(i) Identify the region with the highest proportion of people living in urban areas in 2014.

(ii) Identify the region with the lowest rate of urbanization between 1950 and 2050.

(iii) Describe the change in the proportion of people living in urban areas in Latin America and the Caribbean between 1950 and 2050.

Suggest three reasons why different ethnic groups are often concentrated in different parts of cities.

Evaluate the success of one management strategy to tackle pollution in one named urban area.

(i) North America [1]

[1 mark]

(ii) Oceania [1]

[1 mark]

(iii) Award [1] for each valid point. Must have some quantification for [2].

The proportion increases rapidly between 1950 and about 2000 [1] (from 40% to around 70%).

It increases more slowly between 2000 and 2050 [1] (from about 70% to around 85%).

[2 marks]

Award [1] for each reason identified and [1] for development/exemplification.

For example: Due to greater availability of affordable/cheaper housing [1], less affluent groups may become concentrated in poorer parts of the inner city (eg Bangladeshi in East End of London) [1].

Other possibilities include:

• postive segregation – choosing to live in areas with an existing population due to more facilities, eg places of worship or family/community support, or speaking the same language
• negative segregation – avoiding areas where there may be potential conflict
• policies to segregate different ethnic groups
• work – employees grouped around work areas/industries
• historic factors
• relative wealth of migrants – rich and poor areas attract migrants of similar wealth.

[6 marks]

Answers should refer to one named strategy. The strategy may have multiple strands, eg integrated transport management, promotion of public transport, renewable forms of energy. The pollution management strategy could be part of a holistic approach to achieve sustainable development (circular systems)/reduce pollution, eg Beijing and the 2008 Olympic games.

Good candidates may evaluate by recognizing that the strategy may have benefits as well as costs. Benefits may be environmental and social (such as improvements in health) whereas costs may be economic. They may evaluate using a sustainability framework. The success of the strategy may depend on political will, the ability to afford it/police it/perceived benefits. There may be local benefits (such as reducing traffic/car parking) but wider increases in pollution. Good candidates may also view the strategy from different perspectives, eg businesses may resent costs of tackling pollution.

At band D, expect a description of a named management strategy.

At band E, expect either more detail or explanation of a named management strategy or an attempt to evaluate its success.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markscheme.

[10 marks]