the coil with the current directions shown.
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.8b: Calculate the maximum magnetic force acting on the coil.
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.5e: The 24 Ω resistor is covered in an insulating material. Explain the reasons for the differences...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.5f: An electric circuit consists of a supply connected to a 24Ω resistor in parallel with a variable...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.6e: Six point charges of equal magnitude Q are held at the corners of a hexagon with the signs of the...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ2.9a: A 24Ω resistor is made from a conducting wire. (i) The diameter of the wire is 0.30 mm and the...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ2.9b: An electric circuit consists of a supply connected to a 24Ω resistor in parallel with a variable...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.16: Each of the resistors in the arrangements below has resistance R. Each arrangement is connected,...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.17: Two resistors of resistance 10 Ω and 20 Ω are connected in parallel to a cell of negligible...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.18: A battery of emf 12 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor of constant...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Three parallel wires, X, Y and Z, carry equal currents. The currents in X and Z are directed into...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Point P is at the same distance from two charges of equal magnitude and opposite sign. What is...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.17: Which of the following is a statement of Ohm’s law? A. The resistance of a conductor is...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.18: Three identical filament lamps W, X and Y are connected in the circuit as shown. The cell has...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.19: An electron is travelling in a region of uniform magnetic field. At the instant shown, the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: Calculate the magnitude of the electric force acting on the proton when it is in the electric field.
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.3b: A uniform magnetic field is applied in the same region as the electric field. A second proton...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.18: A filament lamp and a semiconducting diode have the voltage–current (\(V\)–\(I\)) characteristics...
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.8f.i: Calculate the current in the cables connected to the town
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.8f.ii: Calculate the power supplied to the transformer.
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.8f.iii: Determine the input voltage to the transformer if the power loss in the cables from the power...
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.9d: The cell may be damaged if it dissipates a power greater than 1.2 W. Outline why damage in the...
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.9f: Deduce what happens to the reading on the electronic balance when the current is switched on.
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.9g.i: Calculate the magnetic force acting per unit length on the upper section of wire.
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.9g.ii: Each cubic metre of the wire contains approximately \(8.5 \times {10^{28}}\) free electrons. The...
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.9h: The upper section of wire is adjusted to make an angle of 30° with the lower section of wire....
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.19: A cylindrical resistor of length \(l\) is made from a metal of mass \(m\). It has a resistance...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.20: Three resistors of resistance \(R\) are connected in parallel across a cell of electromotive...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.22: A \( + 3{\text{ C}}\) charge and a \( - 4{\text{ C}}\) charge are a distance \(x\) apart. P is a...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.23: An electron is moving parallel to a straight current-carrying wire. The direction of conventional...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6d: An ammeter and a voltmeter are used to investigate the characteristics of a variable resistor of...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6e: Show that the current in the circuit is approximately 0.70 A when \(R = 0.80{\text{ }}\Omega \).
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6f.i: Outline what is meant by the internal resistance of a cell.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6f.ii: Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.6g: Calculate the electromotive force (emf) of the cell.
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.16: A cylindrical resistor of volume V and length l has resistance R. The resistor has a uniform...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.18: A lamp is connected to an electric cell and it lights at its working voltage. The lamp is then...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.18: A lamp is connected to an electric cell and it lights at its working voltage. The lamp is then...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.19: A voltmeter of resistance 50kΩ is used to measure the electric potential difference in a circuit,...
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.8b: Outline, with reference to charge carriers, what is meant by the internal resistance of a cell.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.8d.i: On the graph, sketch the variation of \(V\) with \(I\) for the cell.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.8d.ii: Using the graph, determine the current in the circuit.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: Define electromotive force (emf ).
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.2b.i: Draw on the diagram the positions of the ammeter and voltmeter.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.2b.ii: Show that the emf of the cell is 1.25 V.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.2b.iii: Determine the internal resistance of the cell.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.2b.iv: Calculate the energy dissipated per second in the variable resistor.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6g.i: Show that the magnitude of the electric field strength at the surface of the sphere is about...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6g.ii: On the axes, draw a graph to show the variation of the electric field strength \(E\) with...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6h.i: Calculate the initial acceleration of the electron.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6h.ii: Discuss the subsequent motion of the electron.
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.8a: (i)     Distinguish between an insulator and a conductor. (ii)     Outline what is meant by the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.5e: Distinguish between an insulator and a conductor.
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.5f: The diagram shows a current I in a vertical wire that passes through a hole in a horizontal piece...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.5g: (i)     The diagram shows a length of copper wire that is horizontal in the magnetic field of the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.6d: (i)     Draw a circuit diagram of the experimental arrangement that will enable the student to...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.16: A cell is connected in series with a 2.0Ω resistor and a switch. The voltmeter is connected...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.19: Which of the following is the SI unit of gravitational field strength? A. NB. N mC. Nkg–1D. Nm2kg–2
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.20: Which of the following is the best representation of the electric field lines around a negatively...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.21: The diagram shows two long wires X and Y carrying identical currents in the same...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.21: A resistor has a resistance R. The potential difference across the resistor is V. Which of the...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.19: An ideal ammeter is used to measure the current in a resistor. Which of the following gives the...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.20: A cell with an emf of 2.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected across a 1.00 m...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.21: An electron has a kinetic energy of 4.8×10–10J. What is the equivalent value of this kinetic...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.24: The magnetic field produced by a current in a straight wire is in A. the same direction as the...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.20: An ideal ammeter is used to measure the current in a resistor. Which of the following gives the...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.17: A resistor X of resistance R is made of wire of length L and cross-sectional area A. Resistor Y...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.19: Each of the resistors in the circuit has a resistance of 2.0 Ω. The cell has an emf of 3.0 V and...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.20: Which diagram represents the pattern of electric field lines of two small positive point charges...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.25: A metal rod M is falling vertically within a horizontal magnetic field. The metal rod and...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.7a: Define electric field strength.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.7b: The diagram shows a pair of horizontal metal plates. Electrons can be deflected vertically using...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.7c: The diagram shows two isolated electrons, X and Y, initially at rest in a vacuum. The initial...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.8d: The diagram shows 12 photovoltaic cells connected in series and in parallel to form a module to...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.16: A metal wire X with length L and radius r has a resistance R. A wire Y of length 4L made from...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.17: Three identical filament lamps, X, Y and Z, are connected as shown to a battery of...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.18: Which of the following is the correct way of connecting an ammeter and of connecting a voltmeter...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.20: Coulomb’s law refers to electric charges that are A. on any charged objects.B. charged hollow...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Which of the following will not give rise to a magnetic field? A. A moving electronB. A moving...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.16: The ampere is defined in terms of A. power dissipated in a wire of known length, cross-sectional...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.17: A battery of emf 6.0V is connected to a 2.0Ω resistor. The current in the circuit is 2.0A. The...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.18: Which of the following gives the resistances of an ideal ammeter and an ideal voltmeter?
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Three parallel wires, X, Y and Z, carry equal currents into the page.   Which arrow...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.19: A proton p is at rest between the poles of two horizontal magnets as shown below. The magnetic...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.16: Two electrodes, separated by a distance d, in a vacuum are maintained at a constant potential...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.17: The graph shows the I–V characteristics of two resistors.   When resistors X and Y are...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.20: Two isolated point charges, -7 μC and +2 μC, are at a fixed distance apart. At which point is...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.6a: State Coulomb’s law.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.6b: In a simple model of the hydrogen atom, the electron can be regarded as being in a circular orbit...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.6c: An electric cell is a device that is used to transfer energy to electrons in a circuit. A...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.21: A long straight wire carries an electric current perpendicularly out of the paper....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which nucleons in a nucleus are involved in the Coulomb interaction and the...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.6: The diagram below shows a uniform electric field of...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.20: Two resistors, of resistance R1 and R2,...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.21: Two isolated point charges,...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.22: A long straight wire...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.16: A copper wire with length L and radius r has a resistance R. What is the radius of a copper wire...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.17: An electric circuit consists of three identical resistors of resistance R connected to a cell of...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.18: A proton is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1000 V. What is the potential...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Three wires, P, Q and R, carry equal currents directed into the plane of the paper. Which...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ2.20: A copper wire with length L and radius r has a resistance R. What is the radius of a copper wire...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ2.25: The electric potential is VR at a point R in an electric field and at another point S the...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.7a: Ionized hydrogen atoms are accelerated from rest in the vacuum between two vertical parallel...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.7b: The plates in (a) are replaced by a cell that has an emf of 12.0 V and internal resistance 5.00...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.9a: ...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.9b: ...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.9a: The magnitude of gravitational field strength g is defined from the equation shown...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.9b: (i) Calculate the resistance of the filament lamp when the potential difference across it is 2.8...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.9c: Two identical filament lamps are connected in series with a cell of emf 6.0 V and negligible...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ2.7a: The magnitude of gravitational field strength g is defined from the equation shown...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ2.7b: In a simple model of the hydrogen atom, the electron is regarded as being in a circular orbit...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: Tungsten is a conductor used as the filament of an electric lamp. The filament of the lamp is...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.2b: A tungsten filament lamp is marked 6.0 V, 15 W. (i) Show that the resistance of the lamp at its...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.2c: The diagram shows part of a potential divider circuit used to measure the current-potential...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.9b: The electric motor can be adjusted such that, after an initial acceleration, the load moves at...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.10a: (i) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show the direction of the electric field at point...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.10d: (d) The diagram shows part of a potential divider circuit used to measure the current-potential...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.10e: A student sets up a different circuit to measure the I–V graph. The cell has an emf of 6.0 V and...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: State how a magnetic field arises.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.2b: On the diagram below, sketch the magnetic field pattern around the long straight current-carrying...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.8a: State Ohm’s law.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.8b: A lighting system is designed so that additional lamps can be added in parallel. The diagram...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: Define electric field strength.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4b: A simple model of the proton is that of a sphere of radius 1.0×10–15m with charge concentrated at...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4c: Protons travelling with a speed of 3.9×106ms–1 enter the region between two charged parallel...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.5d: Outline, with reference to the graph and to Ohm’s law, whether or not each component is ohmic.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.5e: Components X and Y are connected in parallel. The parallel combination is then connected in...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.17: One electronvolt is equal to A. 1.6×10−19 C.B. 1.6×10−19 J.C. 1.6×10−19 V.D. 1.6×10−19 W.
