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Option D: Human physiology (Core topics)

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Option D: Human physiology » Option D: Human physiology (Core topics)

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16N.3.SL.TZ0.16b:
Explain how the administration of a drug that stimulates the leptin receptors in the hypothalamus could help treat obesity.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15b: Suggest a reason for the difference in QT interval between females with anorexia nervosa and...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15c: State the two causes of normal heart sounds.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: Calculate how many grams of protein should be consumed each day. Working is not required.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.18a:
The cell labelled X is only found in the liver and is associated with the wall of a sinusoid.

(i) Identify cell X.

(ii) Outline the function of cell X.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: Describe the electrical activity that occurs in the heart during the P wave.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Explain why the QRS wave has a larger amplitude than a P wave.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15a: Outline the reasons that the female patients with anorexia nervosa have a lower mean ventricle...
16N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Describe how the liver regulates nutrient levels.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17d: Suggest, with reasons, which milk would be recommended for someone with osteomalacia.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19a:
A study was undertaken to determine the most effective method to delay the onset of type II diabetes in high-risk patients. Three groups were given either a placebo (control), a medicine that suppresses glucose production by the liver (anti-diabetic drug) or a lifestyle-modification program (lifestyle). The results for four years are shown in the graph.

Analyse the use of the anti-diabetic drug in delaying the onset of type II diabetes.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Using the R–R interval in this ECG, calculate the heart beats per minute (bpm) of this patient. Show your working.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain the importance of bilirubin in the onset of jaundice.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Identify, with a reason, which milk provides more energy in a 250 g serving.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain, using an oxygen dissociation curve, how hemoglobin supplies oxygen to respiring tissues...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Identify the increased probability of an obese person having hypertension relative to someone who...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: State one function of sodium in the diet.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: List features that would increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes.
17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19b: Explain the use of proton pump inhibitors to treat patients complaining of stomach pain.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20c: Outline the fate of the iron from the erythrocytes.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: Identify the reason for vitamin D not being considered to be a typical vitamin.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: State one cause of stomach ulcers.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20a: Using the letters provided, identify the parts of the ECG where the ventricle muscles are...
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21b: Explain the meaning of systolic and diastolic pressure.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.i: Describe the relationship between the maternal blood vitamin D levels and the incidence of seizures.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State two roles of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Role 1: Role 2:
17M.3.HL.TZ1.18d: Cells on the surface of intestinal villi have microvilli, which provide a large surface area for...
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19a: Outline the importance of the proton pumps in the digestion of foods.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.19: The diagram below shows the liver and main vessels associated with it. Suggest advantages of...
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20a: State the name of the cells that perform the breakdown of erythrocytes in the liver.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19a:
Samples from cardiac muscle were taken during autopsies from individuals who had coronary heart disease (CHD) and a control group. The histogram shows the relationship between the quantity of cardiac muscle cells and their diameter in the left ventricle in the two groups.

Distinguish between the distribution of cardiac muscle cell diameters in the CHD and control groups.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Outline the reason for some amino acids being classified as essential amino acids.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Pancreatic juice is secreted into the pancreatic duct which carries these secretions to the small...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20b: State what is represented by the period between the points R and R’.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20c: Outline the use of artificial pacemakers for patients with a heart condition.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.22: Explain a method to quantify the energy content in food.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19c: Explain the reason for the delay between contractions of the atria and of the ventricles.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.ii: Deduce the reason for rickets in these infants.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.22: Explain the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.21: Discuss the causes and treatments of phenylketonuria.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20b: Describe the breakdown of erythrocytes by liver cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21a:
The diagram shows the use of a sphygmomanometer in the measurement of blood pressure.

Identify the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure for this adult male.

Systolic pressure (mm Hg):

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg):
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21c: The photomicrograph shows cardiac muscle. Label the structures I and II.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to transmit impulses.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.i: Distinguish between the ECG trace of the patient with hypokalemia and the patient with hyperkalemia.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.18: Describe a method that could be used to measure the energy content of a sample of food.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.ii: Outline the events that occur within the heart that correspond to the QRS complex.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iii: Severe hypokalemia can lead to ventricular fibrillation. Describe the medical response to...
17M.3.HL.TZ2.20: Outline how infection by Vibrio cholerae can lead to dehydration.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...

