A takeaway drinks company are investigating different recyclable and reusable materials to keep both hot and cold drinks at a drinkable temperature for longer. Thermal energy transfers from hotter areas to cooler areas.
(a)
Place a tick (✓) next to the processes that transfer thermal energy.
The drinks company are trying to understand more about conduction.
(b)
Use the words below to complete the sentences to explain the process of conduction.
solids
metals
gases
hotter
cooler
liquids
plastics
paper
wood
(i)
Conduction is the main method of thermal transfer in ___________.
[1]
(ii)
Two solids of different temperatures come in contact with one another and thermal energy is transferred from the _________ object to the ___________ object.
Convection currents occur within fluids. The drinks company is trying to understand how a convection current could occur in a hot drink if heated from below.
(c)
Number the statements below from 1 - 4 to show the correct order for how a convection current forms in a hot drink.
The hotter part of the fluid becomes less dense than the surrounding fluid.
The hot fluid rises, and the cooler (surrounding) fluid moves in to take its place.
The heated molecules gain kinetic energy and push each other apart, making the fluid expand.
The hot fluid cools, contracts and sinks back down again.
Astronomers are using Wien's Law to predict the temperature of different stars. The intensity-wavelength graph below shows how thermodynamic temperature links to the peak wavelength for four different bodies.
(a)
Identify the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths by correctly labelling the sections of the graph.
The astronomers are considering the Earth's surface-atmosphere system and whether this will affect the calculated temperature of stars detected on Earth.
(c)
Use the text in the box to complete the sentences below, describing the Earth's Surface-Atmosphere system.
Carbon monoxide
transfer
Sun
Greenhouse gases
constant
space
(i)
The Earth's energy balance depends on how much energy is incoming from the _____________ and how much energy is returned to _____________.
[1]
(ii)
If incoming and outgoing energy are in balance, the Earth’s temperature will remain ______________.
[1]
(iii)
This system can be used to create models that help climate scientists predict temperature fluctuations based on concentrations of _________________ ____________.
Environmentalists are considering the Sun's rays and the amount of energy received at the surface of the Earth's atmosphere.
(a)
Define the solar constant by placing a tick (✓) in the correct box.
The amount of solar radiation across visible wavelengths that is incident in one second on one square meter at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun
The amount of solar radiation across all wavelengths that is incident in one minute on one square meter at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun
The amount of solar radiation across all wavelengths that is incident in one second on one square meter at the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun
The amount of solar radiation across all wavelengths that is incident in one second on one square meter at the maximum distance of the Earth from the Sun
