DP Geography Questionbank

Referring to the diagram, state the rank order (from highest to lowest level of equality) for the four aspects of the world average.

Describe the status of women in country X.

Explain the relationship between fertility and the status of women.

State the three components that are used to calculate the Human Development Index.

Referring to examples, describe two factors that result in inequities within countries.

Explain how trade and access to markets may reduce disparities.

Define physical water scarcity.

Define economic water scarcity.

Describe the global pattern of water scarcity shown on the map.

Explain the factors affecting access to safe drinking water.

Define ecological footprint.

Describe what is meant by a neo-Malthusian view.

Explain three benefits of a strategy designed to reduce resource consumption.

“Government attempts to control population growth are ineffective.” Discuss this statement.

“The causes of global climatic change are essentially human.” Discuss this statement.

Examine why most countries want to reduce their dependence on oil.

State what the child mortality rate measures.

Describe the trend in child mortality shown on the graph for Europe and Central Asia.

Suggest two reasons for the trend in child mortality since 1990 in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Suggest two positive socio-economic impacts of an ageing population.

Describe the pattern of poverty shown on the map.

Suggest two reasons why differences in poverty occur within countries.

Explain two positive outcomes of a strategy designed to reduce economic disparities within one named country.

Describe what is meant by the term “environmental sustainability”.

State the aspect of environmental sustainability that should replace “A” on the graph.

Describe the progress made by this corporation since 2010 towards meeting its 2020 targets for environmental sustainability.

Suggest two environmental disadvantages of sending waste to landfill.

Referring to the graph, describe the trend in global biomass extraction between 1980 and 2010.

Suggest two reasons why the total resource consumption per capita decreased between 1980 and 1995, even though global resource extraction was increasing.

Suggest two disadvantages of recycling materials as a strategy to reduce resource consumption.

“The fact that the world’s population is now growing less rapidly means that there will be less pressure on the environment.” Discuss this statement.

Examine the geopolitical and environmental impacts of the production and/or consumption of fossil fuels such as oil.

Examine the relationship between environmental change and human migrations.

Describe the trends in numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) between 1990 and 2010 as shown on the graph.

State the key factor that determines whether a forced migrant is a refugee or an internally displaced person (IDP).

Suggest one political and one environmental cause of the rapid increase in the total number of forced migrants since 2011.

Political:

Environmental:

State two incentives used in a recent pro-natalist national policy.

Country name:

Incentive 1:

Incentive 2:

Explain why these incentives were introduced in the country you named in (d)(i).

Describe the trends in the cost of sending remittances from the three regions shown on the graph.

Explain two reasons why remittances are often an effective way of reducing global disparities.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Explain how inequalities can arise from ethnic differences in one named country.

Named country:

Distinguish between forest cover and biodiversity.

Suggest two reasons why forest cover in some countries has increased in recent years.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Explain two consequences of the reduction of biodiversity in some tropical rainforests.

Consequence 1:

Consequence 2:

State and outline the units used to measure the global ecological footprint.

Units:

Outline:

Suggest two reasons why the total ecological footprint of a country may grow very rapidly in the future.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Explain the neo-Malthusian view of the relationship between population and resource consumption.

Discuss the main reasons why attempts to reduce socio-economic disparities sometimes fail.

“Climate change will only increase global disparities in wealth.” Discuss this statement.

Examine the changing importance of oil as an energy source.

Suggest two reasons why the percentage of female land ownership in Malawi is similar to the percentage of male land ownership in Malawi.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Using evidence from the graph, outline why Chile is more developed than Equatorial Guinea.

Explain two reasons why countries with similar GNI per person can have very different HDI scores.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Infant mortality rate is defined as the number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using infant mortality as a measure of socio-economic development.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Explain three socio-economic impacts of a youthful population for a country.

Impact 1:

Impact 2:

Impact 3:

Define the term GNI (per person).

State which external forcing shown on the graph has the greatest impact on temperature in the atmosphere.

Outline what is meant by “albedo”.

Briefly describe the difference between stratospheric ozone and tropospheric ozone.

Explain two environmental consequences of global climatic change (global warming).

Consequence 1:

Consequence 2:

Describe the trend for currently-producing oil fields shown on the graph for the period 2015–2030.

Suggest two possible reasons for the trend you described in (a)(i).

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Briefly suggest what is meant by “unconventional” oil and gas.