Sub sections and their related questions

D.1 Human nutrition

16N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Identify the increased probability of an obese person having hypertension relative to someone who...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.16b:
Explain how the administration of a drug that stimulates the leptin receptors in the hypothalamus could help treat obesity.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: Calculate how many grams of protein should be consumed each day. Working is not required.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: State one function of sodium in the diet.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Identify, with a reason, which milk provides more energy in a 250 g serving.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.17d: Suggest, with reasons, which milk would be recommended for someone with osteomalacia.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19a:
A study was undertaken to determine the most effective method to delay the onset of type II diabetes in high-risk patients. Three groups were given either a placebo (control), a medicine that suppresses glucose production by the liver (anti-diabetic drug) or a lifestyle-modification program (lifestyle). The results for four years are shown in the graph.

Analyse the use of the anti-diabetic drug in delaying the onset of type II diabetes.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: List features that would increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes.
17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.i: Describe the relationship between the maternal blood vitamin D levels and the incidence of seizures.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17a.ii: Deduce the reason for rickets in these infants.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: Identify the reason for vitamin D not being considered to be a typical vitamin.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Outline the reason for some amino acids being classified as essential amino acids.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.21: Discuss the causes and treatments of phenylketonuria.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.22: Explain a method to quantify the energy content in food.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.18: Describe a method that could be used to measure the energy content of a sample of food.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.19:
Explain the possible health risks of being overweight.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.19: Discuss the causes and consequences of malnutrition in humans.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.i: State the importance of including vitamins in our diet.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19a.ii: Suggest one limitation of the information about vitamins shown on this label.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19d:
Many animals, including humans, maintain strongly acidic conditions in part of their digestive systems. Explain two benefits of this to the animal.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15a: Using the bar chart, determine the percentage of the recommended daily target of protein consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15b: Suggest which essential dietary requirement might be missing if insufficient protein is consumed...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15d: The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 15 μg. This student consumed just 4 μg. State two...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19a:
Using the graph, discuss the hypothesis that a high BMI in adolescence is more dangerous than a high BMI in adulthood.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.19b: State one factor, other than BMI, that increases the risk of CHD.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Outline how the data indicate that protein was being used as an energy source.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for such a high percentage reduction in mass of adipose tissue.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: Discuss whether the mass losses shown in the bar chart could be due to anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15a: Osteomalacia is a condition that can be caused by Vitamin D deficiency. Outline one effect of...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.i: Outline the relationship shown in the graph.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15b.ii: Suggest reasons for this relationship.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16a: Outline one consequence for the heart of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22a: Apart from the water temperature, state two other values to be measured at the start of the...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22b: The energy value calculated for avocado was 750 kJ 100 g–1. The actual energy value of avocado is...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.i: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.22c.ii: Avocados are known to be a good source of dietary fibre and contain all the essential amino...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: State the relationship between BMI and age in men.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Evaluate the data to assess whether a high BMI is a risk factor for the development of diabetes.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.i: Identify which state had the smallest seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21a.ii: Suggest one reason why people in Victoria show such a large seasonal change in vitamin D levels.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21b: Outline one effect of lack of vitamin D.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.21c: Vitamins and minerals are both essential nutrients. Compare and contrast vitamins and dietary...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: Using the data, discuss the implications for the advice given by dieticians to patients.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Describe how the energy content of food may be measured by combustion.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Distinguish between essential and non-essential amino acids.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19b: Using the data from the tables, suggest a reason for the differences in lysine concentration in...
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: Explain the consequences of protein deficiency malnutrition.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19d: List two dietary sources of vitamin D.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.19e: State one possible cause and one symptom of type II diabetes. Cause: Symptom:
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: On the cladogram, label with an M, the point at which a mutation occurred, preventing the gibbon...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Outline the reason for ascorbic acid being described as an essential nutrient in the diet of humans.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
A small box of orange juice contains these details on the side of the package:

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

Calculate the volume of juice needed to obtain the recommended daily requirement of vitamin C.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .mL
20N.3.SL.TZ0.16d: The apparatus used to measure energy content of food contains some water. Explain how this water...
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...

