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Option D: Human physiology

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Option D: Human physiology

Description

Overview of the essential ideas for this option.

D.1: A balanced diet is essential to human health.

D.2: Digestion is controlled by nervous and hormonal mechanisms.

D.3: The chemical composition of the blood is regulated by the

D.4: Internal and external factors influence heart function.

D.5: Hormones are not secreted at a uniform rate and exert their effect at low concentrations.

D.6: Red blood cells are vital in the transport of respiratory gases.

Directly related questions

16N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Identify the increased probability of an obese person having hypertension relative to someone who...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Identify, with a reason, which milk provides more energy in a 250 g serving.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: State one cause of stomach ulcers.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19a:
Samples from cardiac muscle were taken during autopsies from individuals who had coronary heart disease (CHD) and a control group. The histogram shows the relationship between the quantity of cardiac muscle cells and their diameter in the left ventricle in the two groups.

Distinguish between the distribution of cardiac muscle cell diameters in the CHD and control groups.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21c: The photomicrograph shows cardiac muscle. Label the structures I and II.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.ii: Outline the events that occur within the heart that correspond to the QRS complex.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.23:
Discuss high altitude training for athletes.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: HGH is a peptide hormone. Describe the mode of action of peptide hormones on target cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Discuss the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves for adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15b: Suggest a reason for the difference in QT interval between females with anorexia nervosa and...
16N.3.HL.TZ0.20a:
On the diagram, label a

(i) second messenger.

(ii) gene regulatory protein.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: Outline one characteristic of steroid hormones that allows them to readily diffuse through cell...
16N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Describe how the liver regulates nutrient levels.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of peptide and steroid hormones.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.i: Describe the relationship between the maternal blood vitamin D levels and the incidence of seizures.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Outline the reason for some amino acids being classified as essential amino acids.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: An increase in metabolic activity results in greater release of CO2 into the blood. On the graph,...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.20: Outline how infection by Vibrio cholerae can lead to dehydration.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23c: State the effect of carbon dioxide in blood on the rate of ventilation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i:
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland. State one function of thyroxin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.22:
Explain how an increase in cell respiration in a tissue causes increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in the tissue.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Suggest one reason that it is difficult to detect illegal use of HGH to enhance athletic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24a:
The electron micrograph shows a section through an alveolus showing blood in a capillary.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Identify the cells found at X and Y.

X:

Y:
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: Calculate how many grams of protein should be consumed each day. Working is not required.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20c: Outline the fate of the iron from the erythrocytes.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21b: Explain the meaning of systolic and diastolic pressure.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State two roles of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Role 1: Role 2:
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20b: State what is represented by the period between the points R and R’.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Outline the need for iodine in the endocrine system.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.20a:
A good marker of dietary intake of iodine is the urinary iodine level (UI). A study was carried out in the UK to establish urinary iodine levels and milk intake in schoolgirls aged 14–15 years.

Urinary iodine values from 50 to 99 μg dm^–3 are considered to be mild iodine deficiency. Deduce the effect of milk intake on the iodine status of schoolgirls in the UK.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21a:
The diagram shows the use of a sphygmomanometer in the measurement of blood pressure.

Identify the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure for this adult male.

Systolic pressure (mm Hg):

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg):
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii:
The action of thyroxin is similar to steroid hormones. Describe the action of steroid hormones.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii: Using the diagram, identify a hormone involved in the development of a follicle.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21a: From the diagram, deduce the effect of the disease polycythemia on the proportion of erythrocytes...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: State one function of sodium in the diet.
17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.18d: Cells on the surface of intestinal villi have microvilli, which provide a large surface area for...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19c: Explain the reason for the delay between contractions of the atria and of the ventricles.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.21: Discuss the causes and treatments of phenylketonuria.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.21: Explain how the pH of blood is kept constant during exercise.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Identify with reasons whether the pituitary gland is an exocrine or endocrine gland.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15a: Outline the reasons that the female patients with anorexia nervosa have a lower mean ventricle...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17d: Suggest, with reasons, which milk would be recommended for someone with osteomalacia.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Using the R–R interval in this ECG, calculate the heart beats per minute (bpm) of this patient. Show your working.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.22: Explain a method to quantify the energy content in food.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to transmit impulses.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: State a treatment for emphysema.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.24:
Explain how steroid and peptide hormones exert their effect.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23a:
Using the graph, explain the Bohr shift.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20b:
The World Health Organization recommends that the iodine intake should be supplemented in pregnant women due to their increased requirements. Outline the need for iodine supplementation.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i: Using the diagram, identify an organ containing an exocrine gland.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: List two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24b:
Explain, with the aid of an annotated diagram, how physical exercise affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Athletes taking growth hormones show an increase in their sprinting capacity. This is not...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and peptide hormones.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.16b:
Explain how the administration of a drug that stimulates the leptin receptors in the hypothalamus could help treat obesity.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15c: State the two causes of normal heart sounds.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.18a:
The cell labelled X is only found in the liver and is associated with the wall of a sinusoid.

(i) Identify cell X.

