Describe the pattern of financial aid flows from New Zealand.

Explain three limitations of international aid.

Limitation 1:

Limitation 2:

Limitation 3:

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using global goals (such as the Millennium Development Goals) to help countries develop.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Award [1] each for three valid statements.
Some quantification is needed for full marks.

Possibilities include:

• most is going to islands
• very little is going to the continent of Asia
• most goes to Oceania
• most destinations are south of the equator / least are north of the equator
• in general, aid reduces from east to west
• there is some evidence of distance decay.
• extremes – Solomon Island most / Nauru least

In each case, award [1] for basic explanation, with additional [1] for development and/or exemplification.

Aid can be interpreted broadly – allow food, emergency and financial aid.

Possibilities include:

• change of donor government may result in a change of policy and aid could be stopped thus making it unreliable
• increases dependency/especially food aid, eg Ethiopia
• corruption/aid may be utilized by an elite and not filter down to those who need it
• may be tied aid/conditions attached
• if aid is financial/it could increase the debt burden
• aid may be too short term/does not have the duration to be effective
• top-down aid projects/may not target the poorest communities.
• capital intensive may not provide adequate employment
• food dumping may cause supply problems for domestic producers
• aid givers use aid as a means of promoting/protecting their own interests
• maintenance of aid projects once donor has withdrawn.

In each case, award [1] for a valid advantage/disadvantage of the use of goals, and an additional [1] for development/exemplification.

Possibilities include:

Advantages:

• Allows for targeted aid – goals can highlight problem areas.
• Quantifies, which allows for measurement of progress and comparison between nations.
• Global citizenship – some idea of “global goals” and our collective responsibility.
• Time specific – gives a deadline to aim for.

Disadvantages:

• They are simply targets – countries are not obliged to follow them.
• Assumes the problems that developing nations face are all the same, can over-simplify something more complex.
• A lot of money is wasted on writing reports/media as opposed to being used for development projects.
• The goals are designed by the UN and are top-down as opposed to grassroot.
• There is a lack of funding to make some goals a reality.