D.2 Digestion

17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State two roles of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Role 1: Role 2:
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Pancreatic juice is secreted into the pancreatic duct which carries these secretions to the small...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: State one cause of stomach ulcers.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.18d: Cells on the surface of intestinal villi have microvilli, which provide a large surface area for...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19a: Outline the importance of the proton pumps in the digestion of foods.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.19b: Explain the use of proton pump inhibitors to treat patients complaining of stomach pain.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.20: Outline how infection by Vibrio cholerae can lead to dehydration.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State the relationship between gastric acidity and GI damage.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
GI damage can include ulcers. Outline the treatment of stomach ulcers.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.17c:
Other than gastric acidity, state a primary cause of stomach ulcers.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: State one role of fibre in the diet.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Outline control of digestive juice secretion so that digestive juices are only secreted into the...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.18c: Outline the role of intestinal villi.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Distinguish between gastric juice and pancreatic juice using the table.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16a: Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.17: The bar chart indicates that both males and females in the US eat, on average, less fibre than is...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20a: State the disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20b: Outline how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Explain why proton pump inhibitors alleviate the symptoms of H. pylori infections.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: On the diagram, label the epithelial cell layer.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain how the epithelial cells are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18d: Explain how epithelial cells in the gut are adapted for absorption.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18a: Hypochlorhydria is a condition whereby patients produce low quantities of stomach acid. Outline...
19M.3.SL.TZ1.18b: Explain the mechanisms that regulate the composition of gastric juices.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23a: Outline the possible consequences of a Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach wall.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23b: The bacterium secretes an enzyme that breaks down urea, resulting in an increase in pH. Outline...
19M.3.HL.TZ1.23c: Explain hormonal control of gastric secretion.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.19: Gastric juice is secreted by the wall of the stomach. Explain how the timing of secretion is...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20a:
State the name of the bacterium that can cause stomach ulcers.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20b:
Compare and contrast the effect of adding antioxidants to nizatidine on the ulcer healing rate.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20c: Components of gastric juice have been thought to aggravate the development of ulcers. Outline the...
19M.3.HL.TZ2.20d: Gastric juice production can be inhibited by the hormone secretin which is a polypeptide. Outline...
19N.3.SL.TZ0.16c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.i: State one mechanism that controls gastric secretion.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17a.ii: State the type of gland that secretes juices into the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.i: State where this type of cell can be found in the digestive system.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.17b.ii: Outline two adaptations of this cell to its function that are visible in this electron micrograph.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20c: State one material not produced by the human body that is egested from the digestive system.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17a:
The table shows the origin and function of gastric secretions in the digestive system.

Identify the missing items by completing the table.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.17b:
Explain how Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcers.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21a: Outline the function of the stomach in food digestion.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: State a mechanism by which the stomach destroys pathogens.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.i: There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers. State a pathogenic...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.21c.ii:
There are times when pathogenic bacteria infect the stomach, causing ulcers.

Explain how proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce conditions that favour ulcer formation.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...

D.3 Functions of the liver

16N.3.SL.TZ0.18a:
The cell labelled X is only found in the liver and is associated with the wall of a sinusoid.

(i) Identify cell X.

(ii) Outline the function of cell X.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: Explain the importance of bilirubin in the onset of jaundice.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Describe how the liver regulates nutrient levels.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Explain, using an oxygen dissociation curve, how hemoglobin supplies oxygen to respiring tissues...
17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.19: The diagram below shows the liver and main vessels associated with it. Suggest advantages of...
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.22: Explain the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20a: State the name of the cells that perform the breakdown of erythrocytes in the liver.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20b: Describe the breakdown of erythrocytes by liver cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.20c: Outline the fate of the iron from the erythrocytes.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i: Identify the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Outline the function of the blood vessel labelled B.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.i: Jaundice causes a yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera of the eyes....
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21a.ii:
Explain how the normal production of bile pigments changes with the development of jaundice.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.21b:
Distinguish between the structure of liver sinusoids and capillaries.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: The liver receives blood from the digestive system via the hepatic portal vein as...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.17b:
Outline how the liver recycles the components of red blood cells.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.i:
The diagram shows the liver and its main blood vessels.