(ii) Outline the function of cell X.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain, using an oxygen dissociation curve, how hemoglobin supplies oxygen to respiring tissues...
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: List features that would increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20a: State the name of the cells that perform the breakdown of erythrocytes in the liver.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i: Outline the main changes in the lungs that occur in patients with emphysema.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.ii: Deduce the reason for rickets in these infants.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.22: Explain the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.i: Distinguish between the ECG trace of the patient with hypokalemia and the patient with hyperkalemia.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23b:
State two modes of transport of carbon dioxide in blood.

1.

2.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.iii: Using the diagram, identify a steroid hormone.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20a: Deduce from the results of the study whether HGH improves strength.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: Describe the electrical activity that occurs in the heart during the P wave.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19b: Explain the use of proton pump inhibitors to treat patients complaining of stomach pain.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19a: Outline the importance of the proton pumps in the digestion of foods.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.19: The diagram below shows the liver and main vessels associated with it. Suggest advantages of...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Pancreatic juice is secreted into the pancreatic duct which carries these secretions to the small...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20c: Outline the use of artificial pacemakers for patients with a heart condition.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20b: Describe the breakdown of erythrocytes by liver cells.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: Growth hormones are examples of peptide hormones. Explain the mechanism of action of peptide...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.18: Describe a method that could be used to measure the energy content of a sample of food.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.22:
Explain the role of receptors in mediating the action of both steroid and protein hormones.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iv: Sometimes hyperkalemia occurs as a body tries to respond to low blood pH. State the normal range...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: State two effects of prolactin.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Suggest how changes in hemoglobin could help humans become better adapted to living at high...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Compare and contrast steroid and peptide hormone action.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Explain why the QRS wave has a larger amplitude than a P wave.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19a:
A study was undertaken to determine the most effective method to delay the onset of type II diabetes in high-risk patients. Three groups were given either a placebo (control), a medicine that suppresses glucose production by the liver (anti-diabetic drug) or a lifestyle-modification program (lifestyle). The results for four years are shown in the graph.

Analyse the use of the anti-diabetic drug in delaying the onset of type II diabetes.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain the importance of bilirubin in the onset of jaundice.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: Identify the reason for vitamin D not being considered to be a typical vitamin.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20a: Using the letters provided, identify the parts of the ECG where the ventricle muscles are...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iii: Severe hypokalemia can lead to ventricular fibrillation. Describe the medical response to...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.v:
Explain how low blood pH causes hyperventilation (rapid breathing).
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23d:
Describe what happens to the hemoglobin from old or damaged red blood cells that are broken down.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19c:
Describe the mode of action of steroid hormones.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Suggest how high altitude could lead to polycythemia.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain how ventilation rate is changed during vigorous physical exercise.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.

Sub sections and their related questions

Option D: Human physiology (Core topics)

16N.3.SL.TZ0.15a: Outline the reasons that the female patients with anorexia nervosa have a lower mean ventricle...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15b: Suggest a reason for the difference in QT interval between females with anorexia nervosa and...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15c: State the two causes of normal heart sounds.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Identify the increased probability of an obese person having hypertension relative to someone who...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.16b:
Explain how the administration of a drug that stimulates the leptin receptors in the hypothalamus could help treat obesity.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: Calculate how many grams of protein should be consumed each day. Working is not required.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: State one function of sodium in the diet.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Identify, with a reason, which milk provides more energy in a 250 g serving.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17d: Suggest, with reasons, which milk would be recommended for someone with osteomalacia.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.18a:
The cell labelled X is only found in the liver and is associated with the wall of a sinusoid.

(i) Identify cell X.

(ii) Outline the function of cell X.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain the importance of bilirubin in the onset of jaundice.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19a:
A study was undertaken to determine the most effective method to delay the onset of type II diabetes in high-risk patients. Three groups were given either a placebo (control), a medicine that suppresses glucose production by the liver (anti-diabetic drug) or a lifestyle-modification program (lifestyle). The results for four years are shown in the graph.

Analyse the use of the anti-diabetic drug in delaying the onset of type II diabetes.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: List features that would increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Describe how the liver regulates nutrient levels.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: Describe the electrical activity that occurs in the heart during the P wave.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Explain why the QRS wave has a larger amplitude than a P wave.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain, using an oxygen dissociation curve, how hemoglobin supplies oxygen to respiring tissues...
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Using the R–R interval in this ECG, calculate the heart beats per minute (bpm) of this patient. Show your working.
17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.i: Describe the relationship between the maternal blood vitamin D levels and the incidence of seizures.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.ii: Deduce the reason for rickets in these infants.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: Identify the reason for vitamin D not being considered to be a typical vitamin.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Outline the reason for some amino acids being classified as essential amino acids.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State two roles of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Role 1: Role 2:
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Pancreatic juice is secreted into the pancreatic duct which carries these secretions to the small...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: State one cause of stomach ulcers.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.19: The diagram below shows the liver and main vessels associated with it. Suggest advantages of...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20a: Using the letters provided, identify the parts of the ECG where the ventricle muscles are...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20b: State what is represented by the period between the points R and R’.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20c: Outline the use of artificial pacemakers for patients with a heart condition.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.21: Discuss the causes and treatments of phenylketonuria.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.18d: Cells on the surface of intestinal villi have microvilli, which provide a large surface area for...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19a:
Samples from cardiac muscle were taken during autopsies from individuals who had coronary heart disease (CHD) and a control group. The histogram shows the relationship between the quantity of cardiac muscle cells and their diameter in the left ventricle in the two groups.

