Describe the relationship between GDP (gross domestic product) per capita and life expectancy.

Outline one advantage of using HALE as a measure of a population’s health.

Explain how one natural barrier and one political barrier might limit the spread of disease.

Examine the impacts of international trade agreements and trade barriers on the availability of food in some countries.

Positive relationship OR life expectancy increases with increasing GDP [1] and [1] for further development relating the two factors / some exemplification / recognition of anomalies.

Allow [1] for an advantage, and a further [1] for development.

For example: HALE (health-adjusted life expectancy) is good because it gives an indication of the quality of life [1]. A better quality of life means a population will live longer/experience fewer health issues [1].

Award [1] for the identification of a relevant barrier and up to [2] for further development.

Natural barriers include: mountain ranges, large bodies of water and climate.

Political barriers include: migration/border controls, quarantine restrictions, education policy and increasing awareness.

For example: A major natural barrier to the spread of disease is high mountain ranges [1]. They often have relatively low populations and experience small amounts of in- and out-migration [1], so there is limited opportunity for diseases to spread from the outside world [1].

Trade agreements (at a variety of scales) may include the removal of tariffs or quotas on food imports and exports. In addition, there are other forms of agreements, eg preferential treatment for certain items.

Imports of food and reliable access to international markets help increase the quantity and variety of food available year-round. Improvements to make domestic agriculture more productive and profitable may increase exports, increase farmers’ incomes and help alleviate food poverty. Trade barriers, on the other hand, might discourage the export of food crops to high-income countries, reducing national and local incomes, increasing poverty and reducing food availability (there is food but people cannot afford it). Trade barriers help protect domestic food production, reducing the possibility of dumping “cheap” food from high-income countries.

Good responses may consider the positive and negative impacts of trade agreements and barriers on food availability and on local and national economies, farmers’ incomes and possible changes to agriculture. Another approach might be to examine the way some countries benefit far more than others from trade agreements and why, or might examine how particular types of food might become more or less available and the implications of this.

Responses at band D are likely to describe some impacts of trade agreements and barriers on food availability.

At band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of the impacts, or an examination of varying contexts, scales, types of food, etc.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 markbands (available under the "Your tests" tab > supplemental materials).