Explain two limitations of one named source of renewable energy.

Source of renewable energy:

Limitation 1:

Limitation 2:

“Poverty reduction cannot be achieved without improved soil management.” Discuss this statement.

Discuss why resource conservation strategies may be more effective than population control in reducing global resource consumption.

Discuss why some governments find it difficult to provide access to safe drinking water for all their people.

Outline how a country’s dependency ratio is calculated.

Describe two predicted regional trends shown on the graph.

Suggest one reason for the predicted change in Nigeria’s dependency ratio.

Suggest one positive and two negative socio-economic impacts of an aging population for one named country.

Named country:

Positive impact:

Negative impact 1:

Negative impact 2:

Briefly outline what is meant by gross national income (GNI).

Briefly outline what is meant by foreign debt.

Identify which country on the map is most in need of debt relief and briefly justify your choice.

Explain, using examples, two ways in which increased trade may help reduce economic disparities between countries.

Describe how the estimated impact of climate change on agricultural production varies with latitude.

Suggest two reasons why global climate change may lead to an increase in agricultural production in some places.

Distinguish between physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity.

Describe the pattern of recycling rates shown on the map.

Suggest two reasons why recycling rates differ greatly between countries.

Explain two strengths and one weakness of one local or national strategy aimed at reducing the consumption of one named resource.

Named resource:

Local or national strategy:

Strength 1:

Strength 2:

Weakness:

To what extent do the most successful poverty reduction strategies focus on wealth creation and gender equality?

“Population growth is the greatest threat to our planet’s soil quality and biodiversity.” Discuss this statement.

“The ecological footprint is the best measure of the relationship between population and resources for different countries.” Discuss this statement.

Describe three characteristics of this projected population structure.

Characteristic 1:

Characteristic 2:

Characteristic 3:

Estimate the difference, in millions, between the projected numbers of males and females in the 75–79 age group.

Suggest two reasons for the difference estimated in (b)(i).

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Suggest two reasons why governments need population projections.

Reason 1:

Reason 2:

Describe the pattern of financial aid flows from New Zealand.

Explain three limitations of international aid.

Limitation 1:

Limitation 2:

Limitation 3:

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using global goals (such as the Millennium Development Goals) to help countries develop.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Outline what is meant by the term “environmental sustainability”.

Describe the distribution of countries that are using more than 60 % of their renewable water resources.

Explain one reason why economic water scarcity is relatively common inn Sub-Saharan Africa.

Explain two ways in which access to safe drinking water can be improved.

Way 1:

Way 2:

Estimate the year in which global population peaks.

Describe the changes in the relative levels of non-renewable resources between 1900 and 2100.

Briefly explain how this graph shows a neo-Malthusian view.

Referring to one named resource, describe a strategy aimed at reducing its consumption.

Named resource:

Strategy:

Explain one strength or one weakness of the strategy as a way of reducing consumption of the named resource from d(i).

“The best way to decrease global disparities is to encourage the free movement of people across international borders.” Discuss this statement.

“Global climate change will reduce economic disparities.” Discuss this statement.

“Our climate and Earth’s biodiversity will benefit if we stop using oil as our main energy source.” Discuss this statement.

Identify three ways in which the load of a river is transported and briefly describe one of these ways

Referring to the map and graphs, explain how the construction of the Danjiangkou Dam affected sediment loads along the Han River.

Examine the influences of physical factors and human activity on a specific river flood.

Describe the trend in water shortage between 1990 and 2015 shown on the graph.

Analyse two competing demands for water in a named river basin.

Referring to the map, identify the type of plate boundary shown on the map at:

(i) A

(ii) B.

State the age of the oceanic crust at C shown on the map.

Describe the pattern of threat to coral reefs shown on the map of South-East Asia.

Referring to the graph, describe the changes in the terminus of the Santa Rosa glacier from 1970–2000.

Explain the processes involved in the advance and retreat of glaciers.

Using the two maps, describe the population density in hot, arid areas.

Explain how and why the following factors may influence population density in hot, arid areas:

• human discomfort,
• inaccessibility.

Explain how two of the other factors (other than factor A) shown on the diagram affect vulnerability to hazards.

Analyse why communities may underestimate the probability of a hazard event occurring.

For one or more hazards of your choice, examine how estimates are made for the probability and likely impact of a major hazard event.

Explain three reasons why it is important for city planners to ensure that there are sufficient open spaces for urban residents.