Distinguish between the distribution of cardiac muscle cell diameters in the CHD and control groups.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to transmit impulses.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19c: Explain the reason for the delay between contractions of the atria and of the ventricles.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.22: Explain the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19a: Outline the importance of the proton pumps in the digestion of foods.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19b: Explain the use of proton pump inhibitors to treat patients complaining of stomach pain.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20a: State the name of the cells that perform the breakdown of erythrocytes in the liver.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20b: Describe the breakdown of erythrocytes by liver cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20c: Outline the fate of the iron from the erythrocytes.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21a:
The diagram shows the use of a sphygmomanometer in the measurement of blood pressure.

Identify the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure for this adult male.

Systolic pressure (mm Hg):

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg):
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21b: Explain the meaning of systolic and diastolic pressure.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21c: The photomicrograph shows cardiac muscle. Label the structures I and II.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.22: Explain a method to quantify the energy content in food.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.18: Describe a method that could be used to measure the energy content of a sample of food.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.i: Distinguish between the ECG trace of the patient with hypokalemia and the patient with hyperkalemia.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.ii: Outline the events that occur within the heart that correspond to the QRS complex.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iii: Severe hypokalemia can lead to ventricular fibrillation. Describe the medical response to...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.20: Outline how infection by Vibrio cholerae can lead to dehydration.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...

Option D: Human physiology (Additional higher level topics)

16N.3.HL.TZ0.20a:
On the diagram, label a

(i) second messenger.

(ii) gene regulatory protein.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: Outline one characteristic of steroid hormones that allows them to readily diffuse through cell...
16N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of peptide and steroid hormones.
17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.20a:
A good marker of dietary intake of iodine is the urinary iodine level (UI). A study was carried out in the UK to establish urinary iodine levels and milk intake in schoolgirls aged 14–15 years.

Urinary iodine values from 50 to 99 μg dm^–3 are considered to be mild iodine deficiency. Deduce the effect of milk intake on the iodine status of schoolgirls in the UK.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Outline the need for iodine in the endocrine system.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: Growth hormones are examples of peptide hormones. Explain the mechanism of action of peptide...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i: Outline the main changes in the lungs that occur in patients with emphysema.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: State a treatment for emphysema.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: An increase in metabolic activity results in greater release of CO2 into the blood. On the graph,...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iv: Sometimes hyperkalemia occurs as a body tries to respond to low blood pH. State the normal range...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.v:
Explain how low blood pH causes hyperventilation (rapid breathing).
17M.3.HL.TZ2.22:
Explain the role of receptors in mediating the action of both steroid and protein hormones.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i:
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland. State one function of thyroxin.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii:
The action of thyroxin is similar to steroid hormones. Describe the action of steroid hormones.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.20b:
The World Health Organization recommends that the iodine intake should be supplemented in pregnant women due to their increased requirements. Outline the need for iodine supplementation.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.23:
Discuss high altitude training for athletes.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19c:
Describe the mode of action of steroid hormones.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.22:
Explain how an increase in cell respiration in a tissue causes increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in the tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21a: From the diagram, deduce the effect of the disease polycythemia on the proportion of erythrocytes...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Suggest how high altitude could lead to polycythemia.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Suggest how changes in hemoglobin could help humans become better adapted to living at high...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Compare and contrast steroid and peptide hormone action.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i: Using the diagram, identify an organ containing an exocrine gland.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii: Using the diagram, identify a hormone involved in the development of a follicle.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.iii: Using the diagram, identify a steroid hormone.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: State two effects of prolactin.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: List two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.21: Explain how the pH of blood is kept constant during exercise.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20a: Deduce from the results of the study whether HGH improves strength.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Suggest one reason that it is difficult to detect illegal use of HGH to enhance athletic...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: HGH is a peptide hormone. Describe the mode of action of peptide hormones on target cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24a:
The electron micrograph shows a section through an alveolus showing blood in a capillary.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Identify the cells found at X and Y.

X:

Y:
19M.3.HL.TZ1.24b:
Explain, with the aid of an annotated diagram, how physical exercise affects the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Discuss the significance of the oxygen dissociation curves for adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Athletes taking growth hormones show an increase in their sprinting capacity. This is not...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and peptide hormones.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Identify with reasons whether the pituitary gland is an exocrine or endocrine gland.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain how ventilation rate is changed during vigorous physical exercise.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23a:
Using the graph, explain the Bohr shift.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23b:
State two modes of transport of carbon dioxide in blood.

1.

2.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23c: State the effect of carbon dioxide in blood on the rate of ventilation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.23d:
Describe what happens to the hemoglobin from old or damaged red blood cells that are broken down.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.24:
Explain how steroid and peptide hormones exert their effect.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...