DP Physics Questionbank

Description

Overview of the essential ideas for this topic

7.1: In the microscopic world energy is discrete.

7.2: Energy can be released in nuclear decays and reactions as a result of the relationship between mass and energy.

7.3: It is believed that all the matter around us is made up of fundamental particles called quarks and leptons. It is known that matter has a hierarchical structure with quarks making up nucleons, nucleons making up nuclei, nuclei and electrons making up atoms and atoms making up molecules. In this hierarchical structure, the smallest scale is seen for quarks and leptons (10^–18 m).

Directly related questions

• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing information for this decay.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6c.ii: Identify particle V.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6c.i: Draw a labelled arrow to complete the Feynman diagram.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6b.ii: Show that the energy released in the β– decay of rhodium is about 3 MeV.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6b.i: State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ2.6a: Rutherford constructed a model of the atom based on the results of the alpha particle scattering...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ2.9d.ii: Suggest why the β– decay is followed by the emission of a gamma ray photon.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.27: Three of the fundamental forces between particles are           I.     strong nuclear          ...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.26: A graph of the variation of average binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number has a maximum....
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.25: Element X decays through a series of alpha (α) and beta minus (β–) emissions. Which series...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.24: A detector, placed close to a radioactive source, detects an activity of 260 Bq. The...
• 18M.1.HL.TZ2.20: Identify the conservation law violated in the proposed reaction.                                ...
• 18M.3.HL.TZ1.6a.i: write down the momentum of the neutrino.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6b.iii: Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6b.ii: After 4.3 × 106...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6b.i: On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in the sample varies with time.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing information for this decay.
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.27: The energy-level diagram for an atom that has four energy states is shown.                      ...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.26: Two pure samples of radioactive nuclides X and Y have the same initial number of atoms. The...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.25: The average binding energy per nucleon of the \(_8^{15}{\text{O}}\) nucleus is 7.5 MeV. What is...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.24: Which Feynman diagram shows beta-plus (β+) decay?
• 18M.1.HL.TZ1.21: What is correct about the Higgs Boson? A.     It was predicted before it was observed. B.    ...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.2b: Distinguish between hadrons and leptons.
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.3a.i: State and explain the nature of the particle labelled X.
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.25: The Feynman diagram shows a particle interaction involving a W– boson. Which particles are...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.24: What gives the total change in nuclear mass and the change in nuclear binding energy as a...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.23: Which statement about atomic spectra is not true? A. They provide evidence for discrete energy...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.5c.i: The wall of cylinder A is made from glass. Outline why this glass wall had to be very thin.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.D2c: (i)     quark structure of the \({\pi ^ + }\) meson. (ii)     reason why the following reaction...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.D2b: The electron is a lepton and its antiparticle is the positron. The following reaction can take...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.D2a: (i)     elementary particle. (ii)     antiparticle of a lepton.
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.B3a: A nucleus of a radioactive isotope of gold (Au-189) emits a neutrino in the decay to a nucleus of...
• 10N.3.SL.TZ0.B2b: Calculate the difference in energy in eV between the energy levels in the hydrogen atom that give...
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.J3a: State what is meant by the standard model.
• 10N.2.HL.TZ0.A5b.ii: A nucleus of \(_{\;{\text{79}}}^{{\text{199}}}{\text{Au}}\) decays to a nucleus of...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.24: A radio-isotope has an activity of 400 Bq and a half-life of 8 days. After 32 days the activity...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.23: In the Geiger–Marsden experiment \(\alpha \)-particles are scattered by gold nuclei. The...
• 09N.1.SL.TZ0.22: The relationship between proton number \(Z\), neutron number \(N\) and nucleon number \(A\)...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.30: A radioactive isotope has an initial activity \({A_0}\) and a half-life of 1 day. The graph shows...
• 09N.1.HL.TZ0.29: Protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus by the A.     electrostatic force. B.   ...
• 10M.1.HL.TZ1.32: A nucleus of the isotope potassium-40 decays to a nucleus of the isotope argon-40. The reaction...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ2.5a: Write down the nuclear equation for this decay.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: Rutherford and Royds identified the helium gas in cylinder B by observing its emission spectrum....
