DP Further Mathematics HL Questionbank
Topic 5 - Calculus
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Description
The aims of this topic are to introduce limit theorems and convergence of series, and to use calculus results to solve differential equations.
Directly related questions
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4d: Given that all the isoclines from a slope field of a differential equation are straight lines...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: The slope field for the differential equation \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = x + y\)...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4b.i: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = \) constant.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4a.iii: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = x - 1\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4a.ii: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = x + 1\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4a.i: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = 2\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2b.iii: Find the Maclaurin expansion for \(y\) up to and including the term in \({{x^3}}\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2b.ii: Show that...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2b.i: Show...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: Use Euler’s method with step length 0.1 to find an approximate value of \(y\) when \(x = 0.4\).
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Use the integral test to determine whether or...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.11c: Hence show that the solution to the differential...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.11b: Show that the differential...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.11a: Show that...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: Use l’Hôpital’s rule to show that...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.7b: (i) Use these results to show that the Maclaurin series for the function \({f_5}(x)\) up to...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Show that (i) \(\frac{{{\text{d}}{f_n}(x)}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = n{g_n}(x)\); (ii) ...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) Find the general solution of the differential equation...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: (i) Write down the particular solution passing through the points \((1,{\text{ }} \pm...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Hence find the particular solution passing through the points...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Find the general solution of the differential equation, expressing your answer in the form...
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.7b: differentiable at \(x = 0\).
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.7a: continuous at \(x = 0\);
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5b.iii: Hence, by using your calculator to draw two appropriate graphs or otherwise, find the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5b.ii: Starting with the differential equation, show...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5b.i: Find an integrating factor and hence solve the differential equation, giving your answer in the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5a.ii: Hence, using integration by parts, show...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5a.i: By considering integration as the reverse of differentiation, show that...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.9b.ii: Determine the value of \({I_3}\), giving your answer as a multiple of \({{\text{e}}^{ - 1}}\).
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.9b.i: Show that, for \(n \in {\mathbb{Z}^ +...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.9a: Using l’Hôpital’s rule, show...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7b.iii: Determine the numerical value of \(p\) when \(\mu = 3\).
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: Show that \(p = {{\text{e}}^{ - \mu }}f(\mu )\).
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7b.i: Write down a series in terms of \(\mu \) for the probability...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7a.ii: By considering derivatives of \(f\), determine the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7a.i: Show that \({f^{(4)}}x = f(x)\);
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.5b.ii: By giving a suitable example, show that it is false.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.5b.i: State the converse proposition.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.5a: Given that the series \(\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {{u_n}} \) is convergent, where...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8d: Explain briefly why the same maximum value of error term occurs for \(g(x) = \cos x\) centred...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8c: Hence find the largest number of decimal places to which \(\sin x\) can be estimated for angles...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8b: When using this approximation to find angles between \(130^\circ\) and \(140^\circ\), find the...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8a: Using a Taylor series, find a quadratic approximation for \(f(x) = \sin x\) centred about...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1d: (i) Find the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for \(y\). (ii) Hence...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1c: Solve the differential equation to find an exact value for \(y\) when \(x = 1\).
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Explain how Euler’s method could be improved to provide a better approximation.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: Using Euler’s method with increments of \(0.2\), find an approximate value for \(y\) when \(x = 1\).
- 15M.1.hl.TZ0.8b: Hence solve the differential equation...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ0.6: Find the interval of convergence of the series...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Find the range of values of \(n\) for which \(\int_1^\infty {{x^n}{\rm{d}}x} \)...
- 11M.1.hl.TZ0.2b: Find the solution to the differential...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Find the value of \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{1}{x} - \cot x} \right)\) .
- 11M.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Find the interval of convergence of the infinite...
- 11M.2.hl.TZ0.5c: (i) Find the Maclaurin series for \(\ln (1 + \sin x)\) up to and including the term in...
