| Date | May 2017 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21 |
| Level | Higher level | Paper | Paper 3 | Time zone | Time zone 1 |
| Command term | Explain | Question number | 21 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The graph below shows the oxygen dissociation curve at a low CO2 concentration.
Outline the main changes in the lungs that occur in patients with emphysema.
State a treatment for emphysema.
An increase in metabolic activity results in greater release of CO2 into the blood. On the graph, draw the oxygen dissociation curve during intense exercise when the CO2 concentration of the blood is high.
Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
Markscheme
a. air sacs/alveoli break down/rupture
b. creating one larger air space instead of many small ones / reduces the surface area of the lungs
c. loss of elasticity of lung tissue
supplemental oxygen / breathing techniques / bronchodilators / inhaled steroids / lung surgery to remove damaged tissue / lung transplant
curve has to be towards the right and starting together
Must start together but can finish slightly below the original curve.
a. increased levels of CO2 lower the pH of the blood
b. «which results in» decreased affinity of the hemoglobin for oxygen / greater release of oxygen
c. this shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right/Bohr shift
Examiners report
Syllabus sections
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus...
-
17M.3.HL.TZ1.20a:
A good marker of dietary intake of iodine is the urinary iodine level (UI). A study was carried out in the UK to establish urinary iodine levels and milk intake in schoolgirls aged 14–15 years.
Urinary iodine values from 50 to 99 μg dm–3 are considered to be mild iodine deficiency. Deduce the effect of milk intake on the iodine status of schoolgirls in the UK.
- 19M.3.HL.TZ1.20a: Deduce from the results of the study whether HGH improves strength.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of peptide and steroid hormones.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i: Using the diagram, identify an organ containing an exocrine gland.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii: Using the diagram, identify a hormone involved in the development of a follicle.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: List two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: State two effects of prolactin.
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18M.3.HL.TZ1.19c:
Describe the mode of action of steroid hormones.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.iii: Using the diagram, identify a steroid hormone.
- 19M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Suggest one reason that it is difficult to detect illegal use of HGH to enhance athletic...
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19N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and peptide hormones.
- 19M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: HGH is a peptide hormone. Describe the mode of action of peptide hormones on target cells.
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20N.3.HL.TZ0.24:
Explain how steroid and peptide hormones exert their effect.
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17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.i:
Thyroxin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland. State one function of thyroxin.
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16N.3.HL.TZ0.20a:
On the diagram, label a
(i) second messenger.
(ii) gene regulatory protein.
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.20b: Outline one characteristic of steroid hormones that allows them to readily diffuse through...
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Identify with reasons whether the pituitary gland is an exocrine or endocrine gland.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.21: Explain how the pH of blood is kept constant during exercise.
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18M.3.HL.TZ2.23:
Compare and contrast steroid and peptide hormone action.
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17N.3.HL.TZ0.20a.ii:
The action of thyroxin is similar to steroid hormones. Describe the action of steroid hormones.
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17N.3.HL.TZ0.20b:
The World Health Organization recommends that the iodine intake should be supplemented in pregnant women due to their increased requirements. Outline the need for iodine supplementation.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Outline the need for iodine in the endocrine system.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.20c: Growth hormones are examples of peptide hormones. Explain the mechanism of action of peptide...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could...
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17M.3.HL.TZ2.22:
Explain the role of receptors in mediating the action of both steroid and protein hormones.
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Athletes taking growth hormones show an increase in their sprinting capacity. This is not...
