a)
The life cycle of a flower involves a vegetative phase, during which the plant may be able to reproduce asexually, and a reproductive phase, during which sexual reproduction is possible.
Contrast asexual and sexual reproduction.
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b)
Explain the importance of the length of the night in controlling flowering in plants.
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c)
The following graph illustrates the relative absorption rate of two important pigments (
A and
B ) that control flowering in plants.
Identify, with reasons, pigments A and B.
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d)
Describe the conversion between pigment A and B that would take place over the course of 24 hours.
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a)
Poinsettias are short-day plants that are popular in Christmas floral decorations.
State how poinsettias can be induced to flower in the Southern Hemisphere where it will be summer at Christmas time.
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b)
Explain why the relationship between flowering plants and pollinators can be considered mutualistic.
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c)
The following diagram shows the reproductive parts of two flowers of the same species.
Identify structures A to C and state how each contributes to the process of sexual reproduction in the plant.
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a)
Pollination is the first step in sexual reproduction in plants.
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b)
The following table shows the number of honey bee colonies documented by a beekeeper on a farm from 2008 to 2018.
Year
Number of living colonies
2008
36
2010
34
2012
22
2014
23
2016
27
2018
21
Calculate the percentage decrease in bee colonies from 2008 to 2018.
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c)
Describe the impacts that a decline in pollinators would have on the wider ecosystem.
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a)
Draw a labelled diagram of the internal structure of a dicotyledonous seed.
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b)
State the main function of gibberellin in enabling seed germination.
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c)
The following investigation was set up to determine the conditions needed for germination.
Identify the control in this experiment and explain the importance of including this test tube in the investigation.
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d)
Explain why no seeds would germinate if test tube D from the investigation at c) was placed in an environment with a temperature of 45°C.
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One mark is available for clarity of communication throughout this question.
a)
Outline the role of phytochrome in controlling flowering in long day plants.
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b)
Outline the adaptations of seeds with different methods of seed dispersal in flowering plants.
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c)
State and explain the factors that growers must consider when growing crops in order to maximise crop yield.
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