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.18: A battery of internal resistance 2 Ω is connected to an external resistance of 10 Ω. The...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.21: An electron passes the north pole of a bar magnet as shown below. What is the direction of the...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ1.22: A positively charged particle follows a circular path as shown below. Which of the following...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: The electron’s path while in the region of magnetic field is a quarter circle. Show that the (i)...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.8a: Define (i) electromotive force (emf ) of a battery. (ii) electrical resistance of a conductor.  
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.8b: A battery of emf ε and negligible internal resistance is connected in series to two...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.8c: The graph shows the I-V characteristics of two conductors, X and Y. On the axes below, sketch...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.8d: The conductors in (c) are connected in series to a battery of emf ε and negligible...
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.23: A current carrying wire is in the same plane as a uniform magnetic field. The angle between the...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.16: Two rectangular blocks, \(X\) and \(Y\), of the same material have different dimensions but the...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.17: Two \(6{\text{ }}\Omega \) resistors are connected in series with a 6 V cell. A student...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Which diagram best represents the electric field due to a negatively charged conducting sphere?
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.17: A resistor of resistance \({\text{12 }}\Omega \) is connected in series with a cell of negligible...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.18: The electromotive force (emf) of a cell is defined as A.     the power supplied by the cell per...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Three positive point charges of equal magnitude are held at the corners X, Y and Z of a...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.21: An electron travelling in the direction shown by the arrow X, enters a region of uniform magnetic...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.9: Four point charges of magnitudes \( + q\), \( + q\), \( - q\), and \( - q\) are held in place at...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.16: A cell of \({\text{emf }}\varepsilon \) and internal resistance \(r\) delivers current to a small...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.17: A cylindrical conductor of length \(l\), diameter \(D\) and resistivity \(\rho \) has resistance...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.18: In the circuits below the cells have the same emf and zero internal resistance. The resistors all...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.20: Which of the following diagrams illustrates the electric field pattern of a negatively charged...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.21: A positively charged particle enters the space between two charged conducting plates, with a...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.16: Two resistors, made of the same material, are connected in series to a battery. The length of...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.17: The circuit shows a resistor R connected in series with a battery and a resistor of resistance...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.18: Three identical resistors are connected to a battery as shown. Which of the following is a...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.19: A current is established in a coil of wire in the direction shown. The direction of the...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.22: An electron enters the vacuum between two oppositely charged plates with velocity \(v\). The...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A3a: Draw the complete diagram of the circuit that uses a potential divider, ammeter, voltmeter and...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.A3b: The graph shows the current-voltage characteristics for the component X. Component X is now...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B2Part1.b: A thundercloud can be modelled as a negatively charged plate that is parallel to the...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B2Part1.c: (i)     Determine the magnitude of the electric field between the base of the thundercloud and...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.18: Three...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.19: The graph shows the variation of current I in a device with potential difference V across...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.20: A circuit consists of a cell of electromotive force (emf) 6.0V and negligible internal resistance...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.21: ...
• 16M.1.HL.TZ0.12: A circuit consists of a cell of electromotive force (emf) 6.0V and negligible...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.1e: The electric motor is connected to a source of potential difference 120V and draws a current of...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.5a: State what is meant by an ideal voltmeter.
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.5b: The student adjusts the variable resistor and takes readings from the ammeter and voltmeter. The...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.5c: A connecting wire in the circuit has a radius of 1.2mm and the current in it is 3.5A. The number...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.5d: The diagram shows a cross-sectional view of the connecting wire in (c). The wire which carries...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.6a: Two cells of negligible internal resistance are connected in a circuit. The top cell has...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.18: A –5µC charge and a +10µC charge are a fixed distance apart. Where can the electric field be...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.19: An electrical circuit is shown with loop X and junction Y. What is the correct expression of...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.20: A cell of emf 4V and negligible internal resistance is connected to three resistors as shown. Two...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.21: A wire carrying a current \(I\) is at right angles to a uniform magnetic field of strength B. A...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.17: A 12V battery has an internal resistance of 2.0Ω. A load of variable resistance is connected...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.7a: (i) State how the resistance of T varies with the current going through T. (ii) Deduce, without...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.7b: Components R and T are placed in a circuit. Both meters are ideal. Slider Z of the...
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.9a: Identify, on the diagram, the direction of the electric field between the plates.
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.9b: The following data are available. Separation of the plates RS = 4.0 cm Potential...
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.9c: The velocity of the electrons is now increased. Explain the effect that this will have on the...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.18: The graph shows the variation of current with potential difference for a filament lamp. What...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.19: An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 2.5 MV. What is the change in...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.20: A cell is connected in series with a resistor and supplies a current of 4.0 A for a time of 500...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: An electron travelling at speed v perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B experiences a...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.17: Electrons, each with a charge e, move with speed v along a metal wire. The electric current in...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.i: Calculate the current in the copper cable.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.ii: Calculate the resistance of the cable.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4b: Explain, in terms of electrons, what happens to the resistance of the cable as the temperature of...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4c: The heater changes the temperature of the water by 35 K. The specific heat capacity of water is...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5b.i: Explain which interaction is responsible for this decay.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ1.4a.iii: Calculate the power dissipated in the cable.
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.18: The diagram shows two equal and opposite charges that are fixed in place. At which points is...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.19: A wire has variable cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area at Y is double that at...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.20: A circuit contains a cell of electromotive force (emf) 9.0 V and internal resistance 1.0 Ω...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.21: A positively-charged particle moves parallel to a wire that carries a current upwards. What is...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.15: Positive charge is uniformly distributed on a semi-circular plastic rod. What is the direction of...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.17: The diagram shows the path of a particle in a region of uniform magnetic field. The field is...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.5a: The copper wires and insulator are both exposed to an electric field. Discuss, with reference to...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.5b.ii: There is a current of 730 A in the cable. Show that the power loss in 1 m of the cable is about...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.6b.i: Calculate the radius of each wire.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.6b.ii: Calculate the peak current in the cable.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.6b.iii: Determine the power dissipated in the cable per unit length.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.6d: The two cables in part (c) are suspended a constant distance apart. Explain how the magnetic...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.2a: An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in the circuit. Label the ammeter with the letter A and...
• 17M.3.SL.TZ2.2b: In one experiment a student obtains the following graph showing the variation with current I of...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.17: In the circuit shown, the fixed resistor has a value of 3 Ω and the variable resistor can be...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.18: Kirchhoff’s laws are applied to the circuit shown. What is the equation for the dotted...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.19: With reference to internal energy conversion and ability to be recharged, what are...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.20: The diagram shows two current-carrying wires, P and Q, that both lie in the plane of the paper....
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.15: Two wires, X and Y, are made from the same metal. The wires are connected in series. The radius...
• 17N.1.HL.TZ0.18: The diagram shows the magnetic field surrounding two current-carrying metal wires P and Q. The...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.3a.i: The resistance of the carbon film is 82 Ω. The resistivity of carbon is 4.1 x 10–5 Ω m. Calculate...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.3a.ii: The film must dissipate a power less than 1500 W from each square metre of its surface to avoid...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.3a.iii: State why knowledge of quantities such as resistivity is useful to scientists.
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.3b: The current direction is now changed so that charge flows vertically through the film. Deduce,...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.3c: Draw a circuit diagram to show how you could measure the resistance of the carbon-film resistor...
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.2c: The cable between the satellites cuts the magnetic field lines of the Earth at right...
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.2d: Satellite X must release ions into the space between the satellites. Explain why the current in...
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.8a: Outline what is meant by electric field strength.
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.8b: An electron is placed at X and released from rest. Draw, on the diagram, the direction of the...
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.8c: The electron is replaced by a proton which is also released from rest at X. Compare, without...
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.2a: Show that the gradient of the graph is equal to \(\frac{1}{e}\).
