Outline the trend in overfished stocks shown on the graph.

Briefly outline one consequence of overfishing.

Explain the occurrence of mid-ocean ridges.

Explain the occurrence of ocean trenches.

Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies to manage conflicting human pressures on one named area of coastline.

Award [1] for recognizing increase and [1] for some valid quantification.

For example: It increases [1] from 10 % in 1974 to around 35 % in 2014 [1].

Award [1] for identifying a consequence and a further [1] for development/exemplification.

For example: Unemployment amongst fishermen [1], which may lead to a spiral of decline in the fishing industry [1].
OR
The long-term decline in fish numbers [1] reduces the number of breeding fish, so the fish population declines even further [1].

Award [1] for the identification of the type of plate boundary at which they are located/main process involved, and up to [2] for further development/exemplification.

For example: Mid-ocean ridges are found at constructive plate boundaries [1] where convection currents in the Earth’s interior cause magma to rise to the Earth’s surface and diverge [1]. The ridges have a series of transform faults caused by tension (pressure) / and the central part of the ridge is lower due to faulting/stretching [1].

A well-annotated diagram would be sufficient for full marks.

Award [1] for the identification of the type of plate boundary at which they are located/main process involved, and up to [2] for further development/exemplification.

For example: Ocean trenches are found at destructive plate boundaries [1] where denser oceanic crust plunges/subducts under less dense continental crust [1]. The denser ocean crust descends at an angle of about 45°, creating a deep ocean trench [1].

A well-annotated diagram would be sufficient for full marks.

Conflicting human pressures on a coastline may include demands from fishermen, tourists, energy developers, conservationists, water sports enthusiasts, local residents, business people, etc. Conflicts should be examined, eg between water sports enthusiasts and fishermen, or between different types of fishermen (commercial versus semi-subsistence). A named and located area of coastline should be identified (eg, Soufriere Marine Management Area, St Lucia). Different management strategies, eg zoning, conservation areas, protection schemes, habitat restoration, etc, should be examined. Accept Great Barrier Reef and similar.

Good answers are likely to consider a number of pressures on a named coastline. They are likely to examine the views of several different stakeholders; consider the different power of certain stakeholders and examine possible future conflicts as a result of environmental change. There should be an evaluation or final judgement of the effectiveness of the management strategies used.

If no area is named, the response should not be awarded marks beyond band C.

At band D, expect a description of the conflicting pressures on a named area of coastline.

At band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of the conflicting human pressures on a named area of coastline and how they may have been resolved, or an evaluation of the success of the management strategies.

At band F expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 markbands (available under the "Your tests" tab > supplemental materials).