Which of the following statements are true for antigens?
All of the above
I and II only
I and III only
II only
Identify which of the combinations of blood types are compatible for a blood transfusion from donor to recipient.
|
Donor |
Recipient |
|
| A |
A |
B |
| B |
AB |
B |
| C |
O |
AB |
| D |
A |
O |
What is required to initiate a specific immune response?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens
T-helper cells are activated
B-cells mature
Signalling proteins are released
Which of the following statements about plasma cells is incorrect?
Plasma cells contain large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plasma cells originate from B-cells
Plasma cells divide by mitosis to produce memory cells
Plasma cells produce specific antibodies
Which of the following describes opsonisation?
Antigens bind to receptors which activate complement proteins
Antibodies attach to pathogens to reduce activity
Antigen-antibody complexes form causing clumping together of pathogens
Antibodies bind to receptors making the pathogen identifiable to phagocytes
Edward Jenner carried out a controversial procedure whilst developing a vaccination for smallpox in the 1700s.
Which of the following statements best describes the ethical issues which made Jenners investigations so controversial?
Milkmaids were exposed to cowpox without any protective measures
Variolation was used by doctors to initiate an immune response
His methods were not approved by the Research Ethics Committee
Jenner’s first patient was a child
The graph below shows the number of antibodies in the blood of patients before vaccination, after one dose of vaccine, and again after two doses.
Which of the following is not associated with the response seen after the second dose of vaccine?
Clonal selection
Production of memory cells
Production of histamines
Activation of T-helper cells
Which is the correct sequence of events in an allergic reaction?
I → II → III → IV → V
III → II → I → IV → V
III → IV → I → II → V
V → III → II → I → IV
The diagram shows a procedure used to create monoclonal antibodies.
Identify the correct labels for X, Y, and Z to complete the process.
|
X |
Y |
Z |
|
| A |
Hybridoma |
Tumour cells |
B-lymphocytes |
| B |
Hybridoma |
T-lymphocytes |
Tumour cells |
| C |
B-lymphocytes |
Hybridoma |
Myeloma |
| D |
B-lymphocytes |
Myeloma cells |
Hybridoma |
Which words or phrases can be used to fill spaces (I) and (II) in the following sentence?
Scientists have particular concerns about the spread of diseases in animals that may result in …....(I)....... transfer of pathogens to humans. …….(II)....... help to develop an understanding of the spread of disease in particular geographical areas and allow specific targeting where there are outbreaks.
|
I |
II |
|
| A |
Zoonotic |
Epidemiological studies |
| B |
Species-specific |
Epidemiological studies |
| C |
Zoonotic |
Vaccination programs |
| D |
Mutated |
Vaccination programs |
