a)
The diagram below shows some of the events that take place during the regulation of blood glucose.
Identify organ X .
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b)
Insulin is released when organ X detects a rise in blood glucose levels.
Describe the effects of insulin that restore blood glucose to normal levels.
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c)
When blood glucose levels fall after exercise organ X releases another hormone, hormone Y .
i)
Name hormone Y .
[1 mark]
ii)
State one mechanism by which hormone Y causes blood glucose levels to return to normal.
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d)
The table below shows some doctor’s notes for a patient with diabetes.
Patient age: 9
Patient symptoms:
More thirsty than usual
Increased urine production
Weight loss
Fatigue
White blood cell activity: High
Suggested treatment:
Monitoring blood glucose levels
Insulin injections
Identify, with a reason, whether the patient is likely to have type I or type II diabetes.
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a)
The graph below shows changes in levels of the hormone melatonin over a 24-hour period. Blood melatonin concentration is measured in picograms per ml.
Calculate the percentage increase in melatonin concentration between 2 pm and 12 am.
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b)
Identify one physiological changes that would occur between 2 pm and 3 am in the body of an individual with the melatonin levels shown in part a).
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c)
Another hormone is thyroxin.
Identify the gland that secretes thyroxin.
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d)
Outline the part played by thyroxin in regulating body temperature.
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a)
The graph below shows changing testosterone levels in male and female humans from before birth until old-age. Note that the scale on the x-axis is not evenly distributed.
Compare and contrast the changes in testosterone levels for males and females.
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b)
Outline the reason for the difference in testosterone levels between males and females.
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c)
Label the graph in part a) with an X at roughly the point at which puberty begins in males.
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d)
State two physiological changes that would occur in males at the point you have marked X on the graph in part a).
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a)
Explain why William Harvey's 17th Century attempts to observe the events surrounding fertilisation were unsuccessful.
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b)
The process of reproduction is controlled by a series of hormones. The graph below shows changes in the levels of reproductive hormones A-D in females during a single menstrual cycle.
Identify, with a reason, the hormone represented by line A .
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c)
Line C represents the hormone progesterone.
i)
Identify the source of the hormone progesterone during the regular menstrual cycle.
[1 mark]
ii)
State one role of progesterone.
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d)
A common treatment for fertility problems is in vitro fertilisation, or IVF. During IVF a woman will be given medication containing the hormone FSH.
Explain why medication containing FSH is administered during IVF.
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One mark is available for clarity of communication throughout this question.
a)
Draw a labelled diagram of the female reproductive system.
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b)
Outline the role of the hormone leptin.
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c)
Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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