6.4 Gas Exchange

The diagram below shows some of the structures in the human body involved with the ventilation process.

Identify Organ 1 in the diagram above.

[1 mark]

Describe how the contraction of Organ 1 in part a) aids the inspiration process.

[2 marks]

Organ 1 is part of an antagonistic pair of muscles.

Explain what is meant by the term antagonistic pair.

[2 marks]

Aside from the antagonistic pair that includes Organ 1, identify one other antagonistic pair of muscles involved with inspiration and expiration.

[1 mark]

The graph below shows the results of a study that monitored the number of cigarettes smoked per day alongside incidence of lung cancer.

Two students looked at the graph and came to different conclusions:

Student A concluded that smoking more cigarettes causes lung cancer.

Student B concluded that there is a connection between smoking more cigarettes and lung cancer.

State, with a reason, which student reached the correct conclusion from looking at the graph above.

[2 marks]

Outline how the study described in part a) should have been designed in order to gain valid evidence regarding the link between cigarettes and lung cancer.

[2 marks]

Other research into cigarettes has shown that the smoke produced when tobacco is burned contains mutagenic chemicals.

Explain how tobacco smoke can cause lung cancer.

[2 marks]

List three symptoms associated with lung cancer.

[3 marks]

A group of students investigated the effect of physical activity on ventilation. The graph below shows the results of their investigation.

[1 mark]

[2 marks]

Emphysema is a lung condition that can cause shortness of breath and breathing difficulties, especially during exercise.

Outline why emphysema can lead to shortness of breath and breathing difficulties.

[2 marks]

State one factor that increases the risk of emphysema.

[1 mark]

One mark is available for clarity of communication throughout this question.

[4 marks]

Describe how the effect of mild and vigorous exercise on ventilation can be monitored.

[4 marks]