| Date | November 2020 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 20N.3.HL.TZ0.22 |
| Level | Higher level | Paper | Paper 3 | Time zone | TZ0 / no time zone |
| Command term | Describe | Question number | 22 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Blood pressure changes in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) fed a salt-supplemented diet during a two-and-a-half-year treatment period were compared to the blood pressure of those fed a normal diet. The graph shows the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (± standard deviation) before, during and after the treatment period.
[Source: Republished with permission of American Society for Clinical
Investigation, from The Journal of Clinical Investigation, O’Shaughnessy, K.M. and Karet, F.E., 113, 8, 2004;
permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.]
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
Describe the mechanism by which the heartbeat is initiated.
Markscheme
a. systolic pressure increases with salt in diet during treatment;
b. diastolic pressure is slightly higher/no change with salt during treatment
OR
diastolic pressure only changes towards the end of the period;
c. (blood) pressure goes back to normal after treatment
OR
salt causes increased (blood) pressure;
d. standard deviation values overlap therefore not statistically significant;
sphygmomanometer/blood pressure monitor;
a. sinoatrial node/SAN initiates contraction of atria;
b. SAN sends messages to the atrioventricular/AV node;
c. AV node initiates ventricular contraction;
d. through conducting fibres;
Examiners report
The majority could evaluate that salt increased blood pressure, most comparing the effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Although strong candidates could state sphygmomanometer or blood pressure monitor, too many irrelevant or blank answers were seen.
Most candidates did well in this question, strongest candidates distinguishing themselves by complete and very detailed answers.
Syllabus sections
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy? A. It prevents the degeneration of the corpus...
- 18M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: Outline one method that the researchers could have used to measure heart rate in this study.
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: Explain why the QRS wave has a larger amplitude than a P wave.
- 18M.3.HL.TZ2.22c: Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.
- 18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Suggest one factor other than age and hypertension that is correlated with the incidence of CHD.
- 18M.3.HL.TZ2.22b: Suggest reasons for the change in maximum heart rate with increasing age.
-
20N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Evaluate the effect of salt on blood pressure using the data in the graph.
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.21b: Outline the use of a defibrillator.
-
19M.3.SL.TZ1.16b:
The micrograph shows cardiac muscle.
[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Musculocardiaco.jpg by Goyitrina,
licensed Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells. Identify the structure labelled X.
-
17M.3.SL.TZ2.21a:
The diagram shows the use of a sphygmomanometer in the measurement of blood pressure.
Identify the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure for this adult male.
Systolic pressure (mm Hg):
Diastolic pressure (mm Hg):
-
17N.3.SL.TZ0.16c:
Outline reasons for fitting an artificial cardiac pacemaker.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ1.20c: Outline the use of artificial pacemakers for patients with a heart condition.
-
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16a:
Compare and contrast the data for the two time periods.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.17a: State how many normal heartbeats are shown in the ECGs.
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.17b: Outline how a defibrillator is used to restore normal heartbeat.
- 17N.3.SL.TZ0.16b: Explain the events that cause the sound shown on the phonocardiogram at the start of systole.
- 18M.3.SL.TZ1.16b: Using the data, evaluate the claim that patients with diabetes have a higher risk of...
- 16N.3.SL.TZ0.15a: Outline the reasons that the female patients with anorexia nervosa have a lower mean...
- 17M.3.SL.TZ2.21c: The photomicrograph shows cardiac muscle. Label the structures I and II.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.i: Outline the relationship between systolic blood pressure and hypertension.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.19a: Compare and contrast the relationship between BMI and systolic blood pressure in males and...
- 19M.3.SL.TZ2.18b: State the name of the valves that prevent blood flowing from the arteries back into the heart.
- 17N.3.HL.TZ0.22a: Identify the structure labelled X.
- 19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.i: Compare and contrast the two ECG traces.
- 16N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: Describe the electrical activity that occurs in the heart during the P wave.
