a)
State which proteins are used to control the cell cycle.
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b)
The diagram below represents the different phases of the cell cycle.
State all the letters in the diagram that represent the phases of interphase.
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c)
The tumour suppressor gene TP53 codes for a protein that interrupts the cell cycle if there is any damage to the DNA and prevents the copying of damaged DNA.
State which stage of the cell cycle this gene would interrupt.
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d)
Define oncogene.
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a)
The diagram below shows two different stages of mitosis.
Identify structures M , N and O .
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b)
List three reasons why cells will undergo mitosis.
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c)
State the process that occurs during prophase that enables chromosomes to condense.
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d)
List four examples of mutagens.
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a)
The diagram below shows some grasshopper cells.
State the stages of the cell cycle shown by X and Y .
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b)
Outline the events occurring during the stage shown as Z in part (a).
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c)
The diagram below shows onion cells from the root tip.
Calculate the mitotic index for this root tip.
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d)
Doctors use the mitotic index when examining tumours.
Suggest what a high mitotic index would indicate to a doctor.
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