• 17N.3.SL.TZ0.2b: State the value of the intercept on the R axis.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.18: Three resistors are connected as shown. What is the value of the total resistance between X and...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.19: A liquid that contains negative charge carriers is flowing through a square pipe with sides A, B,...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Five resistors of equal resistance are connected to a cell as shown.                            ...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Two resistors X and Y are made of uniform cylinders of the same material. X and Y are connected...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.4a: Calculate the resistance of the conductor.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.4b: Calculate the drift speed v of the electrons in the conductor in cm s–1. State your answer to an...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: State the direction of the magnetic field.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: Calculate, in N, the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.19: A cell with negligible internal resistance is connected as shown. The ammeter and the...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.20: An electron enters the region between two charged parallel plates initially moving parallel...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.21: A beam of electrons moves between the poles of a magnet.                                        ...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.22: A cell has an emf of 4.0 V and an internal resistance of 2.0 Ω. The ideal voltmeter reads 3.2...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: State what is meant by the emf of a cell.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.4b.i: Show that the resistance of the wire AC is 28 Ω.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.4b.ii: Determine E.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.15: An ion of charge +Q moves vertically upwards through a small distance s in a uniform vertical...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.17: When an electric cell of negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor of resistance...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.4c.i: Determine the electric field strength E.
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.4c.ii: Show that \(\frac{v}{E} = \frac{1}{{ne\rho }}\).
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.8c.ii: An electron is emitted from the photoelectric surface with kinetic energy 2.1 eV. Calculate the...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.16: A cell of emf 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to three resistors as...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.4c: Cell X is replaced by a second cell of identical emf E but with internal resistance 2.0...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.8c.ii: Calculate, in A, the average current during the discharge.
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.9c.i: Show that the speed v of an electron in the hydrogen atom is related to the radius r of the orbit...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.4b: Calculate the drift speed v of the electrons in the conductor in cm s–1.

Topic 6: Circular motion and gravitation

• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.8: A mass is suspended by a string from a fixed point. The mass moves with constant speed along a...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.22: Which single condition enables Newton’s universal law of gravitation to be used to predict the...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.19: Which single condition enables Newton’s universal law of gravitation to be used to predict the...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.7: An electron moves with uniform circular motion in a region of magnetic field. Which diagram shows...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.19: A planet has half the mass and half the radius of the Earth. What is the gravitational field...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6b: Use the graph to (i) estimate the velocity of the ball at t \( = \) 0.80 s. (ii) calculate a...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6c: The following data are available. Mass of the ball = 0.20 kg Mean radius of the Moon =...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6d: Calculate the speed of an identical ball when it falls 3.0 m from rest close to the surface of...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6e: Sketch, on the graph, the variation with time t of the displacement s from the point of release...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ2.6c: Outline, with reference to the energy of the rocket, why the speed of the rocket is changing...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ2.6d: Estimate the average gravitational field strength of the planet between P and Q.
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.8: The maximum speed with which a car can take a circular turn of radius R is v. The maximum speed...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.9: The magnitude of the potential at the surface of a planet is V. What is the escape speed from the...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.9: Two particles, X and Y, are attached to the surface of a horizontally mounted turntable. The...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Determine the magnitude of the velocity of Aibhe relative to (i) Euan. (ii) the centre of the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.6b: (i) Outline why Aibhe is accelerating even though she is moving at constant speed. (ii) Draw an...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.6d: Aibhe moves so that she is sitting at a distance of 0.75 m from the centre of the merry-go-round,...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.6h: (i) Identify the force that causes the centripetal acceleration of the spaceship. (ii) Explain...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.23: The Earth is a distance \({r_S}\) from the Sun. The Moon is a distance \({r_M}\) from the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.21: What is the correct definition of gravitational field strength? A.     The mass per unit...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.2a: Outline why Phobos moves with uniform circular motion.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.2b: Show that the orbital speed of Phobos is about \({\text{2 km}}\,{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\).
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.2c: Deduce the mass of Mars.
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.5: An object rotates in a horizontal circle when acted on by a centripetal force F. What is the...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.19: What is the definition of gravitational field strength at a point? A. Force acting per unit mass...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.5: An object rotates in a horizontal circle when acted on by a centripetal force F. What is the...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.9h: (i)     Calculate the maximum speed of the car at which it can continue to move in the circular...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.6c: (i)     Calculate the maximum speed of the car at which it can continue to move in the circular...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.5: A car travels in a horizontal circle at constant speed. At any instant the resultant horizontal...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.11: What is the acceleration of an object rotating with constant speed v in a circle of radius r? A....
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The centres of two planets are separated by a distance R. The gravitational force between the two...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.29: The acceleration of free fall of a mass of 2.0 kg close to the surface of Mars is 3.6 ms–2. What...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.8: A body moves with uniform speed around a circle of radius r. The period of the motion is T. What...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.21: The force F between particles in gravitational and electric fields is related to the separation r...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: Explain why the car is accelerating even though it is moving with a constant speed.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.2b: On the diagram, draw and label the vertical forces acting on the car in the position shown.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.2c: Calculate the maximum speed at which the car will stay in contact with the bridge.
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.8: A pendulum bob is attached to a light string and is swinging in a vertical plane. At the...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.5: Particle P is moving with uniform speed in a horizontal circle. Which of the following shows the...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.8: A car moves at constant speed around a horizontal circular track. The resultant force on the car...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.19: A mass at point X gives rise to a gravitational field strength g at point P as shown below. An...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.19: A spacecraft travels away from Earth in a straight line with its motors shut down. At one instant...
• 13M.2.HL.TZ1.11a: State Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
• 13M.2.HL.TZ1.11b: A satellite of mass m orbits a planet of mass M. Derive the following relationship between the...
• 13M.2.HL.TZ1.11c: A polar orbiting satellite has an orbit which passes above both of the Earth’s poles. One polar...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.6b: In a simple model of the hydrogen atom, the electron can be regarded as being in a circular orbit...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.22: An astronaut of mass 60 kg is on board the International Space Station, which is in low orbit...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.8: A car on a road follows a horizontal circular path at constant speed. Which of the following...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.19: The magnitude of the gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet of mass M and radius...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.9a: The magnitude of gravitational field strength g is defined from the equation shown...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.7a: State Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.7b: Deduce that the gravitational field strength g at the surface of a spherical planet of uniform...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.7c: The gravitational field strength at the surface of Mars gM is related to the gravitational field...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ2.7a: The magnitude of gravitational field strength g is defined from the equation shown...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ2.7b: In a simple model of the hydrogen atom, the electron is regarded as being in a circular orbit...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.4f: On its journey, the railway engine now travels around a curved track at constant speed. Explain...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.9a: State, in words, Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.9b: The diagram shows a satellite orbiting the Earth. The satellite is part of the network of...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.9c: (i) Explain why the satellite is accelerating towards the centre of the Earth even though its...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.9: A cyclist rides around a circular track at a uniform speed. Which of the following correctly...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.20: A spherical planet of uniform density has three times the mass of the Earth and twice the average...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ1.4: A particle of mass m is moving with constant speed v in uniform circular motion. What is the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: The electron’s path while in the region of magnetic field is a quarter circle. Show that the (i)...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: (i) On the diagram above, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball in the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.3b: Determine the speed of rotation of the ball.
• 11M.2.HL.TZ1.2a: State why the work done by the gravitational force during one full revolution of the probe is...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.8: A communications satellite is moving at a constant speed in a circular orbit around Earth. At any...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.19: The mass of Earth is \({M_{\text{E}}}\), its radius is \({R_{\text{E}}}\) and the magnitude of...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.8: A particle P is moving anti-clockwise with constant speed in a horizontal circle. Which diagram...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.19: The weight of an object of mass 1 kg at the surface of Mars is about 4 N. The radius of Mars is...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.5: An aircraft is flying at constant speed in a horizontal circle. Which of the following diagrams...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.6: For a particle moving at constant speed in a horizontal circle, the work done by the centripetal...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.19: A small sphere X of mass \(M\) is placed a distance \(d\) from a point mass. The gravitational...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.7: A ball is tied to a string and rotated at a uniform speed in a vertical plane. The diagram shows...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.21: The mass of a planet is twice that of Earth. Its radius is half that of the radius of Earth. The...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B1Part1.a: (i)     label with the letter A a point at which the acceleration of the pendulum bob is a...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B1Part1.b: Explain why the magnitude of the tension in the string at the midpoint of the oscillation is...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.22: A mass connected to one end of a rigid rod rotates at constant speed in a vertical plane about...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.23: ...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.2a: Show that the gravitational field strength at the position of the planet due to one of the stars...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.2b: Calculate the magnitude of the resultant gravitational field strength at the position of the planet.
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.2a: On the diagram above, draw two arrows to show the gravitational field strength at the position of...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.2b: Calculate the magnitude and state the direction of the resultant gravitational field strength at...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.22: An object at the end of a wooden rod rotates in a vertical circle at a constant angular velocity....
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.23: On Mars, the gravitational field strength is about \(\frac{1}{4}\) of that on Earth. The mass of...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: (i) Define gravitational field strength. (ii) State the SI unit for gravitational field strength.
