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D.2 Digestion

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Description

Nature of science:
Serendipity and scientific discoveries—the role of gastric acid in digestion was established by William Beaumont while observing the process of digestion in an open wound caused by gunshot. (1.4)
Understandings:
  • Nervous and hormonal mechanisms control the secretion of digestive juices.
  • Exocrine glands secrete to the surface of the body or the lumen of the gut.
  • The volume and content of gastric secretions are controlled by nervous and hormonal mechanisms.
  • Acid conditions in the stomach favour some hydrolysis reactions and help to control pathogens in ingested food.
  • The structure of cells of the epithelium of the villi is adapted to the absorption of food.
  • The rate of transit of materials through the large intestine is positively correlated with their fibre content.
  • Materials not absorbed are egested.
Applications and skills:
  • Application: The reduction of stomach acid secretion by proton pump inhibitor drugs.
  • Application: Dehydration due to cholera toxin.
  • Application: Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of stomach ulcers.
  • Skill: Identification of exocrine gland cells that secrete digestive juices and villus epithelium cells that absorb digested foods from electron micrographs.
Guidance:
  • Adaptations of villus epithelial cells include microvilli and mitochondria.
Utilization:
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Biology
Topic 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
Topic 6.5 Neurons and synapses
Chemistry
Topic D4 pH regulation of stomach

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