Describe the trend in international tourist arrivals in the East Asia/Pacific region shown on the graph.

Suggest three possible reasons for a decline in the total number of international arrivals in the world.

Referring to one or more named examples, examine why some countries have invested in tourism in order to promote development.

Define the health measure HALE and explain how it differs from life expectancy.

Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of two other indices (other than HALE) used to measure the health of populations.

Outline two changes in calorie consumption in poor countries from 1970 to 2000.

Outline two differences between calorie consumption in rich countries and poor countries in 2000.

Define the term suburbanization.

Referring to map evidence, suggest three reasons why an area of manufacturing has developed at point A (054113) on the 2003 map.

Examine the pattern of urban deprivation in a city of your choice.

(i) Describe the changes in flood frequency shown on the graph.

(ii) Estimate how many more floods occurred in the 1990s than in the 1930s.

Suggest one physical reason and one human reason why the risk of a river flooding can change over time.

To what extent are floodplain landforms the result of river deposition?

(i) Define the term wetland area.

(ii) Describe the pattern of wetland areas shown on the map.

(i) State one component of agricultural run-off that contributes to the eutrophication of lakes and wetlands.

(ii) Suggest two impacts of eutrophication that can have adverse effects for people.

“The drainage basin is an open system with inputs, outputs, transfers and stores.” Discuss how this knowledge helps people to prevent flooding.

(i) Identify two of the landforms shown in the diagram.

(ii) Outline how wave action could lead to the collapse of the cliff.

Explain three factors favouring the growth of coral reefs.

Examine the environmental and economic impacts of the pollution of oceans by oil.

(i) State one natural cause and one human cause of sand dune degradation.

(ii) Identify two ways in which people are attempting to restore the sand dunes shown in the photograph.

Briefly explain the characteristics and formation of two ocean floor landforms found at a constructive plate boundary.

Examine the possible impacts of changes in the ocean carbon store.

(i) Estimate the latitude at which the percentage of land is highest in the Northern Hemisphere.

(ii) State one reason why extreme cold environments can even be found at latitude A.

(iii) Briefly outline the seasonal variations in temperature likely to be found at latitude B.

Explain the characteristics and formation in periglacial environments of:

(i) patterned ground;

(ii) thermokarst.

Referring to examples, evaluate the varied economic opportunities in hot, arid environments.

Outline two physical causes of aridity in hot, arid environments.

Explain two processes of weathering commonly found in hot, arid environments.

“Human activity within periglacial environments is unsustainable.” Discuss this statement.

Describe the distribution and tracks of hurricanes (tropical cyclones, typhoons) affecting mainland Asia.

Briefly explain two geographical consequences of a recent human-induced (technological) hazard.

Using one or more recent examples, discuss the relative importance of short-term and long-term responses to hazard events and/or disasters.

(i) Describe the change in the total number of reported disasters between 1971 and 2010.

(ii) State the type of natural hazard that has not increased in frequency since 1981.

(iii) Estimate the total economic losses due to storms and floods between 1971 and 2010.

Explain three reasons why communities may underestimate the probability of a major hazard event occurring in the area in which they live.

Discuss the view that human vulnerability to natural hazards (excluding river flooding) is greater in urban areas than in rural areas.

Describe two characteristics of the leisure hierarchy.

Explain three geographic factors that might influence decision-makers in choosing a host city for an international sports event.

Using one or more examples, evaluate the strategies designed to manage tourism in rural areas.

Using map evidence, identify and locate two secondary tourist resources.

Describe how one characteristic of the valley of the River Tarn limits its environmental carrying capacity.

(i) State the direction in which the camera was pointing when photograph A was taken.

(ii) Referring to photograph A, suggest the evidence that the perceptual carrying capacity of Sainte-Enimie may already have been exceeded.

Using examples, evaluate the use of tourism as a development strategy in some low-income countries.

Describe the trends in food aid between 2000 and 2011.

Explain two possible disadvantages of food aid for a community that is currently experiencing food shortages.

“Prevention should always be prioritized over treatment.” Discuss this statement, with reference to specific diseases and communities.

(i) Define the term food miles.

(ii) State the fruit or vegetable that ranks sixth in terms of the highest number of food miles.

(iii) Estimate the average (mean) food miles for the fruit and vegetables shown in the graph above.

Suggest one advantage and two disadvantages of using food miles as an indicator of the environmental impacts associated with food production.

