Referring to evidence in the photograph, describe two types of environmental stress that are likely to affect the population of Mexico City.

Identify three characteristics of Reforma Avenue that are likely to affect the urban microclimate and explain their effect.

“Cities can never be sustainable.” Discuss this statement, referring to one case study.

There are a number of possibilities, including air pollution, visible as an atmospheric haze creating poor visibility in the distance, vehicle noise and congestion.

A narrow sky view area restricts sunshine, a high density of buildings retains heat, tall buildings reduce general wind speed, but may focus winds, producing a canyon effect with higher wind gusts. The characteristics must be visible in the photo; a general explanation of the urban heat island is not acceptable.

Candidates may choose to either agree or disagree with the question, but stronger answers accessing bands E and F must address both sides of the argument. A good answer accessing band D and above must have case study support and is likely to refer not only to environmental, but also to social and/or economic aspects of management or mismanagement.

Environment: resource conservation, waste management, transport.

Social: housing, educational opportunities, political freedoms and equal opportunities, and local involvement in decision-making.

Economic: income security and employment diversity.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.