Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.

Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.

Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.

Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary minerals.

Northern Territory ✔

less sun in winter than in summer
OR
colder in winter so cover up/indoors more
OR
skin has more exposure to sun in summer ✔

Accept other valid suggestions.

Accept vice versa.

a. «lack of vitamin D results in» calcium «ions» not absorbed from gut in sufficient quantities ✔

b. calcium salts not deposited or reabsorbed
OR
affects bone mineralization ✔

c. bones become softened/weakened ✔

d. can cause rickets «in children»/osteomalacia «in adults» ✔

Not necessary to present answer in a table.

Accept other valid similarities and/or differences.

Award marks for complete lines only.

The vast majority identified correctly Northern Territory, but some answered Queensland, which, although having a smaller value in summer, had a greater seasonal change.

Most could provide a valid reason for a large seasonal change in Victoria implying a decrease in sun exposure; some answers were nevertheless unclear or irrelevant.

The vast majority could list one effect of the lack of vitamin D, but it was more difficult for some to also include a cause in their outline.

An important number could provide a complete answer but the similarities and differences between vitamins and minerals are unclear for many; too many stated differences of different nature between the two.