Describe two differences between a circular city system and a linear city system.

Outline how one transport management strategy can contribute to a circular city system.

Explain two reasons for the location of retail activities in the central business district (CBD) of one city you have studied.

Examine the consequences of the movements of different socio-economic groups within a city.

Award [1] for each valid difference.

Possibilities include:

• circular is (more) sustainable, linear is less sustainable [1]
• circular city system has smaller inputs of fossil fuels, water and products than a linear system [1]
• circular city system has smaller outputs than a linear system [1]
• circular city system has more recycling, re-use and reduction in inputs than a linear system [1].

Award [1] for a brief description of a transport management strategy and [1] for outlining its contribution to the city system dynamic, eg inputs/outputs.

For example: Increased public transport reduces the number of cars on the road [1] and therefore reduces energy inputs/atmospheric outputs [1] from the city.

In each case, award [1] for a valid reason and a further [2] for the development of that reason.

For example: In Central, the CBD of Hong Kong, retailing is located where public transport links converge [1]. It is a zone of high accessibility for workers and consumers [1], enabling stores to exceed their threshold population [1].

Other reasons could include:

• land values
• prestige of location
• planning regulations
• city centre redevelopment schemes.

There are many consequences of socio-economic groups moving into/out of different parts of a city. These include gentrification, suburbanization, reurbanization, commuting and relocation of selected populations. Do not accept rural–urban migration, as this is not a movement within a city.

Gentrification refers to the movement of higher socio-economic groups into inner city areas. Impacts can be positive, eg increase in house price, improvement of housing by owners, the growth of services, but can also be negative, eg forcing local residents to leave an area, housing becoming unaffordable for local people, etc. Relocation of people may occur due to planning or for major events such as the Olympic Games. Generally, it is the poor who are moved further away from areas of economic activity.

Good answers may examine a structured range of positive and negative impacts (impacts could be for people, places, the environment, etc). Another approach might be to examine different timescales for movement processes (commuting, temporary movement, eg students, permanent relocation). Another approach might be to compare the dominant type of movement seen in HICs, NICs and LICs.

At Band D, expect a description of one movement of socio-economic groups.

At Band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of one or more movements of socio-economic groups in different parts of a city or an examination of the impacts of such movements on different parts of a city.

At Band F expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 HL and SL markbands.