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Rutherford and Royds put some pure radium-226 in a small closed cylinder A. Cylinder A is fixed...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: Write down the missing values in the nuclear equation for this decay.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Outline one benefit of international cooperation in the construction or use of high-energy...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5b.iii: Identify the exchange particle in this decay.
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5b.ii: Draw arrow heads on the lines representing \({\bar u}\) and d in the \({\pi ^ - }\).
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: State the quark structures of a meson and a baryon.
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.25: Which of the following leads to a paradigm shift? A. Multi-loop circuits B. Standing waves C....
• 17M.1.HL.TZ2.21: In the nuclear reaction X + Y → Z + W, involving nuclides X, Y, Z and W, energy is...
• 17M.1.HL.TZ1.20: A pure sample of nuclide A and a pure sample of nuclide B have the same activity at time t = 0....
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The reaction p+ + n0 → p+ + \(\pi \)0 does not occur because it violates the conservation law...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.26: The binding energy per nucleon of \({}_4^{11}Be\) is 6 MeV. What is the energy required to...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.25: The half-life of a radioactive element is 5.0 days. A freshly-prepared sample contains 128 g of...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.24: Atomic spectra are caused when a certain particle makes transitions between energy levels.What is...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.27: What is the energy equivalent to the mass of one proton? A.  9.38 × (3 × 108)2 × 106 J B.  9.38...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.26: In nuclear fission, a nucleus of element X absorbs a neutron (n) to give a nucleus of element Y...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.25: What is the definition of the unified atomic mass unit? A.  \(\frac{1}{{12}}\) the mass of a...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.24: A nucleus of phosphorus (P) decays to a nucleus of silicon (Si) with the emission of particle X...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.15: Two pulses are travelling towards each other. What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.3b: The change in foam height can be modelled using ideas from other areas of physics. Identify one...
• 16N.3.SL.TZ0.3a: Determine the time taken for the foam to drop to (i) half its initial height. (ii) a quarter of...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4c: Carbon-14 (C-14) is a radioactive isotope which undergoes beta minus (β–) decay to the stable...
• 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: A particular K meson has a quark structure \({\rm{\bar u}}\)s. State the charge on this meson.
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.8c: Quarks were hypothesized long before their existence was experimentally verified. Discuss the...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.8b: A nucleus of phosphorus-32 \(\left( {{}_{15}^{32}{\rm{P}}} \right)\) decays by beta minus (β−)...
• 16M.2.HL.TZ0.8a: Show that lepton number is conserved in this decay.
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.4b: The Feynman diagram shows the changes that occur during beta minus (β–) decay. Label the...
• 16N.2.HL.TZ0.4a: A particular K meson has a quark structure \({\rm{\bar u}}\)s. State the charge, strangeness and...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.6c: Quarks were hypothesized long before their existence was experimentally verified. Discuss the...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.6b: The graph shows the variation with time t of the activity A of a sample containing phosphorus-32...
• 16M.2.SL.TZ0.6a: A nucleus of phosphorus-32 \(\left( {{}_{15}^{32}{\rm{P}}} \right)\) decays by beta minus (β−)...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.40: What is the charge on an electron antineutrino and during what process is an electron...
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.20: Which of the following lists the particles emitted during radioactive decay in order of...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.27: As quarks separate from each other within a hadron, the interaction between them becomes larger....
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.26: The mass defect for deuterium is 4×10–30 kg. What is the binding energy of deuterium?  A....
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.25: When an alpha particle collides with a nucleus of nitrogen-14...
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.24: Photons of energy 2.3eV are incident on a low-pressure vapour. The energy levels of the atoms in...
• 16M.1.HL.TZ0.17: Patterns in graphs help scientists make predictions. What can be deduced from a graph of neutron...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.27: ...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.26: Which of the following lists three fundamental forces in increasing order of strength? A....
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.25: ...
• 16M.1.SL.TZ0.24: ...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B3Part1.a: (i) State the value of \(x\). (ii)     Show that the energy released when one uranium nucleus...