To what extent are food availability, malnutrition and diseases of poverty connected with one another?

(i) Describe the general relationship between population density and air pollution from transport.

(ii) State why Mexico City could be considered an anomaly.

Referring to one or more named cities, explain two ways in which a circular city system operates.

Examine the characteristics of urban deprivation in one or more cities you have studied.

(i) Identify the region with the highest proportion of people living in urban areas in 2014.

(ii) Identify the region with the lowest rate of urbanization between 1950 and 2050.

(iii) Describe the change in the proportion of people living in urban areas in Latin America and the Caribbean between 1950 and 2050.

Suggest three reasons why different ethnic groups are often concentrated in different parts of cities.

Evaluate the success of one management strategy to tackle pollution in one named urban area.

Outline two environmental problems that may occur downstream from multi-purpose dams.

Define the concept of “maximum sustainable yield” of freshwater.

With reference to one named river basin, explain two strategies that have been adopted to meet competing demands for water.

Explain three factors that may produce a short time lag on a storm hydrograph.

Compare the effectiveness of alternative stream management strategies, other than dams.

Describe two characteristics of oceanic crust.

Briefly outline the oceanic circulation in the Pacific Ocean during an El Niño event.

Explain the wind and pressure systems in an El Niño event.

Examine the spatial and temporal consequences of overfishing.

Explain two conflicts that may arise as a result of aquaculture.

“The disposal of waste in the oceans is causing serious harm to people and places.” Discuss this statement.

Outline two ways in which people have adapted their outdoor activities to extremes of weather in hot, arid environments.

Distinguish between the terms “accumulation” and “ablation” in the glacial environment.

Explain two reasons why many glaciers are retreating.

“Global climate change will create more opportunities than challenges for indigenous populations.” Discuss this statement, with reference to one or more extreme environments.

Describe how the characteristics of permafrost vary with latitude.

Outline how the seasonal changes taking place in the active layer differ between 50°N and 60°N.

Explain two ways in which the active layer creates challenges for settlement and/or communications in a permafrost area.

“The opportunities for mineral extraction outweigh the challenges in hot, arid areas.” Discuss this statement.

Describe the global distribution of either volcanoes or earthquakes.

Suggest three factors that might affect an individual’s perception of the risk posed by tectonic hazards.

Explain three conditions necessary for the formation of tropical hurricanes.

“Poorer communities are more vulnerable to the impacts of hazard events than richer communities.” Discuss this statement.

Describe the global pattern of the most visited cities.

State the median value of visitor numbers in 2013.

Outline what is meant by the term “ecotourism”.

Explain one strength and one weakness of ecotourism for local communities.

For one named national sports league, examine the relationship between the location of its teams and the places where their supporters live.

Outline two types of carrying capacity that apply to rural areas.

Explain how land values and accessibility can affect the distribution of sports facilities within urban areas.

Describe the pattern of life expectancy shown on the map.

Explain three indicators, other than life expectancy, which can be used to measure the health of the population in a country.

“Food miles are an excellent indicator of the environmental impact of agriculture.” Discuss this statement.

With reference to the map, describe the distribution of neighbourhoods with low incomes and high population density.

Outline three possible economic reasons for the location of neighbourhoods with low incomes and high population density in the urban area shown on the map.

Analyse the contribution of natural change to population density patterns in urban areas.

To what extent has one named housing management strategy been successful in creating a more sustainable city?

Explain two strengths and one weakness of one named city’s attempt to reduce urban pollution.

Examine the effects of the movement of economic activity to derelict land such as brownfield sites.

Briefly outline two processes of river erosion.

Explain how irrigation can lead to salinization.

Explain two consequences of salinization for farmers.

Discuss the positive and negative hydrological impacts of dam and reservoir construction.

State the lag time for the storm event shown on the hydrograph.

State how many hours the discharge was over 40 cumecs.

Outline why the rising limb on this hydrograph is steeper than the falling limb.

Explain the formation of two landforms on a river floodplain.

Discuss the environmental consequences of eutrophication and the pollution of aquifers.

Identify and briefly describe two landforms in box X.

Using examples, explain two positive economic impacts that El Niño events can bring.

“Geopolitical conflict is the inevitable outcome of human use of oceans.” Discuss this statement.

State two causes of a negative change in sea level.

Briefly describe one landform associated with an advancing coast.

