11.3.5 Energy Stored in a Capacitor

• When charging a capacitor, the power supply pushes electrons from the positive to the negative plate
  • It therefore does work on the electrons and electrical energy becomes stored on the plates

• At first, a small amount of charge is pushed from the positive to the negative plate, then gradually, this builds up
  • Adding more electrons to the negative plate at first is relatively easy since there is little repulsion

• As the charge of the negative plate increases ie. becomes more negatively charged, the force of repulsion between the electrons on the plate and the new electrons being pushed onto it increases
• This means a greater amount of work must be done to increase the charge on the negative plate or in other words:

The potential difference across the capacitor increases as the amount of charge increases

As the charge on the negative plate builds up, more work needs to be done to add more charge

• The charge Q on the capacitor is directly proportional to its potential difference V
• The graph of charge against potential difference is therefore a straight line graph through the origin
• The electrical (potential) energy stored in the capacitor can be determined from the area under the potential-charge graph which is equal to the area of a right-angled triangle:

Area = 0.5 × base × height

The electric energy stored in the capacitor is the area under the potential-charge graph

• Therefore the work done, or energy stored in a capacitor is defined by the equation:

• Where:
  • E = work done or energy stored (J)
  • Q = charge (C)
  • V = potential difference (V)

• Substituting the charge with the capacitance equation Q = CV, the energy stored can also be defined as:

• By substituting the potential V, the energy stored can also be defined in terms of just the charge, Q and the capacitance, C:

Step 1: Determine the charge on the sphere at the potential of 100 kV

• • From the graph, the charge on the sphere at 100 kV is 1.8 μC

Step 2: Calculate the electric potential energy stored

• • The energy stored is equal to the area under the graph at 100 kV
  • The area is equal to a right-angled triangle, so, can be calculated with the equation:

Area = 0.5 × base × height

Area = 0.5 × 1.8 μC × 100 kV

Energy E = 0.5 × (1.8 × 10^-6) × (100 × 10³) = 0.09 J

Step 1: Write down the equation for energy stored in terms of capacitance C and p.d V and list the known values

Capacitance, C = 1500 µF

Final p.d, V₂ = 30 V

Initial p.d, V₁ = 10 V

Step 2: The change in energy stored is proportional to the change in p.d

Step 3: Substitute in values