- 16N.3.SL.TZ0.15b: Suggest a reason for the difference in QT interval between females with anorexia nervosa and...
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.19b: Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to transmit impulses.
-
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i:
The graph shows the results of a study of the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in different age groups of men participating in a study carried out by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute.
Comment on the claim that the bar chart proves that old age causes CHD.
- 18M.3.HL.TZ1.21c: Hypertension has been suggested as a possible cause of CHD. Explain the possible causes of...
- 16N.3.SL.TZ0.15c: State the two causes of normal heart sounds.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.ii: Outline the events that occur within the heart that correspond to the QRS complex.
-
16N.3.HL.TZ0.22a:
Using the R–R interval in this ECG, calculate the heart beats per minute (bpm) of this patient. Show your working.
-
18M.3.HL.TZ1.21a:
Outline the role of the sinoatrial node in the contraction of the heart.
- 20N.3.HL.TZ0.22b: State the instrument used by doctors to measure blood pressure.
- 19N.3.SL.TZ0.19: Explain the heart sounds.
-
18M.3.SL.TZ1.16c:
Outline two factors that are related to increased risk of developing CHD.
-
17N.3.HL.TZ0.22b:
Describe the unique properties of cardiac muscle cells.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iii: Severe hypokalemia can lead to ventricular fibrillation. Describe the medical response to...
- 17M.3.SL.TZ1.20b: State what is represented by the period between the points R and R’.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ1.20a: Using the letters provided, identify the parts of the ECG where the ventricle muscles are...
-
17M.3.HL.TZ1.19a:
Samples from cardiac muscle were taken during autopsies from individuals who had coronary heart disease (CHD) and a control group. The histogram shows the relationship between the quantity of cardiac muscle cells and their diameter in the left ventricle in the two groups.
Distinguish between the distribution of cardiac muscle cell diameters in the CHD and control groups.
- 19N.3.HL.TZ0.21c: Explain the heart sounds.
- 19M.3.SL.TZ2.18a: Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells.
-
18N.3.HL.TZ0.19b.ii:
State two effects hypertension can have on the circulatory system.
-
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18d:
Sketch the pattern seen in a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) trace for one complete cardiac cycle, including labels of the main features.
-
19M.3.HL.TZ2.22b:
Describe how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows them to carry out their function.
- 18N.3.HL.TZ0.19c: State how blood pressure and heart rate can be measured.
- 19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: The structure labelled X in the micrograph is a junction between two cardiac muscle cells....
- 19M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the...
- 19M.3.HL.TZ2.22a: State one function of the atrioventricular node.
- 18M.3.SL.TZ2.16b: Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat...
- 18N.3.SL.TZ0.17c: Explain what is occurring in the heart during the peak of electrical activity as indicated by...
- 18M.3.SL.TZ2.15c: The tracker indicated that the student had exceeded the recommended intake of dietary sodium....
- 19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: Describe briefly how an artificial pacemaker works.
- 17N.3.HL.TZ0.22c: State an early invention that led to improved knowledge of the heart.
- 17N.3.SL.TZ0.16a: State the relationship between pressure and volume in the left ventricle.
- 17M.3.SL.TZ2.21b: Explain the meaning of systolic and diastolic pressure.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.19c: Explain the reason for the delay between contractions of the atria and of the ventricles.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.i: Distinguish between the ECG trace of the patient with hypokalemia and the patient with...
- 19M.3.SL.TZ1.15c.ii: Outline one event that occurs in the heart during the T wave.
-
19M.3.SL.TZ2.18c:
Distinguish between the different phases of the cardiac cycle in the atria and in the ventricular muscle.
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
-
19M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i:
State one condition which would require the use of an artificial pacemaker.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could...
-
19N.3.HL.TZ0.21a:
The figure below shows the average death rates from coronary heart disease in the UK.
[Source: Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Wilkins E, et al, Trends in the epidemiology
of cardiovascular disease in the UK, Heart 2016; 102: 1945–1952.]Suggest one reason for the general decrease in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
