State what the child mortality rate measures.

Describe the trend in child mortality shown on the graph for Europe and Central Asia.

Suggest two reasons for the trend in child mortality since 1990 in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Suggest two positive socio-economic impacts of an ageing population.

The number of children who die before the age of 5 [1] per 1000 live births [1].

[2 marks]

Award [1] for any of the following.

• slight change from 1990 to 1996 – remains around 50 [1]
• declines more rapidly after 1996 [1]
• decreases over time [1].

Must have some quantification (other than a date) for the award of full marks.

[2 marks]

(The trend is one of rapid decline from above 175 to about 100.)

Award [1] for each valid reason, and [1] for development and/or exemplification.

For example: Increased urbanization [1] increases access to healthcare for children [1].

Other possibilities include:

• MDGs and/or aid
• vaccination programmes eg UNICEF/WHO
• improved water and sanitation
• debt relief allowing more money to be targeted on healthcare and education.

[4 marks]

Award [1] for each valid impact (both can be social or economic), and [1] for development and/or exemplification.

For example: A large grey economy [1] creating new jobs and markets [1].

Other possibilities (these may be explicit or implied benefits) include:

• increase in leisure activities geared towards the elderly
• government can shift spending from sectors such as schooling
• potential childcare by grandparents
• growth of retirement homes industry
• very experienced work force
• lower crime rates.

[4 marks]