Using examples, explain two effects of the oceanic conveyor belt on different places.

“The loss of coral reefs has more serious effects than the loss of mangrove swamps.” Discuss this statement.

Identify one landform of glacial erosion in square 3415.

State the name of one U-shaped valley/trough shown on the map.

Estimate the length in kilometres of the walking track between the start of the walking track (footpath) at Highpark Wood (3116) to the summit of Helvellyn (3415).

Using map evidence, explain one reason, other than climate, why mining in this extreme environment is challenging.

Explain the formation of one feature or landform of glacial deposition.

Estimate the volume of ice lost between 1850 and 1950.

State the year when the glacier began a continuous decline lasting to 2010.

Suggest why a short-term increase in glacial ice (positive balance) begins around 1950.

Distinguish between aridity and infertility in hot, arid areas.

Examine the causes and consequences of the melting of permafrost.

With reference to the diagram, describe the changes in number of deaths

With reference to the diagram, describe the changes in economic losses.

Suggest reasons for the changes you identified in (a) for number of deaths.

Suggest reasons for the changes you identified in (a) for economic losses.

Examine the factors that affect the choice of adjustments before, and responses after, tectonic (earthquake/volcanic) hazard events.

Outline what is meant by the term “drought”.

Briefly describe one physical cause of a located severe drought.

Suggest two reasons why individuals and communities may underestimate the probability of a severe drought occurring in the region in which they live.

Discuss the reasons why some low-income countries may be more vulnerable than others to the effects of hazard events.

Using a located example, outline two ways in which sustainable tourism supports the culture of local people.

Explain two impacts of tourism on the natural environment of rural areas.

Examine how the benefits of hosting one or more major international sporting events have been unevenly distributed.

Describe the general relationship shown by the diagram.

Suggest one reason why settlement A does not fit the general relationship.

Suggest three possible reasons why the sphere of influence of supporters of a sports team could change over time.

Examine the contribution that ecotourism can make to a country’s tourist industry.

State two diseases of poverty.

Describe the distribution of diseases of poverty.

Explain two types of diffusion in relation to the spread of disease.

Describe the changes in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2015.

Identify the region with the greatest relative change in mortality rate between 1990 and 2015.

Outline why HALE is a better indicator of a nation’s health than child mortality.

Explain how the application of two named barriers to limit the spread of disease has reduced child mortality rates.

Suggest two reasons for the occurrence of low-cost housing areas within cities.

Evaluate the success of one or more strategies to control rapid city growth resulting from in-migration

Describe the pattern of temperatures shown south of the River Liffey.

Estimate the temperature range north of the River Liffey.

Using examples, explain two reasons for the growth of suburbs.

Outline two ways in which sediment is transported by a river.

Using one named example of an international conflict related to freshwater, briefly explain one cause of the conflict.

Using one named example of an international conflict related to freshwater, briefly explain two consequences of the conflict.

Examine how human activity influenced the severity of one named river flood event.

State the four elements of the hydrological cycle labelled A–D.

State two possible methods of artificially recharging the aquifer.

Explain three possible ways people may modify a river channel to increase the flow of water.

To what extent has the management of one major wetland area been successful?

Estimate the percentage of days when the wind blows from the north.

Identify the direction of the most frequent wind.

Explain three physical factors that affect the development of coral reefs.

Briefly outline the role of oceans as a source of carbon dioxide.

Briefly outline the role of oceans as a store of carbon dioxide.

Explain what is meant by the term “oceanic conveyor belt”.

Suggest two reasons why the oceanic conveyor belt is important.

Evaluate the success of one named conservation policy for sustainable fishing.

State the earliest date on which there is a 50 % probability of snow depth exceeding 1 metre.

Estimate the probability of snow depth exceeding 2 metres on 1 September.

Briefly explain how the graph provides evidence that this ski field is located in the southern hemisphere.

Explain two environmental impacts of tourism in one named extreme environment.

Compare the importance of water and wind in the development of landform features in hot, arid areas.

Briefly outline two human factors that are possible causes of desertification in a hot, arid environment.

Briefly outline two physical factors that influence the occurrence of flash floods in hot, arid environments.

Explain three reasons why there are concentrations of people in some parts of hot, arid areas.

Explain two possible human impacts that could occur as a result of a long-term drought in the area shown on the map.

Suggest one short-term strategy that the local community could use to help overcome the problem of drought in the area shown on the map.