- 10M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Given that \(\frac{{{\rm{d}}x}}{{{\rm{d}}y}} + 2y\tan x = \sin x\) , and \(y = 0\) when...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6a: The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of \(y = {x^{ - 4}}\) for \(x > 0\) . By...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6b: Let \(S = \sum\limits_{r = 1}^\infty {\frac{1}{{{r^4}}}} \) . Use the result in (a) to show...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6c: (i) Show that, by taking \(n = 8\) , the value of \(S\) can be deduced correct to three...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6d: Now let \(T = \sum\limits_{r = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{{( - 1)}^{r + 1}}}}{{{r^4}}}} \) . Find the...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.1A.b: (i) Use your answer to (a) to find an approximate expression for the cumulative distributive...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Sum the series \(\sum\limits_{r = 0}^\infty {{x^r}} \) . (ii) Hence, using sigma...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.1A.a: Assuming the series for \({{\rm{e}}^x}\) , find the first five terms of the Maclaurin series...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.4A.a: Write down the general term.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.4A.b: Find the interval of convergence.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.4B: Solve the differential equation \((u + 3{v^3})\frac{{{\rm{d}}v}}{{{\rm{d}}u}} = 2v\) , giving...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Show that the solution \(y = f(x)\) that satisfies the condition...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (i) Show that the improper integral \(\int_0^\infty {\frac{1}{{{x^2} + 1}}} {\rm{d}}x\) is...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ0.2d: For the series \(\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{{{x^n}}}{{{n^2} + 1}}} \) (i) ...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ0.4a: Find the general solution of the differential equation...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ0.2c: (i) Show that the series...
- 08M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Solve the following differential...
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.d: By combining your two series, show that...
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.e: Hence, or otherwise, find \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \sec x}}{{x\sqrt x }}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.6a: Show that, for \(n \ge 2\) , \({S_{2n}} > {S_n} + \frac{1}{2}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.6b: Deduce that \({S_{2m + 1}} > {S_2} + \frac{m}{2}\) .
- 07M.1.hl.TZ0.2b: Calculate the following...
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.a: Show that \(f''(x) = \frac{{ - 1}}{{1 + \sin x}}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.b: Determine the Maclaurin series for \(f(x)\) as far as the term in \({x^4}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.c: Deduce the Maclaurin series for \(\ln (1 - \sin x)\) as far as the term in \({x^4}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.6c: Hence show that the sequence \(\left\{ {{S_n}} \right\}\) is divergent.
- 07M.1.hl.TZ0.2a: Calculate the following limit \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{2^x} - 1}}{x}\) .
- 07M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Solve the differential equation \(x\frac{{{\rm{d}}y}}{{{\rm{d}}x}} + 2y = \sqrt {1 + {x^2}}...
- 07M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: The function \(f\) is defined by \(f(x) = \frac{{{{\rm{e}}^x} + {{\rm{e}}^{ - x}}}}{2}\) . ...
- 07M.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Use the integral test to determine whether the...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ0.3a: By evaluating successive derivatives at \(x = 0\) , find the Maclaurin series for \(\ln \cos x\)...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ0.3b: Consider \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \cos x}}{{{x^n}}}\) , where...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ0.3a: (i) Show that...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Consider the differential equation...
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.8b: Show that \(S > 0.4\) .
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.1: Using l’Hôpital’s Rule, determine the value...
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.8a: Show that the series is conditionally convergent but not absolutely convergent.
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.11a: Show that \(f''(x) = - 2{{\rm{e}}^x}\sin x\) .
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.11b: Determine the Maclaurin series for \(f(x)\) up to and including the term in \({x^4}\) .
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.11c: By differentiating your series, determine the Maclaurin series for \({{\rm{e}}^x}\sin x\) up to...
- SPNone.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Use Euler’s method with a step length of \(0.1\) to find an approximate value for \(y\) when...
- SPNone.2.hl.TZ0.5b: (i) By differentiating the above differential equation, obtain an expression involving...
- SPNone.2.hl.TZ0.5c: (i) Show that \(\sec x + \tan x\) is an integrating factor for solving this differential...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ0.2: Consider the differential equation \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = {y^3} - {x^3}\) for...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ0.5: (a) Assuming the Maclaurin series for \({{\text{e}}^x}\), determine the first three non-zero...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ0.12: Consider the infinite series...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ0.5: Consider the differential equation...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ0.8: (a) (i) Using l’Hôpital’s rule, show...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ0.1: Use l’Hôpital’s rule to find \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} (\csc x - \cot x)\).
- 15M.1.hl.TZ0.8a: Differentiate the expression \({x^2}\tan y\) with respect to \(x\), where \(y\) is a function of...
Sub sections and their related questions
5.1
None5.2
- 11M.2.hl.TZ0.5b: Find the interval of convergence of the infinite...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6b: Let \(S = \sum\limits_{r = 1}^\infty {\frac{1}{{{r^4}}}} \) . Use the result in (a) to show...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6c: (i) Show that, by taking \(n = 8\) , the value of \(S\) can be deduced correct to three...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6d: Now let \(T = \sum\limits_{r = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{{( - 1)}^{r + 1}}}}{{{r^4}}}} \) . Find the...
