Electrophilic substitution questions

Assignment: Questions on Topic 20.1: Electrophilic substitution

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Describe and explain the structure of benzene by considering the hybridization that occurs on each carbon atom.

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Benzene reacts with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50 oC.

i. State the equation for the reaction that occurs.

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ii. Explain the role of the concentrated sulfuric acid.

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iii. Identify the electrophile in this reaction.

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iv. Explain why substitution rather than addition occurs.

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v. Show the mechanism for this reaction using curly arrows. (Upload your answer as an image or a pdf file.)

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vi. Suggest a reason why the temperature is not raised above 50 oC.

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Benzene can also undergo an electrophilic substitution reaction with chlorine in the presence of aluminium chloride, AlCl3, to form chlorobenzene.

i. Deduce the equation for this reaction.

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ii. Based on your knowledge of electrophiles suggest the identity of the electrophile in this reaction and deduce the role of aluminium chloride in its formation.

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