With reference to the map, describe the distribution of neighbourhoods with low incomes and high population density.

Outline three possible economic reasons for the location of neighbourhoods with low incomes and high population density in the urban area shown on the map.

Analyse the contribution of natural change to population density patterns in urban areas.

To what extent has one named housing management strategy been successful in creating a more sustainable city?

Award [1] for each valid description point, up to a maximum of [3], which include the following:

• the main location is to the south-west of the city centre [1]
• many of the remaining sites are towards the periphery of the city [1]
• there are many scattered small areas/pockets located in western/ south-western/eastern suburbs [1]
• some of the areas are more than 20 km from the city centre [1].

Award [1] up to a maximum of [3] for the identification of each factor:

• many of the areas are located close to where jobs are found [1]
• there are more informal jobs located in the city centre [1]
• the land is relatively cheap on the outskirts [1]
• many of the areas are close to important routeways [1].

Award [1] for each valid point, up to a maximum of [4], which could include the following:

• positive natural change occurs when the birth rate is higher than the death rate [1]
• this leads to an increase in population density [1]
• areas of youthful populations (including areas of in-migration) tend to experience positive natural change [1]
• negative natural change leads to a decrease in population density [1]
• areas of ageing populations tend to have lower population densities [1].

Other contributing factors may be considered.

Housing management strategies include the provision of affordable and acceptable housing to all population groups, especially poorer ones. It includes shanty towns, apartments, private and public rented accommodation, as well as
sustainable schemes such as Masdar City, BedZed, Curitiba. Features of housing management strategies include provision of loans, mortgages, self-help schemes, recycling, energy reduction, re-use of resources, etc.

Sustainable cities are those that encourage reduction in energy use, reduction in inputs, recycling and re-use of waste products, as well as pollution management strategies and traffic management strategies. Other strategies may include sustainable economic and social strategies.

Good answers are likely to consider the advantages of housing management strategies that address affordability, quality (acceptability), and sustainability (water and energy recycling and re-use, for example). They may also consider the disadvantages (cost to residents and governments). They may also consider the spatial limitations (the strategy may be in one neighbourhood only, not the whole city), or other elements of sustainability eg, issues with pollution, in-migration and employment.

Answers may use a single case study or a range of strategies in one city. Good answers may recognize the limitations of achieving a sustainable city.

At band D, candidates should describe the characteristics of one housing management strategy.

At band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of one housing management strategy or an evaluation linked to sustainability.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.