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.22: A horizontal disc rotates uniformly at a constant angular velocity about a central axis normal to...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.23: An object of constant mass is tied to the end of a rope of length l and made to move in a...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1b.ii: The hill at point B has a circular shape with a radius of 20 m. Determine whether the skier will...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Two satellites of mass m and 2m orbit a planet at the same orbit radius. If F is the force...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.23: The gravitational field strength at the surface of Earth is g. Another planet has double...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.18: A small ball of weight W is attached to a string and moves in a vertical circle of radius...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.19: The centre of the Earth is separated from the centre of the Moon by a distance D. Point P lies...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.1d: The cable is wound onto a cylinder of diameter 1.2 m. Calculate the angular velocity of the...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.8c: Outline, in terms of the force acting on it, why the Earth remains in a circular orbit around the...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.21: A mass attached to a string rotates in a gravitational field with a constant period in a vertical...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.22: A satellite X of mass m orbits the Earth with a period T. What will be the orbital period of...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.5a: Determine the orbital period for the satellite. Mass of Earth = 6.0 x 1024 kg
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.22: An object of mass m at the end of a string of length r moves in a vertical circle at a constant...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.23: Newton’s law of gravitation A.     is equivalent to Newton’s second law of motion. B.   ...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.5c.i: Explain why the electron moves at constant speed.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.5c.ii: Explain why the electron moves on a circular path.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.23: A mass at the end of a string is swung in a horizontal circle at increasing speed until...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.1a.i: State the direction of the resultant force on the ball.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.17: An object of mass m moves in a horizontal circle of radius r with a constant speed v. What is...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.6a.i: State what is meant by gravitational field strength.
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.6d: The mass of the asteroid is 6.2 × 1012 kg. Calculate the gravitational force experienced by the...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.9c.i: Show that the speed v of an electron in the hydrogen atom is related to the radius r of the orbit...

Topic 7: Atomic, nuclear and particle physics

• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.23: Nucleus P decays by a sequence of emissions to form nucleus Q. One \(\alpha \) particle and two...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.24: In a nuclear fission reaction, nucleus X splits into nucleus Y and nucleus Z. Which of the...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.31: Some of the energy levels for a hydrogen atom are shown in the diagram. The table shows four...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Geiger and Marsden bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles. They observed that a small...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.22: What is the relationship between nucleon number A, proton number Z and neutron number...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.24: The initial number of atoms in a pure radioactive sample is N. The radioactive half-life of the...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.26: The structure of the atom was investigated by firing alpha particles from a source at a thin foil...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6g: Calculate the percentage of a sample of calcium-47 that decays in 27 days.
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6h: The nuclear equation for the decay of calcium-47 into...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.9f: For the final thallium nuclide, identify the (i) nucleon number. (ii) proton number.
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.9g: Radon-220 is a radioactive gas. It is released by rocks such as granite. In some parts of the...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: (i) On the axes, sketch a graph showing the variation of nucleon number with the binding energy...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4e: U-235 \(\left( {{}_{92}^{235}{\rm{U}}} \right)\) can undergo alpha decay to form an isotope of...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.13a: Draw a Feynman diagram for this interaction.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.13b: Outline, with reference to the strong interaction, why hadrons are produced in the reaction.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: When a free neutron decays to a proton, an electron is one of the decay products. (i) State the...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.25a: State the quark structure of the K+.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.25b: Deduce one further quantity in this decay that is (i) conserved. (ii) not conserved.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.6a: An electron is excited to the n=3 energy level. On the diagram, draw arrows to show the possible...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.6b: Show that a photon of wavelength 656 nm can be emitted from a hydrogen atom.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.23a: (i) State what is meant by an antiparticle. (ii) Some particles are identical to their...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.23b: The Feynman diagram represents the...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.25a: State one conservation law that would be violated, if the following reactions were to occur. (i)...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.25b: The reaction \({\bar v_\mu } + {e^ - } \to {\bar v_\mu } + {e^ - }\) is an example of a neutral...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.22: The binding energy per nucleon of a \({}_1^3{\rm{H}}\) nucleus is 3 MeV. What is the minimum...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.23: The nuclear reaction \({}_1^2{\rm{H}} + {}_1^3{\rm{H}} \to {}_2^4{\rm{He + }}{}_0^1{\rm{n}}\)...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.24: A radioactive sample has activity A0 at t=0. What will be the activity of the sample after two...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.29: The arrows below indicate transitions involving three energy levels of an atom. The wavelength of...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.30: The graph shows the variation with time t of the activity A of a radioactive sample. The energy...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.31: An alpha particle is directed head-on towards a nucleus of an isotope of iron. A second alpha...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.32: The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is equal to the wavelength of a photon that has energy...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which of the following provides evidence for the existence of atomic energy levels? A....
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.23: What is the definition of the unified atomic mass unit? A. The mass of one atom of hydrogen. B....
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.24: Nuclei of the isotope nitrogen-14 are bombarded with neutrons and as a result nuclei of an...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.30: The diagram shows four energy levels W, X, Y and Z of an atom. Which electron transition will...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.32: The nuclei in a sample of a radioactive isotope decay by emitting α and γ particles. Which of the...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.33: A pure sample of a known element has a very long half-life. What measurement(s), together with...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: (i) Define the term unified atomic mass unit. (ii) The mass of a nucleus of einsteinium-255 is...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: When particle X collides with a stationary nucleus of calcium-40 (Ca-40), a nucleus of potassium...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.31: All the energy levels in a simple model of an atom are shown. The atom is excited so that an...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.33: \(_{\;{\text{6}}}^{{\text{11}}}{\text{C}}\) undergoes \({\beta ^ + }\) decay. The products of...
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.6c.ii: Construct the nuclear equation for the decay of radium-226.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: A lambda baryon \({\Lambda ^0}\) is composed of the three quarks uds. Show that the charge is 0...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Discuss, with reference to strangeness and baryon number, why this proposal is...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Another interaction is \[{\Lambda ^0} \to p + {\pi ^ - }.\] In this interaction strangeness is...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.22a.i: Describe what is meant by a virtual particle.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.22a.ii: Draw a Feynman diagram which represents this interaction.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.22a.iii: Explain whether this interaction involves the \({{\text{W}}^ - }\), \({{\text{W}}^ + }\) or...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.24: A simple model of the hydrogen atom suggests that the electron orbits the proton. What is the...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.25: Bismuth-210 \(\left( {_{\;83}^{210}{\text{Bi}}} \right)\) is a radioactive isotope that decays as...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: Outline how the evidence supplied by the Geiger–Marsden experiment supports the nuclear model of...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4b: Outline why classical physics does not permit a model of an electron orbiting the nucleus.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4c.i: State what is meant by the terms nuclide and isotope.   Nuclide:     Isotope:
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4c.ii: Construct the nuclear equation for the decay of radium-226.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4c.iii: Radium-226 has a half-life of 1600 years. Determine the time, in years, it takes for the activity...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Identify particle A.
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: (i) Identify the interaction whose exchange particle is represented by B. (ii) Identify the...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.9c: Outline how the concept of strangeness applies to the decay of a K+ meson shown in this Feynman...
• 14M.3.HL.TZ1.26a: State (i) the name of the exchange particle represented by the dotted line.(ii) one difference...
• 14M.3.HL.TZ1.26b: Outline how the observation of the interaction represented by the diagram with the dotted line...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.23: A student suggests the following nuclear reaction between deuterium \({}_1^2{\rm{H}}\) and...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.24: In a neutral atom there are ne electrons, np protons and nn neutrons. What is the mass number of...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.7a: Aluminium-26 decays into an isotope of magnesium (Mg) by \({\beta ^ + }\)...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.7b: Explain why the beta particles emitted from the aluminium-26 have a continuous range of energies.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.13a: A lambda baryon \({\Lambda ^0}\) is composed of the three quarks uds. Show that the charge is 0...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.13b.i: Discuss, with reference to strangeness and baryon number, why this proposal is...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.13b.ii: Another interaction is \[{\Lambda ^0} \to p + {\pi ^ - }\] In this interaction strangeness is...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.34: A radioactive nuclide decays to a stable daughter nuclide. Initially the sample consists entirely...
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3a.i: State the nature of X.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3a.ii: State one form of energy that is instantaneously released in the reaction.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3b.i: Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in the reactor every day.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: Explain what is meant by an isotope.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3b: Identify the missing entries to complete the nuclear reaction for the decay of I-131.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3c.i: The I-131 can be used for a medical application but only when the activity lies within the range...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3c.ii: A different isotope has half the initial activity and double the half-life of I-131. On the graph...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.5d.i: Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in the reactor every day.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.6a: Outline how atomic absorption spectra provide evidence for the quantization of energy states in...
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.6b: The diagram shows some atomic energy levels of hydrogen. A photon of energy 2.86 eV is emitted...
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.7a.i: Identify the numbers and the particle to complete the decay equation.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.7a.ii: State the nature of the \({\beta ^ + }\) particle.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.13a.i: Identify the type of fundamental interactions associated with the exchange particles in the table.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.13a.ii: State why \({\pi ^ + }\) mesons are not considered to be elementary particles.
