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DP IB Biology: HL

Topic Questions

Home / IB / Biology: HL / DP / Topic Questions / 3. Genetics / 3.1 Genes & Chromosomes / Structured Questions: Paper 2


3.1 Genes & Chromosomes

Question 1a

Marks: 2
a)

The following diagram shows the karyogram of an individual.

3-1-easy-q1a

i)

Identify the sex of this individual.

[1 mark]

ii)

State a reason for your answer in part i).

[1 mark]

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    Question 1b

    Marks: 1
    b)

    Cells in metaphase of mitosis were used to construct the karyogram from part a).

    Explain the reason for this.

    [1 mark]

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      Key Concepts
      Karyograms

      Question 1c

      Marks: 2
      c)

      List two characteristics of the chromosomes that are used to arrange them in a karyogram.

      [2 marks]

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        Key Concepts
        Karyograms

        Question 1d

        Marks: 1
        d)

        Apart from sex determination, state one other use of studying the karyotype of an individual.

        [1 mark]

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          Key Concepts
          Use of Karyograms

          Question 2a

          Marks: 2
          a)

          Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease where a DNA triplet base in the gene coding for alpha-globin in haemoglobin changes from CTC to CAC. This mutation results in sickle shaped red blood cells that can cause a range of different symptoms.

          The diagram below shows the DNA base triplet change and the resulting change in the structure of red blood cells.

          MZCVVF0q_e-2a

          i)

          Identify the type of mutation that is illustrated in the diagram.

          [1 mark]

          ii)

          State a reason for your answer in part i).

          [1 mark]

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            Question 2b

            Marks: 2
            b)

            List two consequences of the change in shape of the red blood cells in a person suffering from sickle cell anaemia.

            [2 marks]

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              Key Concepts
              Sickle Cell Anaemia

              Question 2c

              Marks: 2
              c)

              Some mutations, such as those causing sickle cell anaemia, may be inherited by offspring.

              Describe how mutations can be inherited by offspring.

              [2 marks]

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                Key Concepts
                Mutation

                Question 2d

                Marks: 1
                d)

                Gene mutations lead to the formation of new alleles in a population.

                Define the term 'allele'.

                [1 mark]

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                  Key Concepts
                  Mutation
                  Alleles

                  Question 3a

                  Marks: 1
                  a)

                  During the process of fertilisation, haploid sperm and egg cells fuse together to form a diploid zygote.

                  Define the term 'haploid'.

                  [1 mark]

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                    Key Concepts
                    Haploid

                    Question 3b

                    Marks: 2
                    b)

                    There are certain advantages to cells being diploid.

                    List two advantages of cells containing two sets of chromosomes.

                    [2 marks]

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                      Key Concepts
                      Diploid

                      Question 3c

                      Marks: 3
                      c)

                      A couple is expecting a child and wondering which sex the baby will be.

                      The following genetic diagram shows the sex chromosomes present in the gametes of both parents.

                      Gametes X X
                      X    
                      Y    

                      Calculate the percentage chance of the baby being a girl by completing the genetic diagram. 

                      Show your working.

                      [3 marks]

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                        Key Concepts
                        Sex Determination

                        Question 3d

                        Marks: 1
                        d)

                        One of the genes carried on the Y chromosome is the SRY gene.

                        State one role of this gene in the development of male embryos.

                        [1 mark]

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                          Key Concepts
                          Sex Determination

                          Question 4a

                          Marks: 2
                          a)

                          The following diagram shows the arrangement of DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome.

                          GHxh5-Zo_e-4a

                          i)

                          Label structure A in the diagram.

                          [1 mark]

                          ii)

                          State what is represented by the banding pattern on structure A.

                          [1 mark]

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                            Key Concepts
                            Eukaryotic Chromosomes

                            Question 4b

                            Marks: 2
                            b)

                            Use the information in the diagram in part a) to:

                            i)

                            Identify structures B and C.

                            [1 mark]

                            ii)

                            Describe the relationship between structures B and C.

                            [1 mark]

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                              Key Concepts
                              Eukaryotic Chromosomes

                              Question 4c

                              Marks: 1
                              c)

                              Chromosomes in diploid cells will occur in homologous pairs.

                              Define the term 'homologous chromosomes'.

                              [1 mark]

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                                Key Concepts
                                Homologous Chromosomes

                                Question 5a

                                Marks: 4

                                One mark is available for clarity of communication throughout this question.

                                a)

                                The Human Genome Project was an international, collaborative research programme to sequence the entire human genome.

                                List four of the main applications of the Human Genome Project.

                                [4 marks]

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                                  Key Concepts
                                  Human Genome Project

                                  Question 5b

                                  Marks: 3
                                  b)

                                  Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules commonly found in prokaryotic cells.

                                  Describe the role of a plasmid.

                                  [3 marks]

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                                    Key Concepts
                                    Plasmids

                                    Question 5c

                                    Marks: 8
                                    c)

                                    Advancements in genome sequencing has led to developments in scientific research.

                                    Outline the technique used to sequence a genome.

                                    [8 marks]

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