Examine the reasons why people continue to live in areas affected by frequent earthquake or volcanic activity.

Outline two factors that can influence the vulnerability of a community to the impacts of a tectonic hazard event.

Briefly explain the occurrence of either volcanoes or earthquakes at constructive plate margins.

Briefly explain the occurrence of either volcanoes or earthquakes at destructive plate margins.

Examine the effectiveness of short- and long-term responses to one recent disaster caused by a hurricane (tropical cyclone/typhoon).

Define the term tourism.

State two possible reasons why not all international arrivals can be classified as tourists.

Explain two strategies designed to manage the environmental damage caused by tourism in one named large town or city.

Discuss the view that the economic benefits of tourism in one country you have studied outweigh its negative social and environmental impacts.

With reference to the photograph, identify one primary tourist attraction.

With reference to the photograph, identify one secondary tourist attraction.

Using photographic evidence, suggest why the perceptual carrying capacity of this site might have been reached.

For one named international sporting event, explain how one physical factor and two human factors influenced the choice of venue(s).

Referring to areas on the map, describe the spread of the Zika virus between 1947 and 2010.

Explain three health improvements that have led to an increase in life expectancy in many low-income countries in recent years.

Examine the strengths and limitations of the energy efficiency ratio as an indicator of sustainable agriculture.

Briefly outline what is meant by the term “food security”.

Outline one way in which the health of a population can be affected by chronic hunger.

Explain three geographic impacts at a national scale of one named water-borne or sexually transmitted disease.

To what extent were physical factors responsible for one recent famine?

Describe what line A represents.

Estimate what percentage of the city’s total wealth belongs to the wealthiest 10 % of households.

Referring to the graph, outline the evidence that many households in this city suffer from poverty.

Explain why people’s choice of residential location within a city might be influenced by their ethnicity.

Explain why people’s choice of residential location within a city might be influenced by their family status (stage in lifecycle).

Evaluate the success of one strategy designed to sustainably manage pollution in one named urban area.

Describe two differences between a circular city system and a linear city system.

Outline how one transport management strategy can contribute to a circular city system.

Explain two reasons for the location of retail activities in the central business district (CBD) of one city you have studied.

Examine the consequences of the movements of different socio-economic groups within a city.

State the relationship between the discharge and the flood recurrence interval shown on the graph.

Suggest why a logarithmic graph was used to show these data.

Estimate the flood recurrence interval for a discharge of 10 000 cumecs.

Suggest how changes over time in the amount of water stored as ice in the hydrological cycle could lead to increased river flows.

Suggest how changes over time in the amount of water stored as ice in the hydrological cycle could affect the size of one or more other stores in the hydrological cycle.

Examine the environmental impacts of agriculture on water quality.

State the direction of flow of the Phungi Khola river at A.

Using map evidence, outline one reason why the Phungi Khola river is likely to have seasonal variations in its discharge.

Using map evidence, state why river discharge at B is likely to be significantly higher than at C throughout the year.

Explain two hydrological changes that may result from the construction of a dam in an area such as the Sagarmatha National Park.

With reference to one named river basin, discuss the different strategies used to meet the competing demands on the water supply.

Outline the trend in overfished stocks shown on the graph.

Briefly outline one consequence of overfishing.

Explain the occurrence of mid-ocean ridges.

Explain the occurrence of ocean trenches.

Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to manage conflicting human pressures on one named area of coastline.

Using information on the graph describe the changes in the strength of El Niño events from 1950 to 1998.

Using information on the graph describe changes in the duration of La Niña events from 1950 to 2016.

Explain one economic benefit and one environmental benefit of mangrove swamps.

Examine the relationships between the oceanic sovereignty rights of nations and exclusive economic zones (EEZs).

Referring to the photograph, identify landform A and landform B.

Briefly outline how the landform at C was formed.

Explain two possible challenges posed by the environment to the economic activities of people living in areas like area D shown in the photograph.

Examine the opportunities for agriculture in hot, arid areas.

Outline two climatic characteristics of a periglacial extreme environment.

Describe two characteristics of permafrost.

Explain the role of water in two weathering processes in hot, arid environments.

“Global climate change will create more challenges than opportunities for indigenous populations.” Discuss this statement, with reference to one or more extreme environments.

Explain two reasons for the increase in the numbers of people affected by disasters in recent years.

Examine the importance of re-assessing risk and re-examining vulnerability following any major hazard event.