• 10N.2.SL.TZ0.B1Part2.b: (i)     Outline, in terms of the forces acting between nucleons, why, for large stable nuclei...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.26: Which of the following is true about beta minus (\({\beta ^ - }\)) decay? A.     An antineutrino...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.25: Data concerning nuclides are plotted using the axes below. What are the axis labels for this...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.24: A radioactive isotope has a half-life of two minutes. A sample contains sixteen grams of the...
• 10N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The Geiger–Marsden experiment provides evidence for A.     the existence of discrete atomic...
• 10N.1.HL.TZ0.33: The energies of alpha particles and of gamma-rays emitted in radioactive decay are discrete. This...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.25: The nuclear reaction \[_1^2{\text{H}} + _1^3{\text{H}} \to _2^4{\text{He}} +...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.24: Which of the following correctly identifies the three particles emitted in the decay of the...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.23: Which of the following is true in respect of both the Coulomb interaction and the strong...
• 10M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Emission and absorption spectra provide evidence for A.     the nuclear model of the atom. B. ...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.24: The rest mass of a proton is \({\text{938 MeV}}\,{{\text{c}}^{ - 2}}\). The energy of a proton at...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A sample contains an amount of radioactive material with a half-life of 3.5 days. After 2 weeks...
• 09M.1.SL.TZ1.22: The number of neutrons and the number of protons in a nucleus of an atom of the isotope of...
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.33: When a nucleus undergoes radioactive \({\beta ^ + }\) decay, the change in the number of...
• 09M.1.HL.TZ1.28: The diagram shows four possible electron energy levels in the hydrogen atom. The number of...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which nucleons in a nucleus are involved in the Coulomb interaction and the...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.5a: Explain how atomic line spectra provide evidence for the existence of discrete electron energy...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.11c: A student claims that the \({{\text{K}}^ + }\) is produced in neutron decays according to the...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.11b.i: Explain why the virtual particle in this Feynman diagram must be a weak interaction exchange...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ2.5b: (i)     Calculate the wavelength of the photon that will be emitted when an electron moves from...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.3b: (i)     Data for this question is given below. Binding energy per nucleon for deuterium...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ2.3a: State what is meant by mass defect.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3c.i: The I-131 can be used for a medical application but only when the activity lies within the range...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3b: Identify the missing entries to complete the nuclear reaction for the decay of I-131.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: Explain what is meant by an isotope.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3b.i: Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in the reactor every day.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3a.ii: State one form of energy that is instantaneously released in the reaction.
• 14N.2.HL.TZ0.3a.i: State the nature of X.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.13b.ii: Another interaction is \[{\Lambda ^0} \to p + {\pi ^ - }\] In this interaction strangeness is...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.13b.i: Discuss, with reference to strangeness and baryon number, why this proposal is...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.13a: A lambda baryon \({\Lambda ^0}\) is composed of the three quarks uds. Show that the charge is 0...
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.7b: Explain why the beta particles emitted from the aluminium-26 have a continuous range of energies.
• 15N.3.SL.TZ0.7a: Aluminium-26 decays into an isotope of magnesium (Mg) by \({\beta ^ + }\)...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4c.iii: Radium-226 has a half-life of 1600 years. Determine the time, in years, it takes for the activity...
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4c.ii: Construct the nuclear equation for the decay of radium-226.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4c.i: State what is meant by the terms nuclide and isotope.   Nuclide:     Isotope:
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4b: Outline why classical physics does not permit a model of an electron orbiting the nucleus.
• 15N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: Outline how the evidence supplied by the Geiger–Marsden experiment supports the nuclear model of...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.25: Bismuth-210 \(\left( {_{\;83}^{210}{\text{Bi}}} \right)\) is a radioactive isotope that decays as...
• 15N.1.SL.TZ0.24: A simple model of the hydrogen atom suggests that the electron orbits the proton. What is the...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.22a.iii: Explain whether this interaction involves the \({{\text{W}}^ - }\), \({{\text{W}}^ + }\) or...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.22a.ii: Draw a Feynman diagram which represents this interaction.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.22a.i: Describe what is meant by a virtual particle.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Another interaction is \[{\Lambda ^0} \to p + {\pi ^ - }.\] In this interaction strangeness is...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Discuss, with reference to strangeness and baryon number, why this proposal is...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: A lambda baryon \({\Lambda ^0}\) is composed of the three quarks uds. Show that the charge is 0...