- 09M.1.hl.TZ0.6b: (i) Sum the series \(\sum\limits_{r = 0}^\infty {{x^r}} \) . (ii) Hence, using sigma...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.4A.a: Write down the general term.
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.4A.b: Find the interval of convergence.
- 13M.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (i) Show that the improper integral \(\int_0^\infty {\frac{1}{{{x^2} + 1}}} {\rm{d}}x\) is...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ0.2c: (i) Show that the series...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ0.2d: For the series \(\sum\limits_{n = 0}^\infty {\frac{{{x^n}}}{{{n^2} + 1}}} \) (i) ...
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.6a: Show that, for \(n \ge 2\) , \({S_{2n}} > {S_n} + \frac{1}{2}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.6b: Deduce that \({S_{2m + 1}} > {S_2} + \frac{m}{2}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.6c: Hence show that the sequence \(\left\{ {{S_n}} \right\}\) is divergent.
- 07M.2.hl.TZ0.4b: Use the integral test to determine whether the...
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.8a: Show that the series is conditionally convergent but not absolutely convergent.
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.8b: Show that \(S > 0.4\) .
- 14M.1.hl.TZ0.12: Consider the infinite series...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ0.6: Find the interval of convergence of the series...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.5a: Given that the series \(\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {{u_n}} \) is convergent, where...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.5b.i: State the converse proposition.
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.5b.ii: By giving a suitable example, show that it is false.
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Use the integral test to determine whether or...
5.3
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.a: Show that \(f''(x) = \frac{{ - 1}}{{1 + \sin x}}\) .
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.7a: continuous at \(x = 0\);
- 16M.1.hl.TZ0.7b: differentiable at \(x = 0\).
5.4
- 11M.1.hl.TZ0.2a: (i) Find the range of values of \(n\) for which \(\int_1^\infty {{x^n}{\rm{d}}x} \)...
- 10M.2.hl.TZ0.6a: The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of \(y = {x^{ - 4}}\) for \(x > 0\) . By...
- 13M.2.hl.TZ0.2b: (i) Show that the improper integral \(\int_0^\infty {\frac{1}{{{x^2} + 1}}} {\rm{d}}x\) is...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ0.3a: (i) Show that...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5a.i: By considering integration as the reverse of differentiation, show that...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5a.ii: Hence, using integration by parts, show...
5.5
- 11M.1.hl.TZ0.2b: Find the solution to the differential...
- 10M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Given that \(\frac{{{\rm{d}}x}}{{{\rm{d}}y}} + 2y\tan x = \sin x\) , and \(y = 0\) when...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.4B: Solve the differential equation \((u + 3{v^3})\frac{{{\rm{d}}v}}{{{\rm{d}}u}} = 2v\) , giving...
- 13M.1.hl.TZ0.4a: Find the general solution of the differential equation...
- 08M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Solve the following differential...
- 07M.1.hl.TZ0.5: Solve the differential equation \(x\frac{{{\rm{d}}y}}{{{\rm{d}}x}} + 2y = \sqrt {1 + {x^2}}...
- 12M.2.hl.TZ0.3b: Consider the differential equation...
- SPNone.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Use Euler’s method with a step length of \(0.1\) to find an approximate value for \(y\) when...
- SPNone.2.hl.TZ0.5c: (i) Show that \(\sec x + \tan x\) is an integrating factor for solving this differential...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ0.2: Consider the differential equation \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = {y^3} - {x^3}\) for...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ0.5: Consider the differential equation...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ0.8b: Hence solve the differential equation...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1a: Using Euler’s method with increments of \(0.2\), find an approximate value for \(y\) when \(x = 1\).
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1b: Explain how Euler’s method could be improved to provide a better approximation.
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1c: Solve the differential equation to find an exact value for \(y\) when \(x = 1\).
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: Find the general solution of the differential equation, expressing your answer in the form...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Hence find the particular solution passing through the points...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: (i) Write down the particular solution passing through the points \((1,{\text{ }} \pm...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.4d: (i) Find the general solution of the differential equation...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5b.i: Find an integrating factor and hence solve the differential equation, giving your answer in the...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5b.ii: Starting with the differential equation, show...
- 17M.2.hl.TZ0.5b.iii: Hence, by using your calculator to draw two appropriate graphs or otherwise, find the...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.11a: Show that...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.11b: Show that the differential...
- 18M.1.hl.TZ0.11c: Hence show that the solution to the differential...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: Use Euler’s method with step length 0.1 to find an approximate value of \(y\) when \(x = 0.4\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2b.i: Show...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2b.ii: Show that...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4a.i: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = 2\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4a.ii: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = x + 1\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4a.iii: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = x - 1\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4b.i: \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = \) constant.
