a)
List two properties of starch that make it an effective storage polysaccharide.
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b)
List two properties of cellulose that make it an effective structural polysaccharide.
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c)
State the specific type of bond in amylopectin that gives the molecule its highly branched structure.
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d)
Glycogen has an even more branched structure than amylopectin, which makes it ideal as an energy storage molecule in animal cells.
Describe how the branched structure of glycogen helps fulfil its role as a short-term energy storage compound.
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a)
Identify the two distinct parts of a typical fatty acid molecule.
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b)
The diagram shows a fatty acid.
i)
Identify the type of fatty acid shown in the diagram.
[1 mark]
ii)
State a reason for your answer in part i).
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c)
The diagram shows a different fatty acid.
Use a tick (✔) in each table to identify words to describe the structure of the fatty acid shown.
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Saturated
All Cis
All Trans
Mixture of Cis- and Trans-
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d)
The table below gives information on two different unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Number of C=C double bonds
Melting point / °C
A
18
-5
B
18
45
i)
Identify which of these is a cis-fatty acid and which is a trans-fatty acid.
[1 mark]
ii)
State a reason for your answer in part i).
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a)
The low oxygen content of lipids enables them to be more energy-dense forms of energy storage than carbohydrates.
Explain why.
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b)
Define the term 'metabolic water'.
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c)
The pie chart gives the proportions of the main food groups in the yolk of a typical hen's egg, which serves as a source of nutrition for the growing embryo. This does not include the 'egg white'.
Suggest why the lipids sector of the chart is so much larger than that of carbohydrates.
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d)
State the type of bond, and the number of those bonds, between fatty acids and a glycerol molecule in a typical triglyceride molecule.
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