Referring to the photograph, identify landform A and landform B.

Briefly outline how the landform at C was formed.

Explain two possible challenges posed by the environment to the economic activities of people living in areas like area D shown in the photograph.

Examine the opportunities for agriculture in hot, arid areas.

Award [1] for both of the following correct:

A: pyramidal peak / horn / mountain peak
B: arête / ridge

Award [1] for each valid point.

For example: Landform C (corrie/cwm/cirque) formed at the head of a glacier [1] by the processes of plucking and abrasion [1] leading to deepening/recession [1].

Full credit can be awarded for an annotated diagram.

Award [1] for each challenge and [2] for explanation.

Challenges include: extreme cold in winter, lack of sunshine, surrounding steep slopes, threat of avalanches, stony and thin soils, remoteness, inaccessibility in winter, meltwater run-off in spring and summer.

For example: The area has severe cold weather [1] so a short growing season [1], which limits the value of the crops that can be produced [1].

Hot, arid areas are characterized by high temperatures and low/variable annual rainfall. Annual rainfall varies between 250 mm and 500 mm, so there is some possibility for farming, especially where water conservation methods are used.

Opportunities are created by:

• nomadism (the traditional way of dealing with insufficient amounts of rainfall and pasture)
• maximizing water availability (eg irrigation in areas close to rivers or oases/aquifers; creation of bunds, stone lines, etc to trap water; use of desalinization plants for water in high income countries
• improving agricultural practices (eg increased use of drought-tolerant species; land enclosure to reduce wind erosion; limiting the numbers of grazing animals; careful choice of crops, cultivation techniques and continuous monitoring; use of fertilizers; irrigating with silt-laden river water to restore soil in badly eroded areas.

Good answers will present a structured response which will explain a wide range of opportunities for hot, arid areas, or some critical discussion of whether one or more opportunities have actually been realized by different groups/stakeholders/perspectives in different places (with varying wealth, technology, etc). There may be some discussion on whether opportunities have increased or lessened over time.

At band D, expect a description of some opportunities for agriculture in hot, arid areas.

At band E, expect either a detailed explanation of some opportunities for agriculture in hot arid areas or a structured examination of different agricultural opportunities in varying contexts.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 markbands (available under the "Your tests" tab > supplemental materials).