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4c: The slope field for the differential equation \(\frac{{{\text{d}}y}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = x + y\)...
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.4d: Given that all the isoclines from a slope field of a differential equation are straight lines...
5.6
- 11M.2.hl.TZ0.5c: (i) Find the Maclaurin series for \(\ln (1 + \sin x)\) up to and including the term in...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.1A.a: Assuming the series for \({{\rm{e}}^x}\) , find the first five terms of the Maclaurin series...
- 09M.2.hl.TZ0.1A.b: (i) Use your answer to (a) to find an approximate expression for the cumulative distributive...
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.b: Determine the Maclaurin series for \(f(x)\) as far as the term in \({x^4}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.c: Deduce the Maclaurin series for \(\ln (1 - \sin x)\) as far as the term in \({x^4}\) .
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.d: By combining your two series, show that...
- 07M.2.hl.TZ0.4a: The function \(f\) is defined by \(f(x) = \frac{{{{\rm{e}}^x} + {{\rm{e}}^{ - x}}}}{2}\) . ...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ0.3a: By evaluating successive derivatives at \(x = 0\) , find the Maclaurin series for \(\ln \cos x\)...
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.11a: Show that \(f''(x) = - 2{{\rm{e}}^x}\sin x\) .
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.11b: Determine the Maclaurin series for \(f(x)\) up to and including the term in \({x^4}\) .
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.11c: By differentiating your series, determine the Maclaurin series for \({{\rm{e}}^x}\sin x\) up to...
- SPNone.2.hl.TZ0.5b: (i) By differentiating the above differential equation, obtain an expression involving...
- 14M.1.hl.TZ0.5: (a) Assuming the Maclaurin series for \({{\text{e}}^x}\), determine the first three non-zero...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ0.5: Consider the differential equation...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.1d: (i) Find the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for \(y\). (ii) Hence...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8a: Using a Taylor series, find a quadratic approximation for \(f(x) = \sin x\) centred about...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8b: When using this approximation to find angles between \(130^\circ\) and \(140^\circ\), find the...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8c: Hence find the largest number of decimal places to which \(\sin x\) can be estimated for angles...
- 15M.2.hl.TZ0.8d: Explain briefly why the same maximum value of error term occurs for \(g(x) = \cos x\) centred...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.7a: Show that (i) \(\frac{{{\text{d}}{f_n}(x)}}{{{\text{d}}x}} = n{g_n}(x)\); (ii) ...
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.7b: (i) Use these results to show that the Maclaurin series for the function \({f_5}(x)\) up to...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7a.i: Show that \({f^{(4)}}x = f(x)\);
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7a.ii: By considering derivatives of \(f\), determine the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7b.i: Write down a series in terms of \(\mu \) for the probability...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7b.ii: Show that \(p = {{\text{e}}^{ - \mu }}f(\mu )\).
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.7b.iii: Determine the numerical value of \(p\) when \(\mu = 3\).
- 18M.2.hl.TZ0.2b.iii: Find the Maclaurin expansion for \(y\) up to and including the term in \({{x^3}}\).
5.7
- 11M.2.hl.TZ0.5a: Find the value of \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{1}{x} - \cot x} \right)\) .
- 13M.1.hl.TZ0.4b: (i) Show that the solution \(y = f(x)\) that satisfies the condition...
- 08M.2.hl.TZ0.2A.e: Hence, or otherwise, find \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \sec x}}{{x\sqrt x }}\) .
- 07M.1.hl.TZ0.2a: Calculate the following limit \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{2^x} - 1}}{x}\) .
- 07M.1.hl.TZ0.2b: Calculate the following...
- 12M.1.hl.TZ0.3b: Consider \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln \cos x}}{{{x^n}}}\) , where...
- SPNone.1.hl.TZ0.1: Using l’Hôpital’s Rule, determine the value...
- 14M.2.hl.TZ0.8: (a) (i) Using l’Hôpital’s rule, show...
- 15M.1.hl.TZ0.1: Use l’Hôpital’s rule to find \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} (\csc x - \cot x)\).
- 16M.2.hl.TZ0.2a: Use l’Hôpital’s rule to show that...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.9a: Using l’Hôpital’s rule, show...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.9b.i: Show that, for \(n \in {\mathbb{Z}^ +...
- 17M.1.hl.TZ0.9b.ii: Determine the value of \({I_3}\), giving your answer as a multiple of \({{\text{e}}^{ - 1}}\).