Define the term tourism.

State two possible reasons why not all international arrivals can be classified as tourists.

Explain two strategies designed to manage the environmental damage caused by tourism in one named large town or city.

Discuss the view that the economic benefits of tourism in one country you have studied outweigh its negative social and environmental impacts.

Tourism involves travel away from home for at least one night [1] for the purpose of leisure [1].

Award [1] for any of the following, up to [2]:

• transit / short-term passengers, not staying at least one night
• refugees / asylum seekers
• business people
• long-term voluntary migrants (joining family/work reasons)
• research scientists
• returning residents.

Award [1] for each strategy/problem/solution, and [2] for development of how it reduces/manages environmental damage.

Possible strategies include:

• reduced vehicle emissions
• reduced noise pollution
• waste management
• control of effluent disposal into the sea.

For example: Limiting the number of tourists is one way to reduce litter problems in Venice [1]. This has been done by limiting the number of hotel beds available [1] and restricting the number/capacity of visiting cruise ships [1].

Award a maximum of [3] if there is no named town or city, or if the example is inappropriate, eg a rural location.

Answers should consider a variety of economic benefits and social/environmental impacts of tourism in a specific country.

Economic benefits might include improved employment opportunities, growth of local industry, improvements in infrastructure, increased GDP and incomes, increased standards of living.

Negative social and environmental impacts might include increases in crimerates, increasing social inequality, increases in pollution and land degradation, excessive use of groundwater supplies.

Good answers may provide a structured discussion of the different kinds of economic benefits and social/environmental costs of tourism in a particular country, and some evaluation of their relative importance.

Award a maximum of band C if the answer refers to a city (eg Venice) rather than a country.

At band D, expect some description of the economic benefits and social/environmental costs in a particular country.

At band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of the benefits and costs of tourism or some discussion of their relative overall importance in a particular country.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 HL and SL markbands.