• 15N.2.HL.TZ0.6c.ii: Construct the nuclear equation for the decay of radium-226.
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.33: \(_{\;{\text{6}}}^{{\text{11}}}{\text{C}}\) undergoes \({\beta ^ + }\) decay. The products of...
• 15N.1.HL.TZ0.31: All the energy levels in a simple model of an atom are shown. The atom is excited so that an...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.23: Nucleus P decays by a sequence of emissions to form nucleus Q. One \(\alpha \) particle and two...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.24: In a nuclear fission reaction, nucleus X splits into nucleus Y and nucleus Z. Which of the...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ1.31: Some of the energy levels for a hydrogen atom are shown in the diagram. The table shows four...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Geiger and Marsden bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles. They observed that a small...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.22: What is the relationship between nucleon number A, proton number Z and neutron number...
• 15M.1.HL.TZ2.26: The structure of the atom was investigated by firing alpha particles from a source at a thin foil...
• 15M.1.SL.TZ2.24: The initial number of atoms in a pure radioactive sample is N. The radioactive half-life of the...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6h: The nuclear equation for the decay of calcium-47 into...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ1.6g: Calculate the percentage of a sample of calcium-47 that decays in 27 days.
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.9f: For the final thallium nuclide, identify the (i) nucleon number. (ii) proton number.
• 15M.2.HL.TZ1.9g: Radon-220 is a radioactive gas. It is released by rocks such as granite. In some parts of the...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: (i) On the axes, sketch a graph showing the variation of nucleon number with the binding energy...
• 15M.2.SL.TZ2.4e: U-235 \(\left( {{}_{92}^{235}{\rm{U}}} \right)\) can undergo alpha decay to form an isotope of...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.13b: Outline, with reference to the strong interaction, why hadrons are produced in the reaction.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ1.13a: Draw a Feynman diagram for this interaction.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: When a free neutron decays to a proton, an electron is one of the decay products. (i) State the...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.25a: State the quark structure of the K+.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.25b: Deduce one further quantity in this decay that is (i) conserved. (ii) not conserved.
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.6a: An electron is excited to the n=3 energy level. On the diagram, draw arrows to show the possible...
• 15M.3.SL.TZ2.6b: Show that a photon of wavelength 656 nm can be emitted from a hydrogen atom.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.23a: (i) State what is meant by an antiparticle. (ii) Some particles are identical to their...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.25b: The reaction \({\bar v_\mu } + {e^ - } \to {\bar v_\mu } + {e^ - }\) is an example of a neutral...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.23b: The Feynman diagram represents the...
• 15M.3.HL.TZ2.25a: State one conservation law that would be violated, if the following reactions were to occur. (i)...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.23: The nuclear reaction \({}_1^2{\rm{H}} + {}_1^3{\rm{H}} \to {}_2^4{\rm{He + }}{}_0^1{\rm{n}}\)...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.22: The binding energy per nucleon of a \({}_1^3{\rm{H}}\) nucleus is 3 MeV. What is the minimum...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ1.24: A radioactive sample has activity A0 at t=0. What will be the activity of the sample after two...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.32: The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is equal to the wavelength of a photon that has energy...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.29: The arrows below indicate transitions involving three energy levels of an atom. The wavelength of...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.30: The graph shows the variation with time t of the activity A of a radioactive sample. The energy...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ1.31: An alpha particle is directed head-on towards a nucleus of an isotope of iron. A second alpha...
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which of the following provides evidence for the existence of atomic energy levels? A....
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.23: What is the definition of the unified atomic mass unit? A. The mass of one atom of hydrogen. B....
• 14M.1.SL.TZ2.24: Nuclei of the isotope nitrogen-14 are bombarded with neutrons and as a result nuclei of an...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.30: The diagram shows four energy levels W, X, Y and Z of an atom. Which electron transition will...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.32: The nuclei in a sample of a radioactive isotope decay by emitting α and γ particles. Which of the...