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.3b: (i)     The nuclear mass of the nuclide helium-3 \(\left( {_2^3{\text{He}}} \right)\) is 3.014931...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.3a: State what is meant by mass defect.
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.3b: (i)     Data for this question is given below. Binding energy per nucleon for deuterium...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.5b: (i)     Calculate the wavelength of the photon that will be emitted when an electron moves from...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.11b.i: Explain why the virtual particle in this Feynman diagram must be a weak interaction exchange...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.11c: A student claims that the \({{\text{K}}^ + }\) is produced in neutron decays according to the...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.5a: Explain how atomic line spectra provide evidence for the existence of discrete electron energy...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.18: An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 V. Which of the following gives...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.22: A nucleus of the isotope plutonium-238 \(\left( {{}^{238}{\rm{P}}} \right)\) decays into a...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.24: Which of the following affects the rate at which a sample of a radioactive material decays? A....
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.27: A fission reaction for uranium...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.31: A proton decays to a neutron. The other products of the decay are a A. positron and neutrino.B....
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.32: The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is 20s. What fraction of the original sample will have...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.33: Which of the following gives evidence to support the existence of atomic energy levels? A. Alpha...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.29: In the Geiger–Marsden experiment alpha particles were directed at a thin gold foil. Which of the...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.30: The graph shows the relationship between binding energy per nucleon and nucleon number. In which...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.23: The diagram shows three electron energy levels of an atom. Which transition results in the...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.24: The graph shows the relationship between binding energy per nucleon and nucleon number. In which...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.23: In a particular atom, the nucleon number is the total number of A. protons.B. neutrons.C....
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.24: For which quantity can the unit MeVc–2 be used? A. MassB. MomentumC. Kinetic energyD. Binding...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.27: The nuclear reaction represented...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.29: The diagram shows the three lowest energy levels of an atom. Which diagram shows the emission...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.27: Which of the following would decrease the initial activity of a sample of plutonium? A. Placing...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: (i) Outline, with reference to mass defect, what is meant by the term nuclear...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: In one nuclear reaction two deuterons (hydrogen-2) fuse to form tritium (hydrogen-3) and another...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.22: The nuclear reaction equation for the decay of a nucleus of thorium-231 (Th-231) to a nucleus...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.25: The half-life of a particular radioactive isotope is 8 days. The initial activity of a pure...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.22: When compared with beta particles and gamma-ray photons, alpha particles have the greatest A....
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.23: Which statement correctly describes the process of nuclear fusion? A. The joining together of...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.30: The diagram shows three energy levels of the hydrogen atom and some of the associated electron...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.32: Which of the following is a correct list of particles upon which the strong nuclear force may...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.5a: Explain how atomic spectra provide evidence for the quantization of energy in atoms.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing entries in the following nuclear...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.6b: Define half-life.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: The isotope tritium (hydrogen-3) has a radioactive half-life of 12 days.  (i) State what is...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Tritium may be produced by bombarding a nucleus of the isotope lithium-7 with a high-energy...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: Assuming that the lithium-7 nucleus in (b) is at rest, suggest why, in terms of conservation of...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.11a: State what is meant by the term elementary particle.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.11b: The strong interaction between two nucleons has a range of about 10–15 m. (i) Identify the boson...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.12a: Deduce the strangeness of the Ω– particle.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: A nucleus of tritium decays to a nucleus of helium-3. Identify the particles X and Y in the...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.12b: The Feynman diagram shows a quark change that gives rise to a possible decay of the Ω–...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4e: A sample of tritium has an activity of 8.0×104 Bq at time t=0. The half-life of tritium is 12...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which nucleons in a nucleus are involved in the Coulomb interaction and the...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.24: The nuclear equation below is an example of the transmutation of...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.3a: The nuclide U-235 is an isotope of uranium. A nucleus of U-235 undergoes radioactive decay to a...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.3b: The daughter nuclei of U-235 undergo radioactive decay until eventually a stable isotope of lead...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.3c: Nuclei of U-235 bombarded with low energy neutrons can undergo nuclear fission. The nuclear...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.26: In a fission...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.29: T...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.25: All isotopes of uranium must have the same A. chemical properties.B. mass.C. half-life.D. decay...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.26: A unit in which mass defect can be measured is A. MeV.B. MeV c–1.C. MeV c–2.D. MeV per nucleon.
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.27: When compared with beta particles and gamma-ray photons, alpha particles have the greatest A....
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.30: The lowest four energy levels of a particular atom are represented in the energy level diagram...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.32: Evidence for the existence of isotopes can come from analysis of A. the closest approach...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which particle is acted on by both the strong nuclear force and the Coulomb force? A....
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.23: A nucleus of californium (Cf) contains 98 protons and 154 neutrons. Which of the following...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5a: Define the term unified atomic mass...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5b: The mass of a nucleus of rutherfordium-254 is 254.1001u....
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5c: In 1919, Rutherford produced the first...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5d: The reaction in (c) produces oxygen (O-17)....
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5e: A nucleus of the isotope O-19 decays...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: (i) State what is meant by the term elementary particle. (ii) Identify another elementary...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.25c: The interaction in (a) can also occur via the weak interaction with neutral current...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ2.9a: In a particular experiment, moving kaon mesons collide with stationary protons. The following...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: Describe the phenomenon of natural radioactive decay.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: A nucleus of americium-241 (Am-241) decays into a nucleus of neptunium-237 (Np-237) in the...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ1.15b: Outline how atomic emission spectra provide evidence for the quantization of energy in atoms.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.12a: Outline how interactions in particle physics are understood in terms of exchange particles.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.12c: Determine whether or not strangeness is conserved in this decay.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.12e: The pion is unstable and decays through the weak interaction into a neutrino and an...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ2.14a: The diagram represents the three principal spectral lines in the visible region of the spectrum...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ1.19a: A muon decays into an electron and two other particles according to the reaction equation...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.12a: Identify the particles labelled A and B.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.12b: State, with reference to their properties, two differences between a photon and a W boson.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.13b: The following particle interaction is proposed. \[p + {\pi ^ - } \to {K^ - } + {\pi ^ + }\] In...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: A nuclide of deuterium \(\left( {{}_{\rm{1}}^2{\rm{H}}} \right)\) and a nuclide of...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.3a: Describe what is meant by (i) radioactive decay. (ii) nuclear fusion.
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.3c: A nuclide of deuterium \(\left( {{}_1^2{\rm{H}}} \right)\) and a nuclide of...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.13a: (i) Calculate, in eV, the energy of a photon of wavelength 490 nm. (ii) On the diagram above,...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State (i) what is meant by an elementary particle. (ii) to which class of elementary particles...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: An electron is one of the particles produced in the decay of a free neutron into a proton. An...
• 11N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: Muons can decay via the weak interaction into electrons and neutrinos. One such decay...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: State the nuclear equation for this reaction.
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.3c: Explain, with reference to the biological effects of ionizing radiation, why it is important that...
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.5a: Outline a laboratory procedure for producing and observing the atomic absorption spectrum of a gas.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.5b: (i) Describe the appearance of an atomic absorption spectrum. (ii) Explain why the spectrum in...
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.5c: The principal energy levels of the hydrogen atom in electronvolt (eV) are given...
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.6c: State the quantities that need to be measured in order to determine the half-life of a long-lived...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.12a: Suggest why the kaon is classified as a boson.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.13a: State the name of a particle that is its own antiparticle.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.13b: The meson K0 consists of a d quark and an anti s quark. The K0 decays into two pions as shown in...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.12b: A kaon decays into an antimuon and a neutrino, K+ →μ ++v . The Feynman diagram for the decay is...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: State the name of a particle that is its own antiparticle.
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: The meson K0 consists of a d quark and an anti s quark. The K0 decays into two pions as shown in...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.24a: A student states that “the strong nuclear force is the strongest of the four fundamental...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.24b: Describe how deep inelastic scattering experiments support your answer to (a).
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.24c: State two other conclusions that may be reached from deep inelastic scattering experiments.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4d: Protons can be produced by the bombardment of nitrogen-14 nuclei with alpha particles. The...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4e: The following data are available for the reaction in (d). Rest mass of nitrogen-14 nucleus...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4f: A nucleus of another isotope of the element X in (d) decays with a...
• 13N.2.HL.TZ0.10d: The diagram shows four spectral lines in the visible line emission spectrum of atomic...
• 13N.2.HL.TZ0.10e: The energies of the principal energy levels in atomic hydrogen measured in eV are given by the...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: The Σ+ particle can decay into a π0 particle and another particle Y as shown in the Feynman...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: The π0 particle can decay with the emission of two gamma rays, each one of which can subsequently...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.10d: Discuss whether strangeness is conserved in the decay of the Σ+ particle in (a).
