With reference to the photograph, identify one primary tourist attraction.

With reference to the photograph, identify one secondary tourist attraction.

Using photographic evidence, suggest why the perceptual carrying capacity of this site might have been reached.

For one named international sporting event, explain how one physical factor and two human factors influenced the choice of venue(s).

Examine the extent to which the aims of sustainable tourism might be achieved in two different environments.

Award [1] for any of the following:

• distinctive architecture/exotic buildings
• temples.

Accept other valid responses.

Shops selling gifts/souvenirs/food stalls [1].

Accept other valid responses.

Award [1] for photographic evidence that perceptual carrying capacity has been reached, and [1] for further development.

For example: There is such a large number of visitors shown [1] that some may be experiencing stress due to excessive congestion and noise [1].

Award [1] for the identification of a suitable factor that might influence the choice of venue, and a further [1] for development.

For example: Sochi Winter Olympics in Russia, which has a very cold climate [1], was chosen because of its normally abundant snowfall needed for winter sports [1].

Other possibilities might include:

• relief
• coastal location
• attractive landscape
• good international transport links, such as airports, increasing accessibility
• good accommodation for athletes and supporters
• good local transport and infrastructure
• pre-existing venues, reducing construction costs
• government support and public opinion.

Award a maximum of [5] if no international sporting event is named.

The aims of sustainable tourism, involve the protection and conservation of primary tourist resources and support the livelihoods and cultures of local peoples.

Possible strategies to achieve the aims might include:

• protection of the natural environment, eg by establishing National Parks
• managing the exploitation of local resources, such as water, fuelwood
• protection of ecosystems and respecting local wildlife
• education of tourists in the need for environmental protection and respecting the way of life of local communities
• managing visitor numbers
• involvement of local people in tourist activities, so that they benefit economically and socially
• reducing economic leakage
• supporting the culture and way of life of local people, without exploitation
• reducing the environmental impact of tourist accommodation.

“Environments” could be interpreted in various ways; for example, different rural areas, urban areas, and ecosystems.

Good answers may provide a structured examination of the environmental, economic and social aims of sustainable tourism and the extent to which these aims have been met in different areas. Another approach might be to provide a structured examination of different approaches to managing tourism in a sustainable manner in different areas.

For band D, expect some description of the management of sustainable tourism in one or two different areas.

For band E, expect either a more detailed examination of the effectiveness of sustainable tourism management in two different areas, or an examination of the extent to which the aims of sustainable tourism can be achieved in different areas.

For band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 HL and SL markbands.