Explain the relationship between infection by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and dehydration.

Severe dehydration can lead to cardiac arrest. Outline the use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions.

a. V. cholerae releases toxin 

b. chloride channels activated 

c. chloride ions are pumped out of cells 

d. leading to fluid loss from intestine/diarrhea 

e. associated vomiting contributes to dehydration

a. defibrillator is electrodes / a metal paddle or / a pad that is placed on the patient’s chest 

b. the device determines whether fibrillation is happening 

c. a series of electrical shocks are delivered «through the electrodes» 

d. electrical impulse is used to depolarize the heart muscle 

e. to re-establish the function of the SA node / natural pacemaker / natural rhythm «of the heart»