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.23b: A moving proton is incident on a stationary pion, producing a kaon (K meson) and an unknown...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.24b: Evidence for the Higgs boson might be discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of carbon-14...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A freshly prepared sample contains 4.0 μg of iodine-131. After 24 days, 0.5μg of iodine-131...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.4d: During its normal operation, the following set of reactions takes place in the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: For particle P, (i) state how graph 1 shows that its oscillations are not damped. (ii)...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.7a: (i) Define binding energy of a nucleus. (ii) The mass of a nucleus of...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.7b: The graph shows the variation with nucleon number A of the binding energy per...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.7c: Stable nuclei with a mass number greater than about 20, contain more neutrons than protons. By...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.5a: Deduce that the energy of a photon of wavelength 658 nm is 1.89 eV.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.5b: (i) On diagram 1, draw an arrow to show the electron transition between energy levels that gives...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.5c: Explain why the lines in the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen, shown in diagram 2, become...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.6a: State the reaction for the decay of the I-124 nuclide.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.6b: The graph below shows how the activity of a sample of iodine-124 changes with time. (i) State...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.12a: State what is meant by an exchange particle.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.12c: A meson called the pion was detected in cosmic ray reactions in 1947 by Powell and Occhialini....
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.28: The diagram shows four possible electron energy levels in the hydrogen atom. The number of...
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.33: When a nucleus undergoes radioactive \({\beta ^ + }\) decay, the change in the number of...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.22: The number of neutrons and the number of protons in a nucleus of an atom of the isotope of...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A sample contains an amount of radioactive material with a half-life of 3.5 days. After 2 weeks...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.24: The rest mass of a proton is \({\text{938 MeV}}\,{{\text{c}}^{ - 2}}\). The energy of a proton at...
• 10M.1.HL.TZ1.32: A nucleus of the isotope potassium-40 decays to a nucleus of the isotope argon-40. The reaction...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Emission and absorption spectra provide evidence for A.     the nuclear model of the atom. B. ...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.23: Which of the following is true in respect of both the Coulomb interaction and the strong...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.24: Which of the following correctly identifies the three particles emitted in the decay of the...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.25: The nuclear reaction \[_1^2{\text{H}} + _1^3{\text{H}} \to _2^4{\text{He}} +...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.29: Protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus by the A.     electrostatic force. B.   ...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.30: A radioactive isotope has an initial activity \({A_0}\) and a half-life of 1 day. The graph shows...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.22: The relationship between proton number \(Z\), neutron number \(N\) and nucleon number \(A\)...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.23: In the Geiger–Marsden experiment \(\alpha \)-particles are scattered by gold nuclei. The...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.24: A radio-isotope has an activity of 400 Bq and a half-life of 8 days. After 32 days the activity...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.33: The energies of alpha particles and of gamma-rays emitted in radioactive decay are discrete. This...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The Geiger–Marsden experiment provides evidence for A.     the existence of discrete atomic...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.24: A radioactive isotope has a half-life of two minutes. A sample contains sixteen grams of the...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.25: Data concerning nuclides are plotted using the axes below. What are the axis labels for this...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.26: Which of the following is true about beta minus (\({\beta ^ - }\)) decay? A.     An antineutrino...
• 10N.2.HL.TZ0.A5b.ii: A nucleus of \(_{\;{\text{79}}}^{{\text{199}}}{\text{Au}}\) decays to a nucleus of...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B1Part2.b: (i)     Outline, in terms of the forces acting between nucleons, why, for large stable nuclei...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part1.a: (i) State the value of \(x\). (ii)     Show that the energy released when one uranium nucleus...
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.J3a: State what is meant by the standard model.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.B2b: Calculate the difference in energy in eV between the energy levels in the hydrogen atom that give...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.B3a: A nucleus of a radioactive isotope of gold (Au-189) emits a neutrino in the decay to a nucleus of...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.D2a: (i)     elementary particle. (ii)     antiparticle of a lepton.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.D2b: The electron is a lepton and its antiparticle is the positron. The following reaction can take...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.D2c: (i)     quark structure of the \({\pi ^ + }\) meson. (ii)     reason why the following reaction...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.24: ...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.25: ...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.26: Which of the following lists three fundamental forces in increasing order of strength? A....
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.27: ...
• 16M.1.HL.TZ0.17: Patterns in graphs help scientists make predictions. What can be deduced from a graph of neutron...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.6a: A nucleus of phosphorus-32 \(\left( {{}_{15}^{32}{\rm{P}}} \right)\) decays by beta minus (β−)...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.6b: The graph shows the variation with time t of the activity A of a sample containing phosphorus-32...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.6c: Quarks were hypothesized long before their existence was experimentally verified. Discuss the...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.8a: Show that lepton number is conserved in this decay.
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.8b: A nucleus of phosphorus-32 \(\left( {{}_{15}^{32}{\rm{P}}} \right)\) decays by beta minus (β−)...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.8c: Quarks were hypothesized long before their existence was experimentally verified. Discuss the...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.24: Photons of energy 2.3eV are incident on a low-pressure vapour. The energy levels of the atoms in...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.25: When an alpha particle collides with a nucleus of nitrogen-14...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.26: The mass defect for deuterium is 4×10–30 kg. What is the binding energy of deuterium?  A....
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.27: As quarks separate from each other within a hadron, the interaction between them becomes larger....
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.20: Which of the following lists the particles emitted during radioactive decay in order of...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.40: What is the charge on an electron antineutrino and during what process is an electron...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: A particular K meson has a quark structure \({\rm{\bar u}}\)s. State the charge on this meson.
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4c: Carbon-14 (C-14) is a radioactive isotope which undergoes beta minus (β–) decay to the stable...
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.4a: A particular K meson has a quark structure \({\rm{\bar u}}\)s. State the charge, strangeness and...
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.4b: The Feynman diagram shows the changes that occur during beta minus (β–) decay. Label the...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.3a: Determine the time taken for the foam to drop to (i) half its initial height. (ii) a quarter of...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.3b: The change in foam height can be modelled using ideas from other areas of physics. Identify one...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.24: A nucleus of phosphorus (P) decays to a nucleus of silicon (Si) with the emission of particle X...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.25: What is the definition of the unified atomic mass unit? A.  \(\frac{1}{{12}}\) the mass of a...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.26: In nuclear fission, a nucleus of element X absorbs a neutron (n) to give a nucleus of element Y...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.27: What is the energy equivalent to the mass of one proton? A.  9.38 × (3 × 108)2 × 106 J B.  9.38...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.20: A pure sample of nuclide A and a pure sample of nuclide B have the same activity at time t = 0....
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: State the quark structures of a meson and a baryon.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5b.ii: Draw arrow heads on the lines representing \({\bar u}\) and d in the \({\pi ^ - }\).
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5b.iii: Identify the exchange particle in this decay.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Outline one benefit of international cooperation in the construction or use of high-energy...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.24: Atomic spectra are caused when a certain particle makes transitions between energy levels.What is...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.25: The half-life of a radioactive element is 5.0 days. A freshly-prepared sample contains 128 g of...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.26: The binding energy per nucleon of \({}_4^{11}Be\) is 6 MeV. What is the energy required to...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The reaction p+ + n0 → p+ + \(\pi \)0 does not occur because it violates the conservation law...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.21: In the nuclear reaction X + Y → Z + W, involving nuclides X, Y, Z and W, energy is...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.25: Which of the following leads to a paradigm shift? A. Multi-loop circuits B. Standing waves C....
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: Write down the missing values in the nuclear equation for this decay.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Rutherford and Royds put some pure radium-226 in a small closed cylinder A. Cylinder A is fixed...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: Rutherford and Royds identified the helium gas in cylinder B by observing its emission spectrum....
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.5a: Write down the nuclear equation for this decay.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.5c.i: The wall of cylinder A is made from glass. Outline why this glass wall had to be very thin.
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.23: Which statement about atomic spectra is not true? A. They provide evidence for discrete energy...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.24: What gives the total change in nuclear mass and the change in nuclear binding energy as a...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.25: The Feynman diagram shows a particle interaction involving a W– boson. Which particles are...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.2b: Distinguish between hadrons and leptons.
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.3a.i: State and explain the nature of the particle labelled X.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.24: Which Feynman diagram shows beta-plus (β+) decay?
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.25: The average binding energy per nucleon of the \(_8^{15}{\text{O}}\) nucleus is 7.5 MeV. What is...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.26: Two pure samples of radioactive nuclides X and Y have the same initial number of atoms. The...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.27: The energy-level diagram for an atom that has four energy states is shown.                      ...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing information for this decay.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6b.i: On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6b.ii: After 4.3 × 106...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6b.iii: Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.24: A detector, placed close to a radioactive source, detects an activity of 260 Bq. The...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.25: Element X decays through a series of alpha (α) and beta minus (β–) emissions. Which series...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.26: A graph of the variation of average binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number has a maximum....
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.27: Three of the fundamental forces between particles are           I.     strong nuclear          ...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6a: Rutherford constructed a model of the atom based on the results of the alpha particle scattering...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6b.i: State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6b.ii: Show that the energy released in the β– decay of rhodium is about 3 MeV.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6c.i: Draw a labelled arrow to complete the Feynman diagram.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6c.ii: Identify particle V.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.21: What is correct about the Higgs Boson? A.     It was predicted before it was observed. B.    ...
• 18M.3.HL.TZ1.6a.i: write down the momentum of the neutrino.