• 14M.1.HL.TZ2.33: A pure sample of a known element has a very long half-life. What measurement(s), together with...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: When particle X collides with a stationary nucleus of calcium-40 (Ca-40), a nucleus of potassium...
• 14M.2.HL.TZ2.3b: (i)     The nuclear mass of the nuclide helium-3 \(\left( {_2^3{\text{He}}} \right)\) is 3.014931...
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.13a.ii: State why \({\pi ^ + }\) mesons are not considered to be elementary particles.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.13a.i: Identify the type of fundamental interactions associated with the exchange particles in the table.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.7a.ii: State the nature of the \({\beta ^ + }\) particle.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.7a.i: Identify the numbers and the particle to complete the decay equation.
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.6b: The diagram shows some atomic energy levels of hydrogen. A photon of energy 2.86 eV is emitted...
• 14N.3.SL.TZ0.6a: Outline how atomic absorption spectra provide evidence for the quantization of energy states in...
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.5d.i: Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in the reactor every day.
• 14N.2.SL.TZ0.3c.ii: A different isotope has half the initial activity and double the half-life of I-131. On the graph...
• 14M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: (i) Define the term unified atomic mass unit. (ii) The mass of a nucleus of einsteinium-255 is...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.9a: Identify particle A.
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.9c: Outline how the concept of strangeness applies to the decay of a K+ meson shown in this Feynman...
• 14M.3.SL.TZ1.9b: (i) Identify the interaction whose exchange particle is represented by B. (ii) Identify the...
• 14M.3.HL.TZ1.26b: Outline how the observation of the interaction represented by the diagram with the dotted line...
• 14M.3.HL.TZ1.26a: State (i) the name of the exchange particle represented by the dotted line.(ii) one difference...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.23: A student suggests the following nuclear reaction between deuterium \({}_1^2{\rm{H}}\) and...
• 14N.1.SL.TZ0.24: In a neutral atom there are ne electrons, np protons and nn neutrons. What is the mass number of...
• 14N.1.HL.TZ0.34: A radioactive nuclide decays to a stable daughter nuclide. Initially the sample consists entirely...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.18: An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 V. Which of the following gives...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.22: A nucleus of the isotope plutonium-238 \(\left( {{}^{238}{\rm{P}}} \right)\) decays into a...
• 11N.1.SL.TZO.24: Which of the following affects the rate at which a sample of a radioactive material decays? A....
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.27: A fission reaction for uranium...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.31: A proton decays to a neutron. The other products of the decay are a A. positron and neutrino.B....
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.32: The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is 20s. What fraction of the original sample will have...
• 11N.1.HL.TZ0.33: Which of the following gives evidence to support the existence of atomic energy levels? A. Alpha...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.30: The graph shows the relationship between binding energy per nucleon and nucleon number. In which...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.23: The diagram shows three electron energy levels of an atom. Which transition results in the...
• 12N.1.HL.TZ0.24: The graph shows the relationship between binding energy per nucleon and nucleon number. In which...
• 12N.1.SL.TZ0.29: In the Geiger–Marsden experiment alpha particles were directed at a thin gold foil. Which of the...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.27: The nuclear reaction represented...
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.23: In a particular atom, the nucleon number is the total number of A. protons.B. neutrons.C....
• 13N.1.SL.TZ0.24: For which quantity can the unit MeVc–2 be used? A. MassB. MomentumC. Kinetic energyD. Binding...
• 13N.1.HL.TZ0.29: The diagram shows the three lowest energy levels of an atom. Which diagram shows the emission...
• 13M.1.HL.TZ1.27: Which of the following would decrease the initial activity of a sample of plutonium? A. Placing...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: (i) Outline, with reference to mass defect, what is meant by the term nuclear...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: In one nuclear reaction two deuterons (hydrogen-2) fuse to form tritium (hydrogen-3) and another...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.25: The half-life of a particular radioactive isotope is 8 days. The initial activity of a pure...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ2.22: The nuclear reaction equation for the decay of a nucleus of thorium-231 (Th-231) to a nucleus...
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.22: When compared with beta particles and gamma-ray photons, alpha particles have the greatest A....