Outline the main features of one scale used to measure the magnitude of one named hazard type.

Describe what is meant by hazard risk.

Explain two ways in which people’s vulnerability to a tectonic hazard may be reduced.

Examine why some hazard events are more predictable than others.

Using two different examples, outline what is meant by:

(i) the catchment area of recreation and sports facilities;

(ii) the range of recreation and sports facilities.

Explain two management strategies to reduce environmental damage from tourism in one named rural area.

Examine the relative importance of factors influencing the distribution of sports facilities in one or more named urban areas.

Estimate the numbers of tourist arrivals in 2015 for Africa, and for Asia and the Pacific

Outline one reason why international tourism data may be unreliable.

Explain one economic factor and one political factor that may have contributed to the increased numbers of tourist arrivals for Asia and the Pacific from 2000 to 2015.

Examine the cultural and political factors that might affect success for countries participating in major international sports.

Describe the relationship between GDP (gross domestic product) per capita and life expectancy.

Outline one advantage of using HALE as a measure of a population’s health.

Explain how one natural barrier and one political barrier might limit the spread of disease.

Examine the impacts of international trade agreements and trade barriers on the availability of food in some countries.

Outline what is meant by the term “megacity”.

Using the map, describe the global distribution of megacities in 2015.

Explain one economic reason why large numbers of people have migrated to megacities in recent years.

Explain one reason, other than migration, why the number of megacities has risen globally in recent years.

Evaluate the success of strategies of sustainable city management in one or more urban areas.

Outline two characteristics of the informal sector.

Outline the location of the informal sector in urban areas.

Explain how urban stress might result from environmental factors. 

Explain how urban stress might result from social factors.

Examine the causes and effects of the movement of retailing in urban areas to new locations.

Explain how one environmental factor and one political factor can lead to a decline in food production.

Examine the geographic factors responsible for the incidence and transmission of one named disease (vector-borne, water-borne or sexually transmitted).

Examine the effects of the development of communications upon international interactions.

Examine the reasons for the resistance to globalization on either the national or local scale.

“Global interactions always lead to positive environmental change.” Discuss this statement.

Using examples, analyse how economic and political factors affect global migration flows.

“The interdependence of countries has been greatly exaggerated.” Using examples, discuss this statement.

Using examples, explain the growing need for environmental management at a global scale.

Examine how different global flows are affected by the availability of information and communications technology (ICT) and transport.

Using examples, analyse the increasing uniformity of many of the world’s urban landscapes.

“Geographical differences in wealth are increasing, not decreasing.” Using examples, discuss this statement.

Explain how the actions of world trading organizations and financial institutions (such as the International Monetary Fund) influence global financial flows.

Discuss the economic and environmental consequences of more people choosing to buy locally produced food and goods rather than globalized products.

Using examples, analyse the role civil societies play in national resistance to global interactions.

Examine the ways in which the world’s cities and their societies are becoming increasingly uniform.

Explain why the increasing needs of some countries for one or more raw materials are a cause of environmental concern.

“People living in the world’s most peripheral regions do not experience a ‘shrinking world’.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Using examples, analyse the role of global interactions in the growth of environmental awareness.

Discuss the reasons for the global diffusion of consumer culture.

Analyse the causes and environmental consequences of the international relocation of polluting industries.

“Barriers to globalization are no longer falling but are rising instead.” Discuss this statement.

Using examples, analyse the reasons why some places have become international outsourcing hubs.

Examine the challenges that increased global adoption of information and communications technology (ICT) brings to different places.

Using one or more examples, analyse the geographic challenges associated with transboundary pollution.

Examine how disparities between countries give rise to different global flows.

In a global context, analyse what is meant by “core areas” and “peripheries”.

“Globalization involves the imposition of Western culture on the entire world.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Referring to named countries, analyse how people’s participation in information and communications technology (ICT) networks is changing.

Examine how far the social and environmental costs of globalization can be reduced without also losing its benefits.

Analyse varying ways in which agro-industrialization has led to environmental degradation.

Examine the loss of distinctiveness that some places experience as a result of global interactions.

Analyse the spatial and temporal pattern of adoption of one or more branded commodities.

“The rich get richer but the poor get poorer as a result of global interactions.” Discuss this statement.

Explain how global interactions can lead to greater environmental awareness.

“Globalization is a constantly accelerating process.” Discuss this statement.