[Source: VectorStock]

Label the hepatic portal vein bringing blood to the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20a.ii:
Outline the circulation of blood through liver tissue.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.20b: Explain the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
18M.3.SL.TZ2.18:
Explain the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.21d: Outline the stages involved in the recycling of erythrocytes by the liver.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.i: Identify cell X shown in the diagram.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19a.ii: Outline the role of the cell in recycling iron in the body.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.19b: Explain reasons for the dual blood supply to the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18a: State the organ in the digestive system where this process is taking place.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18b: Explain how components of bile are produced by the liver.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18c: Outline a function of fats in the body.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.18e:
In order to compare the absorption of fat and of glucose in the digestive system, state in the table, using yes or no, whether the processes occur.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17a: List the two blood vessels that supply the sinusoids. 1. 2.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17b: State one feature in the diagram that identifies the structure as a sinusoid.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.17c: Excess nutrients absorbed in the intestine can be stored. State one example of a nutrient stored...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17a:
State the name of the blood vessel through which lactate from muscles reaches the liver
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17b:
Compare and contrast the possible metabolic pathways for lactate in hepatocytes and in mitochondria-rich tissue.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.17c:
List two functions of hepatocytes other than regulating lactate levels in the blood.

1.

2.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18a: Explain how materials from red blood cells are recycled by the liver.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.18b: State a cause and a consequence of jaundice. Cause: Consequence:
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20a: Describe the relationship between age and liver transplants due to cancers.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.i: Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.20b.ii: Outline one other function of the liver.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.i:
Identify the phagocyte labelled X.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18a.ii:
Identify the blood vessel labelled Y which brings blood from the intestines.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18b:
Explain the function of hepatocytes in protein metabolism.
20N.3.SL.TZ0.18c: Compare and contrast the structure of sinusoids and capillaries.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...

D.4 The heart

16N.3.SL.TZ0.15a: Outline the reasons that the female patients with anorexia nervosa have a lower mean ventricle...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15b: Suggest a reason for the difference in QT interval between females with anorexia nervosa and...
16N.3.SL.TZ0.15c: State the two causes of normal heart sounds.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: Describe the electrical activity that occurs in the heart during the P wave.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Explain why the QRS wave has a larger amplitude than a P wave.
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Using the R–R interval in this ECG, calculate the heart beats per minute (bpm) of this patient. Show your working.
17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20a: Using the letters provided, identify the parts of the ECG where the ventricle muscles are...
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20b: State what is represented by the period between the points R and R’.
17M.3.SL.TZ1.20c: Outline the use of artificial pacemakers for patients with a heart condition.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19a:
Samples from cardiac muscle were taken during autopsies from individuals who had coronary heart disease (CHD) and a control group. The histogram shows the relationship between the quantity of cardiac muscle cells and their diameter in the left ventricle in the two groups.

Distinguish between the distribution of cardiac muscle cell diameters in the CHD and control groups.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to transmit impulses.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19c: Explain the reason for the delay between contractions of the atria and of the ventricles.
17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21a:
The diagram shows the use of a sphygmomanometer in the measurement of blood pressure.

Identify the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure for this adult male.

Systolic pressure (mm Hg):

Diastolic pressure (mm Hg):
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21b: Explain the meaning of systolic and diastolic pressure.
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21c: The photomicrograph shows cardiac muscle. Label the structures I and II.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.i: Distinguish between the ECG trace of the patient with hypokalemia and the patient with hyperkalemia.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.ii: Outline the events that occur within the heart that correspond to the QRS complex.
17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iii: Severe hypokalemia can lead to ventricular fibrillation. Describe the medical response to...
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of mortality...
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.

Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by the...
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and females.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]

The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart...
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.

[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]

Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum...