State the three components that are used to calculate the Human Development Index.

Referring to examples, describe two factors that result in inequities within countries.

Explain how trade and access to markets may reduce disparities.

Reference should be made to life expectancy at birth, adult literacy (educational attainment) and standard of living (GNI per person) [3×1 mark].

Any two of the following factors should be described: gender, ethnicity, residence, parental education, income, employment, land ownership [2×2 marks]. Accept other valid suggestions. To gain more than 3 marks examples at a sub-national level must be referred to.

The response should demonstrate a clear knowledge of what a disparity is [1 mark]. An explanation of reducing disparities through trade should make some mention of how increased trade leads to increased income and investment [2 marks]. Similarly, the explanation of access to markets should mention the removal of tariffs, quotas, other barriers leading to increased trade [2 marks].

Responses may consider disparities at any scale, and responses considering the disparities either between countries or within countries are equally acceptable.