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.20: Identify the conservation law violated in the proposed reaction.                                ...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.9d.ii: Suggest why the β– decay is followed by the emission of a gamma ray photon.
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing information for this decay.

Topic 8: Energy production

• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.26: In nuclear power production, what is one advantage of a nuclear fusion reactor over a nuclear...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.27: The Earth rotates about an axis XY, as shown below. P and Q are positions on the Earth’s...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.28: Which type of power-production system is most suitable for responding to a sudden high increase...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.6: An electric motor is used to lift a heavy load. The Sankey diagram shows the energy...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.26: What is the purpose of the moderator in a nuclear power station? A. To absorb fast moving...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.30: Methane and carbon dioxide are both greenhouse gases that are believed to cause global warming....
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.36: The graph shows the variation with wavelength of intensity of radiation emitted by two bodies X...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.37: Methane and carbon dioxide are both greenhouse gases that are believed to cause global warming....
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.4a: Suggest the conditions that would make use of wind generators in combination with either oil or...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.4b: Conventional horizontal-axis wind generators have blades of length 4.7m. The average wind speed...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.4c: The energy flow diagram (Sankey diagram) below is for an oil-fired power station that the...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.4d: The emissions from the oil-fired power station in (c) are likely to increase global warming by...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.4e: Nuclear fuel must be enriched before it can be used. Outline why fuel enrichment is needed.
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.4f: The nuclear equation below shows one of the possible fission reactions in a nuclear...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.4g: A nuclear reactor requires both control rods and a moderator to operate. Outline, with reference...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.6a: Suggest the conditions that would make use of wind generators in combination with either oil or...
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.6b: Conventional horizontal-axis wind generators have blades of length 4.7 m. The average wind speed...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: (i) Determine the diameter that will be required for the turbine blades to achieve the maximum...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Currently, a nearby coal-fired power station generates energy for the community. Less coal will...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.25: A natural gas power station has an output of 600 MW and an efficiency of 50%. The mass of natural...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.26: A black body has kelvin temperature T and surface area A. The total power radiated by the body is...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.27: Which of the following best defines non-renewable fuels? A. They produce a lot of degraded...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.28: The average intensity of the solar radiation incident on a planet is 200 W m–2. The albedo of the...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.29: A uranium nuclear fission reactor that attempts to operate without a moderator would A. suffer...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.37: A body X of emissivity e is at temperature T1. X is inside a box whose walls act as a black body...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.38: In a hydroelectric power plant, water of density 103kgm–3 falls through an average height of...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.26: A black body has absolute temperature T and surface area A. The intensity of the radiation...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.27: In the production of energy from nuclear fission, fuel enrichment means increasing, in the fuel...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.28: In a wind generator, the kinetic energy of the wind cannot be completely converted into...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.29: The greenhouse effect can be explained by the fact that the infrared radiation emitted by the...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.35: A black body has absolute temperature T and surface area A. The intensity of the radiation...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: (i) Show that the mass of sea water released between successive high and low tides is about...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.2b: (i) Identify one mechanism through which energy is transferred to the surroundings during the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4a: State the Stefan-Boltzmann law for a black body.
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4b: Deduce that the solar power incident per unit area at distance d from the Sun is given...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4c: Calculate, using the data given, the solar power incident per unit area at distance d from the Sun.
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4d: State two reasons why the solar power incident per unit area at a point on the surface of the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4e: The average power absorbed per unit area at the Earth’s surface is 240Wm–2. By treating the...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.4f: Explain why the actual surface temperature of the Earth is greater than the value in (e).
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.6a: State the Stefan-Boltzmann law for a black body.
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.6b: Deduce that the solar power incident per unit area at distance d from the Sun is given...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.6c: Calculate, using the data given, the solar power incident per unit area at distance d from the Sun.
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.6d: State two reasons why the solar power incident per unit area at a point on the surface of the...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.6e: The average power absorbed per unit area at the Earth’s surface is 240Wm–2. By treating the...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ1.6f: Explain why the actual surface temperature of the Earth is greater than the value in (e).
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.27: It is suggested that the solar power incident at a point on the Earth’s surface depends on I.   ...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.29: The average surface temperature of Mars is about 200 K. The average surface temperature of Earth...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5a: Outline which of the three generation methods above is renewable.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5b.i: heat exchanger.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5b.ii: moderator.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5c.i: Determine the maximum amount of energy, in joule, released by 1.0 g of uranium-235 as a result of...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5d.i: Describe the main principles of the operation of a pump storage hydroelectric scheme.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.5d.ii: A hydroelectric scheme has an efficiency of 92%. Water stored in the dam falls through an average...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.28: The graph shows the emission spectrum for a black body at absolute temperature T1. Which graph...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.36: Changes in the climate are leading to a reduction in ice cover on Earth. Which of the following...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.37: The graph shows the emission spectrum for a black body at absolute temperature T1. Which graph...
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3b.i: Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in the reactor every day.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3b.ii: Calculate the power output of the nuclear power station.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3c: In addition to the U-235, the nuclear reactor contains graphite that acts as a moderator. Explain...
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3d: Outline how energy released in the nuclear reactor is transformed to electrical energy.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.5d.i: Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in the reactor every day.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.5d.ii: Calculate the power output of the nuclear power station.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.5e.i: moderator.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.5e.ii: control rods.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: The Sun is a renewable energy source whereas a fossil fuel is a non-renewable energy source....
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: With reference to the energy transformations and the operation of the devices, distinguish...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6c.i: Determine the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6c.ii: State two reasons why the intensity of solar radiation at the location of the panel is not...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6d.i: Calculate the minimum area of solar heating panel required to provide this power.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.6d.ii: Comment on whether it is better to use a solar heating panel rather than an array of photovoltaic...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: (i)     State the principle of conservation of momentum. (ii)     Show that the speed of the...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.26: In a nuclear fission reaction neutrons are passed through a moderator. The reason for this is to...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.27: Wind of speed v is incident normally on a wind turbine of radius r. The maximum theoretical power...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.28: Which of the following geographical features has the lowest albedo? A. Polar ice capB. DesertC....
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.30: Which of the following alternatives would be the most likely to increase the enhanced greenhouse...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.25: Which energy resource is renewable? A. Natural gasB. UraniumC. BiogasD. Coal
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.26: For a black-body at absolute temperature T the power emitted per unit area is P. What is the...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.26: In the production of electric power, an advantage of using photovoltaic cells rather than fossil...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.27: What is the main role of the control rods and the main role of the moderator in a thermal fission...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.29: The surface temperature of a black-body emitter is doubled. By what factor does the power emitted...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.34: In the production of electric power, an advantage of using photovoltaic cells rather than fossil...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.37: Which option is not a possible solution to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect? A....
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.35: In a nuclear fission reactor, the role of the moderator is to A. absorb neutrons to shut down...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.8a: (i) Outline, with reference to the energy conversions in the machine, the main features of a...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.8c: Distinguish between photovoltaic cells and solar heating panels.
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.8e: The intensity of the Sun’s radiation at the position of the Earth’s orbit (the solar constant) is...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.24: Which of the following is the primary function of the moderator in a nuclear power station? A....
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.26: The blades of a certain wind turbine X have radius r. The maximum theoretical available wind...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.28: The property of the molecules of greenhouse gases which leads to their ability to absorb...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.29: Gases in the Earth’s atmosphere believed to be responsible for the greenhouse effect include A....
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.26: In a nuclear power station, in order to increase the chances of a chain reaction A. kinetic...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.27: The original source of the electrical power produced by a wind generator is A. the Sun’s...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.28: Increasing the temperature of a black-body will have the following effect on its emission...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.34: The rate of formation of a non-renewable energy resource is A. greater than the rate of...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.9a: A coal-fired power station has a power output of 4.0GW. It has been suggested that a wind farm...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.9b: Wind power does not involve the production of greenhouse gases. Outline why the surface...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.9c: The average solar intensity incident at the surface of the Earth is 238 W m–2. (i) Assuming that...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.25: The Sankey diagram of a fossil-fuelled power station is shown...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.26: World energy resources include coal, nuclear fuel and...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.27: Which of the following processes leads to the...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.29: Surface X has a temperature TX and emissivity εx. Surface Y has a temperature TY and emissivity...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.30: Large areas of rainforests are cut...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.34: World energy resources include...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.37: Which of the...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.35: In a nuclear power station, in order to increase the chances of a chain reaction A. kinetic...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.25: The use of which energy source enhances the greenhouse effect the most? A. WoodB. CoalC. WindD....
