Which of the following statements are true for antigens?
Antigens are proteins, glycolipids or glycoproteins found on the surface of the cell membrane
The symptoms of allergies, such as a runny nose or itchy eyes, are directly caused by antigens
Blood cells have antigens which determine blood type
Choose your answer A B C D
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Identify which of the combinations of blood types are compatible for a blood transfusion from donor to recipient.
Donor
Recipient
A
A
B
B
AB
B
C
O
AB
D
A
O
Choose your answer A B C D
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What is required to initiate a specific immune response?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens
T-helper cells are activated
Signalling proteins are released
Choose your answer A B C D
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Which of the following statements about plasma cells is incorrect?
Plasma cells contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma cells originate from B-cells
Plasma cells divide by mitosis to produce memory cells
Plasma cells produce specific antibodies
Choose your answer A B C D
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Which of the following describes opsonisation?
Antigens bind to receptors which activate complement proteins
Antibodies attach to pathogens to reduce activity
Antigen-antibody complexes form causing clumping together of pathogens
Antibodies bind to receptors making the pathogen identifiable to phagocytes
Choose your answer A B C D
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Edward Jenner carried out a controversial procedure whilst developing a vaccination for smallpox in the 1700s.
Which of the following statements best describes the ethical issues which made Jenners investigations so controversial?
Milkmaids were exposed to cowpox without any protective measures
Variolation was used by doctors to initiate an immune response
His methods were not approved by the Research Ethics Committee
Jenner’s first patient was a child
Choose your answer A B C D
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The graph below shows the number of antibodies in the blood of patients before vaccination, after one dose of vaccine, and again after two doses.
Which of the following is not associated with the response seen after the second dose of vaccine?
Production of memory cells
Activation of T-helper cells
Choose your answer A B C D
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Which is the correct sequence of events in an allergic reaction?
Mast cells and basophils are activated
IgE antibodies are released
Allergens trigger a specific immune response by activating B-cells
Histamines are produced
Blood vessels dilate
Choose your answer A B C D
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The diagram shows a procedure used to create monoclonal antibodies.
Identify the correct labels for X, Y, and Z to complete the process.
X
Y
Z
A
Hybridoma
Tumour cells
B-lymphocytes
B
Hybridoma
T-lymphocytes
Tumour cells
C
B-lymphocytes
Hybridoma
Myeloma
D
B-lymphocytes
Myeloma cells
Hybridoma
Choose your answer A B C D
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Which words or phrases can be used to fill spaces (I) and (II) in the following sentence?
Scientists have particular concerns about the spread of diseases in animals that may result in …....(I)....... transfer of pathogens to humans. …….(II)....... help to develop an understanding of the spread of disease in particular geographical areas and allow specific targeting where there are outbreaks.
I
II
A
Zoonotic
Epidemiological studies
B
Species-specific
Epidemiological studies
C
Zoonotic
Vaccination programs
D
Mutated
Vaccination programs
Choose your answer A B C D
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