• 12M.1.SL.TZ1.23: Which statement correctly describes the process of nuclear fusion? A. The joining together of...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.30: The diagram shows three energy levels of the hydrogen atom and some of the associated electron...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ2.32: Which of the following is a correct list of particles upon which the strong nuclear force may...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Tritium may be produced by bombarding a nucleus of the isotope lithium-7 with a high-energy...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: Assuming that the lithium-7 nucleus in (b) is at rest, suggest why, in terms of conservation of...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4d: A nucleus of tritium decays to a nucleus of helium-3. Identify the particles X and Y in the...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4e: A sample of tritium has an activity of 8.0×104 Bq at time t=0. The half-life of tritium is 12...
• 13M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: The isotope tritium (hydrogen-3) has a radioactive half-life of 12 days.  (i) State what is...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ2.24: The nuclear equation below is an example of the transmutation of...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.11a: State what is meant by the term elementary particle.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.5a: Explain how atomic spectra provide evidence for the quantization of energy in atoms.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.6a: Identify the missing entries in the following nuclear...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.6b: Define half-life.
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.12b: The Feynman diagram shows a quark change that gives rise to a possible decay of the Ω–...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.11b: The strong interaction between two nucleons has a range of about 10–15 m. (i) Identify the boson...
• 13M.3.SL.TZ1.12a: Deduce the strangeness of the Ω– particle.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.3a: The nuclide U-235 is an isotope of uranium. A nucleus of U-235 undergoes radioactive decay to a...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.3b: The daughter nuclei of U-235 undergo radioactive decay until eventually a stable isotope of lead...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ2.3c: Nuclei of U-235 bombarded with low energy neutrons can undergo nuclear fission. The nuclear...
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.29: T...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which particle is acted on by both the strong nuclear force and the Coulomb force? A....
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.27: When compared with beta particles and gamma-ray photons, alpha particles have the greatest A....
• 11M.1.HL.TZ2.26: In a fission...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.25: All isotopes of uranium must have the same A. chemical properties.B. mass.C. half-life.D. decay...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.26: A unit in which mass defect can be measured is A. MeV.B. MeV c–1.C. MeV c–2.D. MeV per nucleon.
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.30: The lowest four energy levels of a particular atom are represented in the energy level diagram...
• 12M.1.HL.TZ1.32: Evidence for the existence of isotopes can come from analysis of A. the closest approach...
• 13M.1.SL.TZ2.23: A nucleus of californium (Cf) contains 98 protons and 154 neutrons. Which of the following...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5e: A nucleus of the isotope O-19 decays...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5a: Define the term unified atomic mass...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5b: The mass of a nucleus of rutherfordium-254 is 254.1001u....
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5c: In 1919, Rutherford produced the first...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ2.5d: The reaction in (c) produces oxygen (O-17)....
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: (i) State what is meant by the term elementary particle. (ii) Identify another elementary...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.25c: The interaction in (a) can also occur via the weak interaction with neutral current...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ2.9a: In a particular experiment, moving kaon mesons collide with stationary protons. The following...
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: Describe the phenomenon of natural radioactive decay.
• 12M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: A nucleus of americium-241 (Am-241) decays into a nucleus of neptunium-237 (Np-237) in the...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ1.15b: Outline how atomic emission spectra provide evidence for the quantization of energy in atoms.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.12a: Outline how interactions in particle physics are understood in terms of exchange particles.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.12e: The pion is unstable and decays through the weak interaction into a neutrino and an...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ1.12c: Determine whether or not strangeness is conserved in this decay.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ1.19a: A muon decays into an electron and two other particles according to the reaction equation...
• 12M.2.HL.TZ2.14a: The diagram represents the three principal spectral lines in the visible region of the spectrum...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.12b: State, with reference to their properties, two differences between a photon and a W boson.
• 11N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: A nuclide of deuterium \(\left( {{}_{\rm{1}}^2{\rm{H}}} \right)\) and a nuclide of...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.12a: Identify the particles labelled A and B.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ2.13b: The following particle interaction is proposed. \[p + {\pi ^ - } \to {K^ - } + {\pi ^ + }\] In...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.3c: A nuclide of deuterium \(\left( {{}_1^2{\rm{H}}} \right)\) and a nuclide of...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.13a: (i) Calculate, in eV, the energy of a photon of wavelength 490 nm. (ii) On the diagram above,...