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.27: Which of the following correctly describes the energy transformation within photovoltaic cells...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.29: The graph shows the spectrum of a black-body. Which graph shows the spectrum of a body of...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.30: A student states that the following factors may lead to global warming I. decreased albedo of...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.6b: A nuclear power station uses...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.6e: The Drax power station...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.7b: Two plastic rods...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.8a: Distinguish, in terms of the energy changes involved, between a solar heating panel and a...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.8b: State an appropriate domestic use for a (i) solar heating panel. (ii) photovoltaic cell.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.8c: The radiant power of the Sun is 3.90 ×1026W. The average radius of the Earth’s orbit about the...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.8d: Show, using your answer to (c), that the average intensity incident on the Earth’s surface is 242...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.8e: Assuming that the Earth’s surface behaves as a black-body and that no energy is absorbed by the...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.2a: Explain why the power absorbed by the Earth...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.2b: The equation in (a) leads to the following expression which can be used to predict the Earth’s...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.4a: Outline in terms of energy changes how electrical energy is obtained from the energy of wind.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.4b: Air of density ρ and speed v passes normally through a wind turbine of blade length r as shown...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.4c: Air is incident normally on a wind turbine and passes through the turbine blades without changing...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.4d: A wind turbine has a mechanical input power of 3.0×105W and generates an electrical power output...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.4e: Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using wind turbines to generate electrical energy,...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: A nuclide of deuterium \(\left( {{}_{\rm{1}}^2{\rm{H}}} \right)\) and a nuclide of...
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.8a: Describe what is meant by the greenhouse effect in the Earth’s atmosphere.
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.8b: The graph shows the variation with frequency of the percentage transmittance of electromagnetic...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.7a: The Pobeda ice island forms regularly when icebergs run aground near the Antarctic ice shelf. The...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.7b: Suggest the likely effect on the average albedo of the region in which the island was floating as...
• 12N.2.HL.TZ0.8b: Outline why uranium ore needs to be enriched before it can be used successfully in a nuclear...
• 12N.2.HL.TZ0.8d: Some waste products in nuclear reactors are good absorbers of neutrons. Suggest why the formation...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: State two advantages of power production using fossil fuels compared to using nuclear fuels.
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.6f: Nuclear fuels, unlike fossil fuels, produce no greenhouse gases. (i) Identify two greenhouse...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.25: What is the phenomenon that best explains why greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation? A....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.26: In which of the following places will the albedo be greatest? A. A forestB. A grasslandC. An...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.27: A wind turbine produces a power P when the wind speed is v. Assuming that the efficiency of...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.28: A spherical black body has absolute temperature T1. The surroundings are kept at a lower...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.29: The design of a nuclear power station includes an electrical generator. The function of the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.4b: The reactor produces 24 MW of power. The efficiency of the reactor is 32 %. In the fission of one...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.4c: Explain what would happen if the moderator of this reactor were to be removed.
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.4d: During its normal operation, the following set of reactions takes place in the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.9a: The intensity of the Sun’s radiation at the position of the Earth is approximately 1400 W...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.9b: The diagram shows a simplified model of the energy balance of the Earth’s surface. The diagram...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.9c: (i) Outline a mechanism by which part of the radiation radiated by the Earth’s surface is...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.26: The energy source that currently provides the greatest proportion of the world’s total energy...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.27: In a nuclear power station, uranium is used as the energy source and plutonium-239 is produced....
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.28: One disadvantage of using photovoltaic cells to power a domestic water heater is that A.   ...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.29: Greenhouse gases A.     reflect infrared radiation but absorb ultraviolet radiation. B.   ...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.30: The rate of global warming might be reduced by A.     replacing the use of coal and oil with...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.27: Which of the following correctly describes both the role of the moderator and of the control rods...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.28: Which of the following correctly shows the energy change in a photovoltaic cell and in a solar...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.29: The albedo for the oceans is lower than that for glaciers. This is because, compared to ice, sea...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.30: Which of the following is most likely to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect? A.     Replace...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.25: Which of the following energy sources results from the solar energy incident on Earth? A.   ...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.26: Which of the following is a renewable and non-renewable energy source?
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.28: Which of the following is likely to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.29: Venus and Earth may be regarded as behaving as black bodies. The mean temperature at the surface...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.30: In a nuclear power station, a moderator is required to A.     control the rate of fission. B. ...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.37: Which of the following statements, relating to the production of nuclear power, is correct? A. ...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.28: The diagram shows the variation with wavelength of the power per unit wavelength \(I\) radiated...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.30: The diagram shows an energy balance climate model for a planet. The intensities of the...
• 10N.2.HL.TZ0.A2b.ii: All the energy output of the room heater raises the temperature of the air moving through it. Use...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B2Part2.a: Define the energy density of a fuel.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B2Part2.b: (i)     Use the data to calculate the power output of the room heater, ignoring the power...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part1.b: Outline the role of the moderator.
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part1.c: A nuclear power plant that uses U-235 as fuel has a useful power output of 16 MW and an...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.28: ...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.29: ...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.30: A black body of surface 1.0m2 emits electromagnetic radiation of peak wavelength 2.90×10–6m....
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.7a: Show that the intensity of the solar radiation incident on the upper atmosphere of the Earth is...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.7b: The albedo of the atmosphere is 0.30. Deduce that the average intensity over the entire surface...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.9d: The average surface temperature of the Earth is actually 288 K. Suggest how the greenhouse...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.28: The Sankey diagram represents the energy flow for a coal-fired power station. What is the...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.29: Which of the following is not a primary energy source?  A. Wind turbine  B. Jet Engine  C....
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.30: What are the principal energy changes in a photovoltaic cell and in a solar heating panel? 
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.24: The solar constant is the intensity of the Sun’s radiation at  A. the surface of the Earth. B....
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.25: X and Y are two spherical black-body radiators that emit the same total power. The absolute...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.8a: Calculate, with a suitable unit, the electrical power output of the power station.
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.8b: Calculate the mass of CO2 generated in a year assuming the power station operates continuously.
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.8c: Explain, using your answer to (b), why countries are being asked to decrease their dependence on...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.8d: Describe, in terms of energy transfers, how thermal energy of the burning gas becomes electrical...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.28: The following are energy sources. I.    a battery of rechargeable electric cellsII.   crude...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.29: Planet X and planet Y both emit radiation as black bodies. Planet X has a surface temperature...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.30: The average surface temperature of Mars is approximately 200 K and the average surface...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.23: An object can lose energy through I.    conductionII.   convectionIII.  radiation What are the...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.25: The average albedo of glacier ice is 0.25. What is...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: Describe the difference between photovoltaic cells and solar heating panels.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.3b: A solar farm is made up of photovoltaic cells of area 25 000 m2. The average solar intensity...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.3c.i: Determine the minimum number of turbines needed to generate the same power as the solar farm.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.3c.ii: Explain two reasons why the number of turbines required is likely to be greater than your answer...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.28: The main role of a moderator in a nuclear fission reactor is to A.  slow down neutrons. B....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.29: A room is at a constant temperature of 300 K. A hotplate in the room is at a temperature of 400...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.2a: Outline, with reference to energy changes, the operation of a pumped storage hydroelectric system.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: The hydroelectric system has four 250 MW generators. The specific energy available from the water...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.2c: Not all the stored energy can be retrieved because of energy losses in the system. Explain one...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.2d: At the location of the hydroelectric system, an average intensity of 180 W m–2 arrives at the...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.2c.i: Outline, with reference to energy changes, the operation of a pumped storage hydroelectric system.
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.2c.ii: The water in a particular pumped storage hydroelectric system falls a vertical distance of 270 m...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.2c.iii: The hydroelectric system has four 250 MW generators. Determine the maximum time for which...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.2c.iv: Not all the stored energy can be retrieved because of energy losses in the system. Explain two...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.26: Which of the energy sources are classified as renewable and non-renewable?
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.27: The energy density of a substance can be calculated by multiplying its specific energy with which...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.28: A black body emits radiation with its greatest intensity at a wavelength of Imax. The...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.29: The three statements give possible reasons why an average value should be used for the solar...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.5b.i: Determine the mean temperature of the Earth.
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.5b.ii: Suggest how the difference between λS and λE helps to account for the greenhouse effect.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.28: What is equivalent...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.29: Three energy sources for power stations are        I.     fossil fuel        II.     pumped...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.30: The diagram shows a simple climate model for the Earth. What does this model predict for the...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6c.i: State what is meant by thermal radiation.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6c.ii: Discuss how the frequency of the radiation emitted by a black body can be used to estimate the...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6c.iii: Calculate the peak wavelength in the intensity of the radiation emitted by the ice sample.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6c.iv: Derive the units of intensity in terms of fundamental SI units.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.28: A wind turbine has a power output p when the wind speed is v. The efficiency of the wind...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.29: Three gases in the atmosphere are           I.     carbon dioxide (CO2)           II.   ...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.30: Mars and Earth act as black bodies....
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.5a.i: Estimate the specific energy of water in this storage system, giving an appropriate unit for your...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.5a.ii: Show that the average rate at which the gravitational potential energy of the water decreases is...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.5a.iii: The storage system produces 1.8 GW of electrical power. Determine the overall efficiency of the...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.5b: After the upper lake is emptied it must be refilled with water from the lower lake and this...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.23: A nuclear reactor contains atoms that are used for moderation and atoms that are used for...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.24: The dashed line on the graph shows the variation with wavelength of the intensity of solar...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.6c.iv: The temperature in the laboratory is higher than the temperature of the ice sample. Describe one...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.22: The Sankey diagram shows the energy input from fuel that is eventually converted to...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.23: What part of a nuclear power station is principally responsible for increasing the chance that...