Using a located example, outline two ways in which sustainable tourism supports the culture of local people.

Explain two impacts of tourism on the natural environment of rural areas.

Examine how the benefits of hosting one or more major international sporting events have been unevenly distributed.

Possibilities include:

• respecting/supporting cultures of local communities
• conserving cultural heritage
• reduces out-migration therefore retaining distinctive practices
• employment of local guides can lead to environmental preservation (nature can be part of cultural heritage).

Award [1] for each way and [1] for exemplification/location. If only one location is used, the second point must be developed in order for full marks to be awarded.

For example: Ecotourism in Uluru, Australia [1], helps aboriginal customs survive due to educating visitors [1].

Some possible impacts include: natural resources, pollution, conservation and protection, for example:

• conservation and protection, including the establishment of National Parks and other protected areas
• provision and construction of tourist facilities may increase pressure on forests, wetlands, wildlife and other ecosystems; eg deforestation by wood fuel collection in Nepal
• tourism may cause various forms of local pollution, such as noise pollution from recreational vehicles (eg jet skis); transportation increases air pollution, especially in urban areas; littering, sewage and waste disposal.

Award [1] for the identification of an environmental impact, and [2] for further development and/or exemplification.

For example: There may be a depletion of local water resources due to increased demand from hotels and golf courses [1], which may lead to a lowering of local water tables [1] with consequent changes to local habitats [1].

The benefits may be economic, social, short term, long term, etc. Benefits could be distributed between neighbourhoods, businesses, national government, etc. The focus should be a major event, such as Olympics, football World Cup, or Formula One (F1) race.

Benefits may include:

• raising the profile of a city, may lead to increased tourism and economic investment
• legacy of improved sporting venues, public transport and infrastructure
• creation of new jobs and reducing unemployment
• urban regeneration, including new housing and cleaning up polluted landscapes and the uneven spatial pattern of gentrification
• short-term boost to the local economy
• the value of the sporting legacy at different spatial scales.

Benefits are not shared equally between groups of people. Groups who have not shared benefits may be identified; however, do not credit an extended account of costs for marginalized groups as this is not asked for.

Good answers should examine both the short-term and long-term benefits of hosting major sporting events. They will examine a range of benefits on both local and national scales, with reference to suitable examples. They may go on to arrive at a reasoned judgement of who/where benefits most.

For band D, expect answers that describe the uneven distribution of some benefits of hosting an international sporting event.

For band E, expect either greater depth of explanation of a range of benefits and their uneven distribution, or some structured examination of the statement.

For band F, expect both of these elements.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.