• 11N.2.HL.TZ0.3a: Describe what is meant by (i) radioactive decay. (ii) nuclear fusion.
• 11N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: Muons can decay via the weak interaction into electrons and neutrinos. One such decay...
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.6c: State the quantities that need to be measured in order to determine the half-life of a long-lived...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.3c: Explain, with reference to the biological effects of ionizing radiation, why it is important that...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: State (i) what is meant by an elementary particle. (ii) to which class of elementary particles...
• 11N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: An electron is one of the particles produced in the decay of a free neutron into a proton. An...
• 12N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: State the nuclear equation for this reaction.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.13a: State the name of a particle that is its own antiparticle.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.13b: The meson K0 consists of a d quark and an anti s quark. The K0 decays into two pions as shown in...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: State the name of a particle that is its own antiparticle.
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: The meson K0 consists of a d quark and an anti s quark. The K0 decays into two pions as shown in...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.24a: A student states that “the strong nuclear force is the strongest of the four fundamental...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.24c: State two other conclusions that may be reached from deep inelastic scattering experiments.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.5b: (i) Describe the appearance of an atomic absorption spectrum. (ii) Explain why the spectrum in...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4d: Protons can be produced by the bombardment of nitrogen-14 nuclei with alpha particles. The...
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.5a: Outline a laboratory procedure for producing and observing the atomic absorption spectrum of a gas.
• 12N.3.SL.TZ0.5c: The principal energy levels of the hydrogen atom in electronvolt (eV) are given...
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.12a: Suggest why the kaon is classified as a boson.
• 12M.3.SL.TZ2.12b: A kaon decays into an antimuon and a neutrino, K+ →μ ++v . The Feynman diagram for the decay is...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.24b: Describe how deep inelastic scattering experiments support your answer to (a).
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4f: A nucleus of another isotope of the element X in (d) decays with a...
• 13N.2.HL.TZ0.10d: The diagram shows four spectral lines in the visible line emission spectrum of atomic...
• 13N.2.SL.TZ0.4e: The following data are available for the reaction in (d). Rest mass of nitrogen-14 nucleus...
• 13N.2.HL.TZ0.10e: The energies of the principal energy levels in atomic hydrogen measured in eV are given by the...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.10c: The π0 particle can decay with the emission of two gamma rays, each one of which can subsequently...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.10d: Discuss whether strangeness is conserved in the decay of the Σ+ particle in (a).
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.23b: A moving proton is incident on a stationary pion, producing a kaon (K meson) and an unknown...
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.24b: Evidence for the Higgs boson might be discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN....
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of carbon-14...
• 11M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A freshly prepared sample contains 4.0 μg of iodine-131. After 24 days, 0.5μg of iodine-131...
• 13N.3.SL.TZ0.10a: The Σ+ particle can decay into a π0 particle and another particle Y as shown in the Feynman...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: For particle P, (i) state how graph 1 shows that its oscillations are not damped. (ii)...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.4d: During its normal operation, the following set of reactions takes place in the...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.7a: (i) Define binding energy of a nucleus. (ii) The mass of a nucleus of...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.7c: Stable nuclei with a mass number greater than about 20, contain more neutrons than protons. By...
• 11M.2.SL.TZ1.7b: The graph shows the variation with nucleon number A of the binding energy per...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.5a: Deduce that the energy of a photon of wavelength 658 nm is 1.89 eV.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.5b: (i) On diagram 1, draw an arrow to show the electron transition between energy levels that gives...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.5c: Explain why the lines in the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen, shown in diagram 2, become...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.6a: State the reaction for the decay of the I-124 nuclide.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.6b: The graph below shows how the activity of a sample of iodine-124 changes with time. (i) State...
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.12a: State what is meant by an exchange particle.
• 11M.3.SL.TZ1.12c: A meson called the pion was detected in cosmic ray reactions in 1947 by Powell and Occhialini....